Izityalo isebe "gymnosperms": imiqondiso, iimpawu zezakhiwo, imizekelo

Izityalo zidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kwindalo, njengoko ziyakwazi photosynthesis. Le yinkqubo apho isityalo evela carbon dioxide, amanzi kunye namandla elanga ufumana izondlo ukhipha umoya. Ngoko ke, oko kubulelwe izityalo on Earth unako khona izilwanyana kwaye kunye nawe.

ngezigaba kwezityalo

Bonke ubukumkani yezityalo yahlulwe yangamacandelo ezilishumi:

• Kelp.
• ulwelwe Green.
• ulwelwe Blue-eluhlaza.
• ulwelwe Red.
• Gcobisa usapho Moss.
• UFern.
• Horsetail.
• Lycopsids.
• Angiosperms.
• Gymnosperms.

Phakathi kwezi zityalo amaqela amabini zingahlukaniswa ngokuxhomekeke ubume:

• asezantsi;
• ngaphezulu.

Ukubandakanya zonke maqela aphantsi ulele, kuba abanalo umahluko izicwili. Umzimba ayinawo amalungu. Oku kubizwa thallus.

izityalo Higher, kuxhomekeke indlela yokuzala lungohlulwa lube:

• ibihlungu;
• imbewu.

Yi luwela zezi omfisi, lycopsids, wayaneka Moss, Horsetail.

Kwimbewu amasebe irenki gymnosperms kunye angiosperms.

Malunga gymnosperms, siza kuthetha ngakumbi kweli nqaku.

ngezigaba gymnosperms

taxon elandelayo edulusele ngaphandle kuzo zonke iindawo ubukumkani, "Izityalo" - eklasini. Gymnosperms yahlulwa ibe ziindidi ezine:

1. Gnetalians.
2. Ginkgo.
3. Sagovnikovye (cycads).
4. Conifers.

'Abameli kunye iimpawu iklasi nganye siza kuxubusha kamva. Ngoku, iimpawu oqhelekileyo zonke gymnosperms, amalungu awo kunye eziphilayo ziya kuqwalaselwa.

Gymnosperms: isakhiwo lwezityalo

Eli sebe ibhekisa izityalo eziphezulu. Oku kuthetha ukuba imizimba yabo iqulathe amalungu, leyo kokhiwe iintlobo ezahlukeneyo amalaphu.

Amachibi gymnosperms

Kuxhomekeka indawo ezo zidumbu, bazithwala lungohlulwa lube phezu komhlaba. Banikwa umsebenzi wabo kunye nesakhiwo, singakwazi ukwahlula kwezityalo kunye namaziko okuvelisa inzala.

amalungu kwezityalo: isakhiwo kunye nokusebenza

Eli qela lwemizimba, i inkqubo iingcambu phantsi komhlaba kunye yokuphuma emhlabeni.

Inkqubo iingcambu iqulathe iingcambu ezininzi, kuquka inkosi enye kwaye ezichongiweyo iingcambu ezininzi lateral. Ngaphezu koko, kwisityalo ilifa ezongezelelweyo kunye iingcanjana.

LeNgcambu imisebenzi enjalo:

• Wilderness isityalo emhlabeni.
• Ukufunxeka kwamanzi micro-yaye lichithakale macro.
• Yokuhanjiswa kwamanzi kunye neeminerali ichithwe kwabasemagunyeni ilizwe.
• Ngamanye amaxesha - yokugcina kwezondlo.

Ukubaleka - it kwakhona inkqubo imizimba. Luquka esikhondweni, amagqabi emithi.

kusinda umsebenzi zomzimba:

• Stem: inkxaso kunye lwezithuthi, ngokubonelela unxulumano phakathi iingcambu kunye namagqabi.
• Elishiywa photosynthesis, ukuphefumla, exchange igesi, ulawulo lobushushu.
• Izintso ukuba amahlumelo amatsha akhiwa.

Gymnosperms kunye angiosperms babe amalungu ezifanayo kwezityalo, kodwa amalungu okuzala zahluke.

amalungu okuzala of gymnosperms

amalungu okuzala - abo ezinika enomfanekiso eziphilayo. In angiosperms le - intyatyambo. Kodwa isebe izityalo "gymnosperms" ubukhulu becala ilifa amalungu okuzala, ezifana amaqhuma. Le mizekelo ezibonwayo kakhulu umxhelo kakhulu nespruce kunye pine cone.

Isakhiwo cone

It is a amahlumelo elungisiweyo, wayifulela esikalini. Kukho cone bayindoda nenkazana, leyo akhiwa inkunzi iiseli zesini namabhinqa (gametes), ngokulandelelana kwazo.

izixhobo pine indoda nenkazana kunokubonwa efotweni ngezantsi njengomzekelo.

Kukho nabameli abavela gymnosperms, apho izityalo oyindoda noyinkazana sele isityalo efanayo. Loo maKristu abizwa ngokuba monoecious. Kwakhona kukho gymnosperms dioecious. Baye inkunzi kunye cone basethyini ingabo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo. Noko ke, isebe izityalo "gymnosperms" ubukhulu becala monoecious.

