Izithuthi Russian ngamazwe. Formation kunye nophuhliso izithuthi ngamazwe

Uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho lulonke nawuphi mmandla ixhomekeke kakhulu inqanaba lophuhliso yayo zothutho. Kwaye apha zibaluleke kakhulu izithuthi ngamazwe. Bona ukuqhagamshela amazwe ahlukeneyo, ewanika ngentsebenziswano kwezoqoqosho, kwinkcubeko kunye lwenzululwazi-technical. Kodwa iipaseji zothutho ngamazwe - ayikho iinzuzo zoqoqosho kuphela apha yaye ngoku. Kananjalo isiqinisekiso ukhuselo nophuhliso ngempumelelo lizwe kwiminyaka emininzi ezayo.

Kweli nqaku, siza kuqwalasela yintoni na iipaseji zothutho ngamazwe, kwakha yaye bathungelane ngayo.

nezithuthi International - ntoni na?

Igama elithi "nezithuthi ngamazwe" (okanye, xa anegama, MTC) ukuqonda inkqubo yezothutho enzima, leyo ilele phezu imiyalelo ezinkulu kwezithuthi. Le nkqubo iquka ukuhlanganiswa neentlobo zayo ezahlukeneyo - ndlela, kaloliwe, aselwandle kunye umbhobho.

Njengoko yokusebenza ibonisa, iipaseji zothutho ngamazwe esebenza kakhulu ngempumelelo ngaphakathi kummandla efanayo yezoqoqosho. Uthungelwano kakhulu oxineneyo MTC namhlanje okufana kummandla yaseYurophu (ingakumbi - kuba Central kunye naseMpuma Europe). Oku, ingakumbi, negalelo ngokwamkelwa komgaqo-nkqubo omtsha yezothutho EU ngo-2005. Indima ebalulekileyo kule ingqiqo omtsha iindlela zothutho ulwandle.

Ukwenziwa iipaseji zothutho ngamazwe iye ezifanelekileyo ngexesha xa imfuno zothutho enkulu lempahla linyuke kakhulu. mizila kuvamise kakhulu ukuba uphuhliso zombini eJozi sithwala emva lizwe okanye epheleleyo mmandla.

Indima kunye nokubaluleka ITC

Uphuhliso iipaseji zothutho ngamazwe kubalulekile nje kuphela ngokwembono izibonelelo zorhwebo. Ngapha koko, ukuthuthwa abekwa ungazisi inzuzo kuphela. Kwakhona ukukhuthaza ukukhula kunye nophuhliso emkhosini, mveliso, zenzululwazi yesebe States. Ukongeza, ITC igalelo nabakuvuyelayo nokwandisa izibonelelo kwiingingqi apho badlule.

Kumazwe amaninzi phambili kwezoqoqosho, umbuzo ukhuseleko yothutho nkqubo yothutho kwaye ufake kwi nqanaba liphezulu lezinto zokuqala. Russia, kakhulu, kufuneka ukuba ukulandela umzekelo wabo kule nkalo.

Main umsebenzi MTK

Ziyintoni iinjongo eziphambili kufuneka ukuba enze iipaseji zothutho ngamazwe? Zazo ezininzi:

1. Ukunika high-high, ukuthuthwa ezithembekileyo kubo bonke abathathi nxaxheba lobudlelwane kwezoqoqosho.
2. Ukubonelela "ibhulorho" yantlandlolo, izakhono nokuphumeza imali epheleleyo-epheleleyo incoko urhwebo phakathi kwamazwe.
3. Uthatho-nxaxheba ekubunjweni ukhuseleko zomkhosi lwamazwe nemimandla lonke.

Kumhlathi wokugqibela kufuneka uhlale iinkcukacha ezingaphezulu. Isibakala sokuba ukhuseleko yomkhosi nawuphi na ummandla, ngaphandle kokukhetha, kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwinqanaba uphuhliso womnatha yayo zothutho. Ngamagama alula, kokukhona urhulumente ezintlanganweni zeendlela, kaloliwe kunye nezikhululo, Amazibuko kunye zokuchopha - kungenza kube lula kakhulu ukuba balungelelanise ukuziphendulela, izixhobo ukutsala, izixhobo kunye nezibonelelo kwimeko yimpi lwangaphandle.

