Isakhiwo leukocytes zabantu. Iimpawu ngesakhiwo iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi

Igazi ngokuqhubekayo atyhutyhela kwinkqubo isitya igazi. Yena ekusebenzeni umzimba imisebenzi ebalulekileyo kakhulu: ukuphefumla, ezothutho, ukhuseleko kunye ezilawulayo, ngokubonelela bume rhoqo angaphakathi komzimba.

Igazi - yenye kwizicwili, nto leyo equka ulwelo kweziyobisi intercellular ukuba sisincoko enzima. Oku kuquka plasma kunye neeseli anqunyanyiswe kuyo, okanye iiseli ekuthiwa igazi: leukocytes, erythrocytes neeplatelets. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba 1 mm ³ of leukocytes igazi ukususela-5 ukuya kwi-8 amawaka aqoqiwe -. 4.5 ukuya 5 million, neeplatelets - ukusuka 200 ukuya 400 lamawaka.

Isixa igazi emzimbeni yomntu nempilo-4.5 ukuya kwi-5 iilitha. 55-60% umqulu yile plasma, kunye nezinto ezenza yi 40-45% yabo bebonke. A plasma - ulwelo kwawo tyheli, apho kukho amanzi (90%), izinto eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo, iivithamini, acid, iihomoni, metabolites.

Ubume iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi

Iiseli zegazi ezimhlophe - na iiseli igazi, ezo kukho icytoplasm enemibala. Ukuba inokufumaneka plasma yegazi kunye nkovu. Ngokuqhelekileyo ukuba iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi, banalo inucleus, kodwa babe bengenazo imilo rhoqo. Nguwo lo iimpawu noshowo iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi. Ezi seli akhiwa kule udakada, iindawo nkovu, umongo wethambo. Iimpawu ngesakhiwo iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi amisele ixesha lobomi babo, ziintsuku-2 ukuya ku-4. Emva koko, bayazonakalisa ngazo ezo udakada.

iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi: isakhiwo kunye nokusebenza

Xa siqwalasela iimpawu ezisebenzayo morphological iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi, kunokuthiwa ukuba iiseli eziqhelekileyo eziqulathe nucleus kunye protoplasm. Owona msebenzi wawo ukukhusela umzimba izinto eziyingozi. isakhiwo leukocyte ivumela ukuba ukutshabalalisa izinto zasemzini sezifakiwe umzimba, kodwa nayo yathatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zophendlo lwezifo kuvamise ibuhlungu kakhulu kwaye ezahlukeneyo (umz, nangokurhala reaction). Kodwa isakhiwo leukocyte abantu abohlukeneyo. Abanye babo baye isakhiwo granular of protoplasm (granulocytes), abanye akukho okuziinkozo (agranulocytes). Cinga ngezi ntlobo iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi iinkcukacha ezingaphezulu.

Iintlobo ngeentlobo leukocytes

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi yahlukile, kwaye kwabiwa ngembonakalo, isakhiwo umsebenzi. Nguwo lo iimpawu noshowo leukocytes zabantu.

Ngoko ke, jonga granulocytes:

• basophils;
• neutrophils;
• eosinophils.

Agranulocytes zimelwe yi ntlobo zilandelayo eziseleni:

• lymphocyte;
• monocytes.

basophils

Olu hlobo ubuncinane iseli ninzi egazini kutsho kuma-1% yenani lilonke iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi. leukocytes Ulwakhiwo (basophils yaye ngokukhethekileyo) ezilula. Ba ajikelezayo, abe engundoqo abamnkela okanye ndihlatywe. Le kukho icytoplasm iqulethe ezahlukeneyo imilo nobukhulu granules ukuba umbala emnyama ezimfusa, imbonakalo ziyafana caviar. Ezi granules kuthiwa stippling basophilic. Bona ziqulathe molekyuli zolawulo, iienzymes, iiprotheni.

Basophils zisuka kwi umongo, iiseli zivela kwi myeloblasts basophilic. Emva ukukhula ngokupheleleyo, baya kungena egazini, ubude ubukho kungekho ngaphezulu kweentsuku ezimbini. Emva kokuba iiseli ukuya nezihlunu umzimba, kodwa kwenzeka ntoni emva koko ayaziwa kubo.

