Ishedyuli ugonyo abantwana: Ipoliyo

Ipoliyo - an ngezifo etsolo esosulelayo, apho intsholongwane luchaphazela mbandela izimvi umnqonqo kunye Oblongata Medulla. neziphumo zayo uphelelwa ngamandla, nto leyo yokukhubazeka isigxina. Kukholelwa ukuba eRashiya, eYurophu naseMelika akwazi kuyilwa le sifo liyingozi, yaye wancedisa ukwenza ugonyo ipoliyo. Ishedyuli e eRashiya ibonelela yokuziphatha kwabo kwiinyanga zokuqala ebomini bomntwana.

ipoliyo

Ipoliyo - sisifo etsolo ezibangelwa ziintsholongwane ze serotypes ezintathu. Umthombo losulelo abantu abagulayo nabakhi ntsholongwane. Esi sifo sisasazwa gciwane-ngomlomo kunye zamathontsana. Oko kukuthi, ungenza usenokosuleleka ngokudibana, emanzini, izitya, imveliso, sa- intsholongwane. Kwimeko-bume lwangaphandle, loo uzinzile ngokwaneleyo ukuba bamqumbise ngobhubhani. Eyona basengozini kakhulu isenzo abantwana bakhe ukusuka kwiinyanga ezi-3 ukuya kwiminyaka-5. Neefom imifuziselo ntsholongwane yepoliyo ihlasela eziba mafutha isiqu ingqondo kunye umnqonqo. Ngokwezonyango libekwe mhlawumbi meningitis okanye uphuhliso ukushwabana, paresis, yoma kwezihlunu. Kwakhona, esi sifo kuba nazimpawu okanye zatshatyalaliswa. okukwazi Lifelong egcina abantu wanyamezela ipoliyo. ishedyuli yokugonya ivumela umntwana ukuze kuqulunqwe inkqubo ngumntu omzimba kusuleleko. Kodwa simele sikhumbule ukuba ukungabikho kogonyo, nokuba uyagula sepoliyo, umntu ungaphinda-ukosulela nabo, kodwa igosa liya kwenza uhlobo olwahlukileyo ntsholongwane.

iintlobo zokugonya

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iintlobo ezimbini zokugonya zaphuhliswa. Ukwahlula lokugonya live yomlomo ipoliyo (OPV) kunye inactivated sogonyo nepoliyo (IPV). ERashiya, kwinqanaba chaza, onke amanyathelo athathiweyo ukunciphisa izinga sifo labemi, nokwakha umzimba kwizifo ezifana ipoliyo. Ukuchumisa (ishedyuli yokugonya iya thaca ngezantsi) kungenziwa zombini OPV kunye IPV. Zombini Iinguqulelo lokugonya equlethe zonke zontathu iintlobo zentsholongwane leyo ebangela esi sifo. Kwilizwe lethu ukuba samkelwe ukuze sisetyenziswe njenge zokugonya ngqo kunye inactivated. Ngapha koko, inxalenye yokugqibela yokulungiselela edityanisiweyo "Tetrakok" esetyenziswa ugonyo ngaxeshanye izifo ezifana isifo somqala omhlophe, uminxano, pertussis, ipoliyo. Ishedyuli ugonyo kuvumela amacebo emibini yokugqibela. Ngowe-nye kuzo ugonyo sebenzisa IPV kunye OPV ukuba revaccination, lo gama enye iquka ukuqaliswa IPV yedwa.

lokugonya ngomlomo

OPV yasungulwa ngo-1955, lo yeentsholongwane A. American Sabin. Liquka ukuziphilisa, kodwa intsholongwane buthathaka. Ngaphandle, i sogonyo ulwelo, imibala obomvu kunye kuba krakra. Isitofu sokugonya ilawulwa ngomlomo, instillation, ngokuxhomekeke eyavela, ukususela nge-2 ukuya amathontsi 4. Ishedyuli ugonyo ipoliyo kubantwana abangaphantsi omnye unyaka lokugonya Kucetyiswa ukuba ukungcwaba engcanjini ulwimi ukuthintela regurgitation. Xa abantu abadala ukuba wabethelela phezu tonsils. Emva kokuba inkqubo, ngelixa ofuna ngaphandle ukutya nento eselwayo. Ukuba umntwana nangoku srygnul, kwakhona yaqalisa idosi enye.