Inkqubo iipaseji zothutho ngamazwe phakathi eYurophu Asia

MTC ukuya kummandla engundoqo yaseYurophu ziquka iipaseji zothutho ilandelayo:

• ITC "North - South", agqume yaseScandinavia amazwe, amazwe zoMbindi neMpuma Yurophu, inxalenye yaseYurophu eRashiya, ummandla lweCaspian, kwakunye South Asia.
• Trans-Siberian Railway (okanye MTC "Transsiberian") - yeyona iipaseji ibalulekileyo babeziindleko weRashiya kwaye idibanisa Central Europe kunye neTshayina, Kazakhstan nosingasiqithi Korean. It has amasebe emininzi Ukraine, Kiev, eSt Petersburg, Ulan Bator.
• MTC inombolo 1 (pan-European) - ubophelela imizi Baltic ebalulekileyo - Riga, eKaliningrad kunye Gdansk.
• MTC inombolo 2 (pan-European) - enebana izixeko ezifana Minsk, eMoscow Nizhny Novgorod. Kwixesha elizayo, koqhubekeko ngepaseji ku Ekaterinburg.
• MTC inombolo 9 (pan-European) - inxibelelanisa Helsinki, ikomkhulu osemantla Russia - St. Petersburg, eMoscow naseKiev.

Zonke iipaseji zothutho yezizwe izihionipho zabo - ekwandiseni. Umzekelo, i-ITC "North - South" sabelwe isalathisi NS: "Trans-YaseSiberia" - i-TS njalo njalo.

system MTC Russian

Ngomhla umda welizwe lethu uhamba eziliqela MTC. Ngenxa yoko, Russian enkulu iipaseji zothutho ngamazwe - i "Sea Northern Route" MTC "Primorye-1" MTC "Primorye-2".

nezithuthi ebizwa i "iNorthern Sea Route" kokuxhuma izixeko ezibalulekileyo Russia - Murmansk, Arkhangelsk kunye Dudinka. It has isiqu ngamazwe - SMP.

MTK "Primorye-1" idlula Harbin, Vladivostok, Nakhodka kwaye uza kumazibuko ebalulekileyo wePasifiki.

MTK "Primorye-2" inxibelelanisa isixeko Hunchun, Kraskino, Zarubino kwaye kwakhona uya amazibuko East Asia.

iipaseji zothutho International eRashiya: Iingxaki namathemba

Kweli hlabathi siphila kulo akukho nezibonda ezintathu enamandla yophuhliso lwezoqoqosho: i North American, yaseYurophu kunye East Asia. Kwaye Russia, ungaphakathi kwindawo kuluncedo geographical phakathi kwezi izibonda ezimbini ezibalulekileyo, kufuneka basebenzise eli thuba nokuseka izithuthi rhoqo nommandla wayo. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba ilizwe lethu unyanzelekile ukuba la maziko lonke ihlabathi eliphuhlileyo kwaye izithuthi mihla.

Russia kakhulu unako ukuthatha phantse yonke imilambo emikhulu zothutho yaseYurophu. Iingcali ukuqikelela ukuba uyakwazi ukufikelela lenguqulelo sele iminyaka 15-20 ubudala elichanekileyo kwinkqubo yezothutho lwasekhaya oku. In Russia kukho zonke iimeko ukuba: uthungelwano oxineneyo iziporo, inkqubo olubanzi emikhulu, ubukho kuthungelwano oxineneyo imilambo kunawo. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo ukuyilwa iipaseji zothutho uquka kuphela ukwandiswa kwigridi zothutho, kodwa maxesha wayo, kwakunye kwempahla neenkonzo kunye nokhuseleko zothutho.

ethembisa kakhulu ukuba iRussia kukudala ekuthiwa-MTC "East - West" - nezithuthi ezikhulu ukuba kuza kudibanisa iYurophu kunye Japan. Isiseko sale nezithuthi wamazwe ngamazwe kulala ngoku ekhoyo Trans-Siberian Railway, kunye namasebe amazibuko elwandle eRashiya.