Ngaphandle ngokuthatha inxaxheba reactions ukudumba, basophils ukuze ukunciphisa igazi ekunqandeni, nokuba bathabathe inxaxheba ngethuba umothuko anaphylactic.

neutrophils

Neutrophils kwi igazi ukuya kwi-70% yabo bonke leukocytes. kukho icytoplasm kwabo iqulathe granules violet-brown umbala, ukuba uhlobo okuziinkozo ocoliweyo, leyo ezinemibala kunye iidayi cala basabela.

Neutrophils - iiseli ezimhlophe igazi, isakhiwo iseli into engaqhelekanga. Bona lirhangqwa, kodwa undoqo uyafana wand ( "abaselula" iiseli) okanye amacandelo 3-5, leyo idityaniswe imisonto ezingcakacileyo (ngakumbi "ukuqola" iseli).

Zonke neutrophils ziveliswa emongweni ithambo myeloblasts neutrophil. iseli aqolileyo ohlala kwiiveki ezi-2 kuphela, ngoko ke bawatshabalalisa udakada okanye isibindi.

Neutrophil xa kukho icytoplasm zazo iintlobo ukuya ku 250 granules. Bonke ziqulathe bactericides, iienzymes, iimolekyuli yokulawula ukunceda neutrophil ukuba izalisekise imisebenzi yayo. Bakhusele umzimba ngokusebenzisa phagocytosis (inkqubo apho neutrophil efanelekileyo lwegciwane okanye intsholongwane, ithumba it ihamba ngaphakathi kunye enzyme zithutha utshabalalisa-arhente izifo). Ngokomzekelo, enye iseli neutrophil unako yokungenelela ukuya kwamagciwane 7. Kwakhona inxaxheba kwinkqubo arhabaxa.

eosinophils

isakhiwo leukocyte efana nenye. Eosinophil kwakhona ngokumila ajikelezayo kunye segmental okanye kwahlelwa intonga-ezimile. In the kukho icytoplasm kukho granules ezinkulu shape efanayo kunye nobungakanani, umbala oqaqambileyo-orenji, sifunda caviar. Kumafa yayo iqulethe iiproteni, phospholipids kunye nee-enzayim.

Eosinophil eqalisiweyo ngumongo ithambo myeloblast eosinophilic. Apho kukho kwasemihleni-8 ukuya ku-15, uze emva koko ingena kwinyama ukuba zihlanganiswe yemeko ezisingqongileyo.

Eosinophil kwakhona fagozitozu ofanelekileyo, kodwa kwenye (emathunjini, womchamo, iphecana sokuphefumla inwebu yangaphakathi). Kwakhona unalo yokwenza ukuvela kunye nophuhliso negazi lakho.

lymphocyte

Lymphocyte i imilo ajikelezayo kwaye abe nobukhulu obahlukeneyo, kwakunye nucleus elikhulu ngeenxa zonke. Baya kuvela umongo ithambo le lymphoblasts. Lymphocyte wayiphumelela inkqubo ekhethekileyo eya ivuthwa, ekubeni le umphenduli. Kuyinto olukwazi yokubonelela zonke iintlobo kweempendulo omzimba, ukudala nezifo.

Lymphocyte, nto leyo ekugqibeleni kuvuthwa thymus - i T-lymphocyte kwi udakada okanye nkovu ezalathelwe - B-lymphocyte. Iseli yokuqala incinane. Phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo lymphocyte sele ngokomlinganiselo we 80%: 20% ngokulandelelana. Zonke iiseli baphile malunga 90 iintsuku.