Esebenzisa inyama lymphoid le pharynx okuncitshiswe intsholongwane ukuya emathunjini, apho beqala ukwanda, impendulo apho amajoni omzimba aqale ukuba ukhuphe izilwa-buhlungu, ngenxa apho umzimba ibunjiwe nokhuseleko. Xa abosulelwe yi oku, ntsholongwane yepoliyo esebenzayo ukuba iyasebenza, ukuba esi sifo zingakhuli, okanye udlula ngendlela elula, ngaphandle ebangela paresis kunye nokukhubazeka.

lokugonya inactivated

Ekuqaleni, ngowe-1950, oko George. Salk lathenjiswa isitofu inactivated equlethe intsholongwane abulawe. It ilawulwa ngenaliti kwaye alahlwa ngohlobo iisirinji ezilahlwayo, okubhalwe apho yenye ugonyo nxamnye nepoliyo. Ishedyuli ugonyo idla kucetyiswa ukuba usebenzise isitofu sokugonya inactivated ukuba ugonyo. IPV ibhalwa intramuscularly ethangeni okanye ingalo eliphezulu. Kwimeko yokuba ukusetyenziswa kwayo akuyomfuneko ukuba bazikhwebule ukutya nento eselwayo.

izifundo ezininzi baye baqinisekisa ukuba zombini amachiza kakuhle kwaye kwenza kube lula ukuvelisa nezifo eyomeleleyo kwizifo ezifana ipoliyo. kwinkqubo yogonyo uvumela ukusetyenziswa isitofu ethile, kuxhomekeke iimpawu ngamnye bomntwana. Esi sigqibo kaninzi kuthatha wezingane, kunye zoviwo lokulungiselela nezoviwo ukuqokelela imbali yezonyango eneenkcukacha. Kuphela emva kokuba umntwana okanye umntu omdala iye yavavanywa ngenyameko, wathi wamkelwa ugonyo lwezifo ezifana ipoliyo (sokugonya).

schedule nokugonywa

Ishedyuli Ugonyo, nto leyo uxwebhu oluphambili elawula imihla zogonyo i kwilizwe lethu ifuna ukuba ukugonyelwa ipoliyo ngokwamanqanaba eziliqela. Ngelo xesha ngomhla wokuqala kubo (ugonyo) usebenzisa yesitofu inactivated, kwaye ezilandelayo (lokomeleza) - kuphila. Loo scheme ithathwa ngokuba kangangoko ukuba okukwazi ngamandla esi sifo.

Isitofu sokugonya lokuqala ipoliyo (ishedyuli yokugonya iya kunceda abazali abaselula aseMpumalanga)-IRP ongaphantsi kweminyaka leenyanga ezi-3. ugonyo olandelayo kwakhona wayisa IPV ngeenyanga 4.5, kwaye eyesithathu (OPV) - iinyanga ezi-6. Koko bachithe booster, nayo leyo ethatha kuqhubeka ngokwezigaba ezintathu:

• Kwiinyanga ezili-18 (OPV);

• iinyanga 20 (OPV);

• kweminyaka 14 (OPV).

Kukho kwakhona iishedyuli zogonyo, ezisebenzisa amalungiselelo kuphela inactivated. Kulo mzekelo, ugonyo ngu:

• iinyanga ezi-3;

• iinyanga 4.5;

• iinyanga ezi-6.

Le Ukuchumisa elandelayo yipoliyo ishedyuli lokomeleza ebandakanya la magama alandelayo:

• Kwiinyanga ezili-18;

• iminyaka 6.