Esikalini ze cone ababhinqileyo zimi Umselu amabini, ezo kwakheka gametes ababhinqileyo - iqanda.

Esikalini ze cone abangamadoda amasaka umungu. Bakha umungu, leyo iqulathe sperm - iiseli sex eyindoda.

Xa ingqwalasela kubume le gymnosperms, ukuthetha ukwanda kwabo.

Njengoko of cone ngcu ikhula

gymnosperms yokuzala kwenzeka nge imbewu. Bona, ngokungafaniyo iimbewu zezityalo eneentyatyambo, azibhalwanga singqongwe iziqhamo.

Gymnosperms yokuzala iqala nesibakala sokuba izityalo kwisithuba elithile kwezintso ezimile amahlumelo elungisiweyo - inkunzi kunye cone ababhinqileyo. Ecaleni kwabo wabumba umungu neqanda ngokulandelelana.

Uvuvuzelo iikhowuni ababhinqileyo kuvela umoya.

Emva kokukhulelwa le Umselu, apho ibekwe phezu isikali cone ababhinqileyo, imbewu ukuphuhlisa. Kwezi, ngoko ke abameli ezintsha gymnosperms kwakheka.

Ukususela oko izihlunu yakhiwa imizimba?

Izityalo isebe "gymnosperms" kwakunye zonke phezulu, eyenziwe izicwili ezahlukeneyo.

Kukho ezinye iintlobo izicwili zezityalo:

• Ngeso lenyama. Ezi amalaphu enze umsebenzi olukhuselayo. Zahlula-hlulwe sangaphandle, ukhokho kunye nale. Sangaphandle lugubungela zonke iindawo kwisityalo. It has yokondliwa kwindawo zonaniso igesi. Kusenokwenzeka kwakhona isale .lulwaleko olongezelelweyo ibakhusela ngumthwebeba. Le plug kwakheka esiqwini, iingcambu, amagqabi kunye isikali ibiselityatyambile. Cork - lelona laphu nesigubungelo ubunjwe ziiseli ezifileyo shell enemithi. Luquka kwixolo gymnosperms.
• Mechanical. Eli laphu inika amandla micingeni. Yahlulahlulwe yaba collenchyma kunye sclerenchyma. Eyokuqala amelwe iiseli abaphila amaqokobhe zamafu. Sclerenchyma ubunjwe ziiseli ezifileyo shell enemithi. okuzenzela mechanical ifakiwe izicwili conductive eziqulathwe iziqu gymnosperms.
• The main ilaphu. Ukuba sisiseko onke amalungu. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo inyama ngxabano - nokwenziwa. Oku sisiseko amagqabi. Iiseli yalo inyama linani elikhulu chloroplasts. Apha nangefotosinthesisi kwenzeka. Kwakhona kule langoku gymnosperms amalungu ezifana uhlobo lwe lelonani kwesiseko laphu. Ngayo ndawonye resin nezondlo, njl
• Ilaphu Conductive. Yahlulwe lo xylem kunye phloem. Xylem kwakhona ngokuba iinkuni kunye phloem - Ngenye indlela. Bona ise yomqeshi kunye namasebe isityalo. isitya Xylem lenziwa gymnosperms. Inika ukuthuthwa kwamanzi izinto ezinyibilikisiweyo ukusuka njengengcambu amagqabi. iintlobo gymnosperms Phloem zimelwe neetyhubhu ngesihlungulo. Imeyili yenzelwe ukuthuthwa kwezinto ukusuka namagqabi ingcambu.
• Ilaphu Educational. Kwezi, zonke ezinye izihlunu wambumba gymnosperms, ukusuka apho onke amalungu zakhiwa. Zahlula-hlulwe apical, osecaleni eyodwa. Apical elise encotsheni ihlumelo, kwakunye kwincam nengcambu. Ilaphu zemfundo Uhlangothi ngokuba cambium. Le ise nesiqu umthi phakathi iinkuni kunye bast. Ilaphu zemfundo eyodwa zibe interstices kwi siseko. Kukho kwakhona ziyafundisa inxeba Yinyama ezenzeka kwindawo lomonakalo.

Ngoko Wajonga isakhiwo gymnosperms. Ngoku jika kubameli bazo.

Gymnosperms: Imizekelo

Njengoko sele siyazi indlela yokwakha isityalo zesebe, makhe sijonge ukwahluka kwabo. Okulandelayo iya kuchazwa abameli kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo, ezifakwe kwi "Gymnosperms" sebe.

Class "Gnetova"

ISebe of Plants "gymnosperms" udidi "Gnetova" zahlulwe zibe iintsapho ezintathu

1. Family "Velvichievye".
2. Family "Gnetova".
3. Family "Hvoynikovye".

Makhe sijonge abameli ubalaseleyo amaqela amathathu izityalo.