Njengoko izibalo kwiminyaka yakutshanje, urhwebo phakathi Europe kunye amazwe East Asia (ikakhulu Japan kunye South Korea) ndanda ngaphezu kwabo ngokuphindwe kahlanu. Ubuninzi kwempahla phakathi kwiingingqi ezimbini ihanjiswa phesheya kolwandle. Ngoko ke, lo nezithuthi isiwe ngqo kunokuba kakhulu indlela eya elwandle. Kodwa ukuba abasemagunyeni Russian kufuneka abeke kakhulu umgudu unemali.

ITC "North - South"

nezithuthi International "North - South" inika uqhagamshelwano kwamazwe lweBaltic kummandla kunye Indiya ne Iran. le Index inyoba: NS.

Eyona nowethu iphambili mzila indlela yothutho emanzini ngokusebenzisa Suez Canal. Nangona kunjalo, i-ITC "North - South" lineqela izibonelelo eziphathekayo. Okokuqala, ilizwe ndlela isiqingatha ubude umgama, nto leyo ethetha ukuba nokuthuthwa kwempahla ngale ndlela ayibizi kakhulu.

Ukususela namhlanje, ingakumbi ithatha inxaxheba kule corridor ukhonza Kazakhstan. Ilizwe usebenzisa ukuba ukuthutha imveliso yazo kumazwe angaphandle (okuziinkozo becala) kumazwe Gulf. I-jikelele nengeniso yale corridor uthelekelelwa kwizigidi 25 okulahlwayo imithwalo ngonyaka.

ITC "North - South" iquka amasebe ezintathu eziphambili:

• I-Trans-lweCaspian - inxulumanisa zibuko olya, Astrakhan ne Makhachkala;
• East - yinto kaloliwe ilizwe kudibanisa amazwe ka Central Asia and Iran;
• Western - ngokwandisa umgca Astrakhan - Samur - Astara (nge Makhachkala).

MTC Pan-European № 1

inkqubo yezothutho olubanzi kuMbindi Mpuma Yurophu, wabizwa ngokuba Pan-Europe. Iquka lwazo ezilishumi ngezizwe kumacala ahlukeneyo. Obizwa ngokuba "PE" kunye kongezwe lamasuntswana ezithile (ukuba X).

Ipani European-izithuthi ngamazwe mzila-1 udlula kumazwe amathandathu: Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, Poland. Ubude ogcweleyo ngumgama oziikhilomitha 3285 (omnye - 1655 km - on motorways kunye 1630 km - ngololiwe).

I MTC Inombolo pan-Europe 1 lubopha ndawonye neengqukuva yaseYurophu ezinkulu: Helsinki, Tallinn, Riga, Kaunas kunye Warsaw. Phakathi nemida yalo corridor kukho izikhululo ezintandathu kunye namazibuko 11. Inxalenye udlula ummandla Russia, ngaphakathi kummandla eKaliningrad, kwaye iquka zibuko lweBaltic - isixeko Kaliningrad.

MTC Pan-European № 2

Ngowe-1994 kwisiqithi saseKrete kwaye kwaqhutywa inkomfa ekhethekileyo zothutho, licacise imiyalelo eziyintloko inkqubo elizayo yezothutho Pan-Europe. Liquka izalathiso-10 ezahlukeneyo.

Ipani-European mzila-2 zothutho ngamazwe exhuma Central Europe kunye inxalenye yaseYurophu eRashiya. Yena isebenza ngapha States ezine. Kuyinto Germany, Poland, Belarus kunye Russian Federation. nezithuthi idibanisa izixeko ezikhulu ezifana Berlin, Poznan, Warsaw, Brest, Minsk, eMoscow Nizhny Novgorod.

Ekuphetheni ...

Ngoko ke, uphuhliso iipaseji zothutho ngezizwe ibaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yaso nasiphi na ummandla behlabathi. Indalo kunye nokusebenza ngempumelelo kwale mizila yenzelwe kuphela kwezoqoqosho, kodwa yenkcubeko, ukubalwa kunye nomkhosi-qhinga.