Njengoko ubona, esebenzisa ishedyuli IPV kulinganiselwe iyanqanyulwa. kumacebo zisetyenziswa kumazwe amaninzi, oko akukho mthethweni eRashiya.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngenxa yesizathu esithile ishedyuli gonyo ishenxiselwe, akukho mfuneko swi ugonyo ezilandelayo. iintsuku ezingama-45, nto leyo zifakwe njengoko lekhefu phakathi zonyango, lo gama ubuncinane, kwaye ukuba lwakukhula, ngoko ke akuyi kubakho nto yakuzixhalisa malunga. Formation sifo ngeli xesha akuyi kuyeka, yaye akukho mfuneko yokuba ukuqalisa ugonyo lokuqala. Oko kukuthi, ukuba naliphi na inqanaba olu gonyo lashiywa, ukususela izifo ezifana nepoliyo, ishedyuli ugonyo nje ukuba aqhubeke scheme, kwaye kufuneka uqale ugonyo lokuqala. Ngaphezulu, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba OPV kunye IPV iziyobisi interchangeable.

Ukongeza kwimisebenzi ezicwangciselwe abantwana eRashiya lwenziwa yaye ugonyo abadala. Oku kwenzeka xa umntu engena kwindawo apho kukho izehlo eliphezulu losulelo, okanye njengenyathelo lokuthintela xa kukho ugqabhuko lwesifo.

lokugonya reaction

Nangona ukuba amachiza ngoku ukunyamezeleka jikelele kakuhle, ekhawulelana lokugonya kungalandelwa ukusabela ngamnye. Njengomgaqo, OPV yomelele. Oku kunokubonwa ubushushu bavuselwa 37,0-37,5 ° kwiveki yesibini emva Ukuchumisa. Kwakhona ebudeni kwiintsuku ezimbini inokuba urhudo kancinane. Nangona ukuba indlela enjalo kakhulu kunqabile, iqhelekile yaye akafuni kufuna unyango olulodwa. Njengoko umthetho, zonke ezi abanezifo ngokwabo.

Xa elawulwa IPV kuyo inaliti inokuba ukufukuka encinane, ivuke kunokwenzeka encinane lobushushu emzimbeni, ukuphazamiseka ukutya, ixhala.

ukungaphili

I ingxaki kuphela ezinkulu yale sogonyo a sepoliyo onedumbe isitofu-ezinxulumene - vApp. Ngethamsanqa, inqabile kakhulu. Ngokuqhelekileyo eyenzeka emva kokusebenzisa yokuqala ka-OPV (ubuncinane - xa ugonyo yesibini) kunye ingeniso nazo zonke iinkalo ipoliyo langoku (paresis, ukukhubazeka, izihlunu ukoma). Ingozi VAPP mkhulu abantwana sifo ephantsi, abakhubazeke zophuhliso, abaphila ne-HIV okanye i-AIDS, ukuba isetyenziswe ne-OPV gonyo. Ukuze uphephe oku anokuvela ingxaki kuphela IPV isetyenziswa nogonyo.

Qaphela - abantu eziinzi (nokuba ubudala) bathwaxwa okukwazi ephantsi (HIV, AIDS) okanye iziyobisi, oko zicinezelwa ungafumana vApp ukusuka sihlume umntwana OPV, ukususela kwiinyanga ezimbini emva kogonyo zigutyula intsholongwane kokusingqongileyo.

Izimo

Ishedyuli ugonyo nxamnye sepoliyo abantwana ibonisa Izimo zilandelayo nogonyo:

• izifo ezihlasela zosulele okanye exacerbation of ezimbi ezingapheliyo - ugonyo lilibaziseka kwiiveki ukuya ku-4 emva recovery, kwimeko esezantsi-eneji ugonyo SARS enokwenziwa emva kuqheleke ubushushu;

• sokungamelani namachiza okanye nezidlo ukuya amacandelo lokugonya;

• immunodeficiencies, umhlaza, uthi immunosuppressive;

• zizigulo zemithambo, esavela logonyo ezidlulileyo.