Lo msebenzi ungundoqo - kukho ukhuseleko oluqhutywa phandle ngokuthatha inxaxheba ebonakalayo inxaxheba immune. lymphocyte T abandakanyeke phagocytosis kunye immune ezibizwa nokumelana non-ezithile (nxamnye nazo zonke iintsholongwane yayintsholongwane eyosulela, ezi seli ziyafana). Kodwa B cells esikwaziyo ukuvelisa izilwa-buhlungu (molekyuli ezithile) kwinkqubo azibhubhise iintsholongwane. uhlobo nganye bacteria ukuba avelise izinto ezikhethekileyo ukuba unako ukutshabalalisa le arhente eziyingozi kuphela. iiseli B zinika ukumelana oluthile kakhulukazi nxamnye iintsholongwane, kodwa hayi iintsholongwane.

monocyte

Esiseleni, monocyte akukho graininess. Le enkulu kangangoko iseli imilo elingunxantathu ukuba engundoqo enkulu, nto leyo inokuba bean-okwe, ngeenxa zonke, intonga, umuncu kunye ifomu abamnkela.

It evukayo monocyte monoblasta kwi umongo wethambo. Egazini, iminyaka yobomi bakhe iiyure ezingama-48 ukuya 96. Emva koko, inxalenye monocytes ibhuqiwe, kwaye enye inxalenye iya kwinyama apho "sakhula", kubonakala macrophage. Monocytes ziiseli inkulu igazi ukuba ngeenxa okanye isiqalo elimbhoxo yenza kukho icytoplasm eluhlaza kunye nenani elikhulu imigodi (vacuoles), ukuba ayinike ukubonakala foamy.

Macrophage kwi nezihlunu umzimba ungaphila ixesha iinyanga eziliqela, apho ndibhadula okanye iiseli umhlali (bahlale kwisayithi enye).

Monocyte esikwaziyo ukuvelisa iimolekyuli ezahlukeneyo zolawulo kunye nee-enzayim bayakwazi ukuphuhlisa impendulo kwiintetho ezikralayo, okanye ngenye indlela, ukuze wayaphula. Kwakhona ukunceda ukukhawulezisa inkqubo impiliso. Ukukhuthaza ukukhula esiqwini ngethambo kunye nokuvuselelwa luvo. Macrophage kwi inwebu zikhusela. It abangaphangeliyo ukuphindaphindwa iintsholongwane.

erythrocytes

Ekhona kule erythrocytes egazini kunye leukocytes. Isakhiwo labo kunye nemisebenzi zahlukile enye kwenye. A iseli elibomvu igazi iseli ukuba unalo ukuma disk biconcave. Akunamsebenzi ziqulathe undoqo, yaye inkoliso kukho icytoplasm ubambe iproteni, ebizwa mpilo. Le ibandakanya ngentsimbi protini inxalenye atom, isiphathele isakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo. Athwala ethwala ioksijini umzimba.

Iiseli ezibomvu egazini kuvela iiseli ngumongo ithambo erythroblasts. Uninzi iiseli ezibomvu biconcave imilo, kwaye enye ungahluka. Umzekelo, ukuba babe ungqukuva, okweqanda, elunyiwe, nezitya zokutshiza, njl D. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba imilo iiseli ukuze kuphazanyiswe ngenxa zizifo ezahlukahlukeneyo. iseli ngalinye legazi elibomvu ezifumaneka egazini ukusuka kwiintsuku ezingama-90 ukuya kwezili-120, yaye emva koko iyafa. Hemolysis - erythrocyte intshabalalo nesenzeko into eyenzeka kwi-udakada kunye nempahla zesibindi negazi.

zegazi

Ubume bale leukocytes neeplatelets nako ezahlukeneyo. Zegazi azinayo inucleus, iiseli ezingeenxa amancinci okanye imilo elimbhoxo. Ukuba ezi iiseli esebenzayo, ngoko ke bakha outgrowths, ziyindawo inkwenkwezi. Zegazi kwenzeka umongo ithambo megakaryoblasts. "Sebenza" zonke phakathi kweentsuku 8 no-11, uze emva koko kufa esibindini, udakada okanye nemiphunga.

umsebenzi zegazi kubaluleke kakhulu. Bona bayakwazi ukugcina ingqibelelo kodonga semithambo, ukubuyisela oko xa kukho umonakalo. Zegazi benza thrombus baze ngokwenjenjalo ukunqanda ukopha.