Ngoko iWelwitschia emangalisayo. Yiyo kuphela ilungu le velvichievyh yosapho. Oku gymnosperms omele akhulayo Namib Intlango, kunye nezinye intlango of South West Africa. I sityalo isiqu elifutshane kodwa zamafu. ukuphakama kwayo ngu 0.5 m kwaye sangqa ngu 1.2 m. Ekubeni olu hlobo lokuphila entlango, iye iingcambu elide iphambili, oziimitha ezili-3 nzulu. Amagqabi ezikhula ukusuka iWelwitschia buti - kuba ngummangaliso. Mu kuya kwa nshita amagqabi nezinye izityalo ehlabathini, baya kuze kunyothulwa. Baya ikhula rhoqo esisekweni, kodwa bafe wambi ekupheleni. Ukuhlala ekubuyekezeni ukuze ezi amagqabi siphila kangangoko njengoko iWelwitschia ngokwalo (leesampulu eyaziwa waphila iminyaka engaphezu kwewaka 2. Iminyaka).

gnetalians usapho iqulathe iintlobo 40. Oku ikakhulu imithana, imidiliya, ubuncinane - imithi. Bekhula emahlathini emvula laseAsiya, Oceania, Central Afrika. izimvo zakhe ngakumbi ngathi gnetalians angiosperms. Imizekelo amalungu osapho melinzho, gnetum broadleaf, gnetum exabe et al.

usapho hvoynikovyh iquka iintlobo 67 zezityalo. Ukuze obu bomi fomu amatyholo kunye amatyholo. Bekhula e-Asia, kuthi xhaxhe Umzantsi Melika. Amalungu ale ntsapho sinemibala enamaxolo. Imizekelo hvoynikovyh ukuze kuchazwe US ephedra, ephedra horsetail, Ephedra coniferous, Ephedra eluhlaza, njl

Class "Ginkgoales"

Eli qela libandakanya usapho olunye. Ummeli kuphela kule Usapho Ginkgo biloba. Bungumthi omde (ukuya kwiimitha 30) kunye amagqabi fan-like enkulu. Le mveliso relict, owayebonakele on Earth kwiminyaka million 125 eyadlulayo! Izicatshulwa ezivela Ginkgo isoloko isetyenziswa njengonyango ngenxa unyango lwezifo semithambo, kuquka yegazi.

Class "Sagovnikovye"

Oku gymnosperms nayo. Imizekelo yalo iklasi izityalo: cycad Rumphi District, Cycas revoluta, Cycas Thouarsii njl Zonke usapho olunye - "Sagovnikovye".

Bekhula e Asia, Indonesia, Australia, Oceania, Madagascar.

Ezi zityalo zifana ezintendeni. ukuphakama kwawo isusela ukusuka kangangeemitha ezi-2 ukuya kwezili-15. Isiqu idla lalingqingqwa kwaye elifutshane xa kuthelekiswa ne ubukhulu. Ngenxa yoko, e Cycas revoluta ubukhulu yayo ngu-100 cm, ngoxa ukuphakama - 300 cm.

Class "Conifer"

Oku mhlawumbi iklasi ezininzi ezaziwayo-kakuhle ezingenamandla ze Department of gymnosperms. Uphinde amaninzi kakhulu.

Olu udidi ibandakanya zihlangene olunye - "Pine". Ekuqaleni kweli hlabathi, kusekho imiyalelo ezintathu kwiklasi Conifers, kodwa abameli babo extinct.

Umyalelo-okhankanywe ngentla ibandakanya zeentsapho asixhenxe:

1. Cephalotaxaceae.
2. Yew.
3. Stsiadopitisovye.
4. Podocarpaceae.
5. Araucariaceae.
6. Pine.
7. Ipayini.

Usapho ali-20 abameli cephalotaxaceae. Oku Imithana evergreen kunye nemithi. Le iinaliti akhe uwele. Ukusuka yew cephalotaxaceae yahluke kwi ukuba cone zabo zivuthwe ixesha elide, kwaye kufuneka iimbewu ezinkulu-ubungakanani.

yew mkhaya malunga 30 iintlobo amatyholo kunye nemithi. Zonke izityalo alo mkhaya dioecious. Imizekelo amalungu lo lwentsapho ingqalelo Pacific yew, Florida, eKhanada, yew yaseYurophu kunye nabanye.

Le stsiadopitisovye mkhaya imithi evergreen, ezithi isoloko isetyenziswa zokuhomba.

Imizekelo abameli usapho Podocarpaceae dakridium inokuba zikhankanyiwe, fillokladus, Podocarpus njl Zikhula kwiindawo efumileyo: e New Zealand kunye New Caledonia.

Araucariaceae mkhaya iintlobo 40. Abameli usapho sele likhona Emhlabeni ngexesha amaxesha സോഫ്റ്റ്വെയര് isoftwe kunye Cretaceous. Imizekelo kungathathwa Agathis australis, dammar Agathis, Araucaria Brazil, Chile Araucaria, Wollemi Noble et al.

usapho Pine iquka imithi eyaziwa kakuhle njengazo nespruce, pine, nomsedare, larch, ngumhlonyane, fir njl Zonke izityalo yelo usapho, ukukhula kuMntla saseNtla e sezulu sifudumele. Gymnosperms le ntsapho adla ngokusetyenziswa njengonyango yoluntu kunye namanye amashishini ngenxa nentlaka zalo-oyile ezibalulekileyo.