Komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe wobuntu

komthetho wobuntu International (IHL) - i nawasezincotsheni oluzimeleyo mthetho yoluntu, nto leyo iqulathe uluhlu lwemigaqo MP nezithethe esicacisa ofanayo amalungelo ihlabathi kunye nenkululeko; izibophelelo kaRhulumente ngokuphathelele ekufumaneni, inkxaso nokhuseleko yezomfanelo zoluntu nenkululeko, kwaye abameli kubantu ithuba ukuqonda kunye nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo kunye neenkululeko nokwazeka kwayo kubo.

Eyona engundoqo kunye kowona msebenzi IHP waqonda uphuhliso izivumelwano, imilinganiselo ukuseka ngokucacileyo iseti amalungelo kunye neemfanelo amaqela yongquzulwano ngezixhobo, ngokunjalo umda iindlela kunye neendlela zokuqhuba eyaqala ngawo.

Amanye amagqwetha bohlulwa ngamazwe umthetho wobuntu zibe ziindidi ezimbini: "ilungelo The Hague", elawula iindlela kwaye kuthetha imfazwe, yaye "nelungelo Geneva", equlethe imiqathango ukukhusela amaxhoba emfazwe. Phantsi ingqikelelo 'amaxhoba ungquzulwano' ukuwa walimala kwaye abagulayo wemikhosi entsimini; ababuleweyo, abagulayo abo yinqanawa kwaye ziyinxalenye imikhosi exhobileyo elwandle; amabanjwa emfazwe; empini.

1864 waya ezantsi imbali kunyaka xa urhulumente Swiss yabamba inkomfa ukuphuhlisa njengesixhobo aid amaxhoba eyaqala ngawo. Isiphumo sentlanganiso neziphumo kokusayina Convention yokuqala yokuKhuselwa zabagulayo ababuleweyo ngexesha lemfazwe. Yaba umthombo wokuqala IHL.

Imithombo yomthetho yoluntu ukuze kuthi ga ngoku ngesixa ububanzi, yaye zonke zijolise elawula ubudlelwane phakathi kwamazwe ngexesha impi. Kukho iindidi ezintathu yayo. Lokuqala - imithetho leyo isebenza kuphela loxolo. Okwesibini - imithetho sisebenza kuphela ngeli xesha impi. Uhlobo lwesithathu - imithetho ugalelwe esebenzayo ngexesha loxolo kwaye ngexesha yongquzulwano ngezixhobo.

komthetho wobuntu International ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo zembali eziqulathwe amalungiselelo ezahlukeneyo. Manu ubeka umda zobundlobongela, ezibandakanya ukungavunyelwa ukuxhela ukuhlangana, amabanjwa, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo anetyhefu. E Greece yamandulo norms ukumisela ukuba ukuqala amanyathelo zomkhosi kufuneka zenzeke kunye isaziso kubo. Kwimeko iwuthimbe lo imizi angambulali abo basabela ezicaweni, amabanjwa emfazwe kwakutshintshiselwana ngentlawulelo.

Ngexesha Conference Hague kwi World v1899 nyaka, FF Martens yaphakanyiswa ukuba asebenzise ilungiselelo ezaziza kukhusela umphakathi ekuliwa kwiimeko apho izenzo States hayi zilawulwa yimithetho IHL. Esi sibonelelo sicacisa ukuba abahlali kunye nabasebenzi zomkhosi ngokuxhomekeke kwimithetho ye MP ngenxa yokuba zibangelwa izithethe esekwe ziintlanga oluphucukileyo, imithetho uluntu, kwaye ucela ezingqondweni yoluntu. Lo mgaqo yabizwa ngokuba "igatya Martens".

komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe wobuntu, kwakunye namanye amasebe yomthetho, useka imigaqo yalo, eziphambili kuzo na humanization of ungquzulwano. Ngendlela ziquka oku kulandelayo: ukhuseleko lwamaxabiso zenkcubeko; ukukhusela bahloniphe komdla uthi kulandelwe cala; umbandela we amaqela abandakanyekayo kwingxoxo-neemeko indlela kunye neendlela reference yabo.

Isikhundla isikhundla emkhosini ungquzulwano phakathi kwamazwe ibandakanya iziphumo ekhubekisayo osemthethweni, ezifana ukupheliswa unxulumano ezimela kunye bozakuzo; ukusetyenziswa kolawulo esikhethekileyo abemi i karhulumente kotshaba; nokupheliswa kwezivumelwano, ezibe waphawula loxolo. komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe wobuntu iqalisa ukusebenza ngeli xesha.