Ingcinga, izakhi neempawu ze-mthetho. elements uphawu ityala

Njengoko imfundiso yomthetho mthetho, kuba zonke kakuhle luphawulwa ngokubopha izinto neziqalelo ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukuba benziwa. Iimpawu kulwaphulo mithetho ebhalwe iimpawu equlethwe isimo yomthetho. Kwakhona zinceda Cazulula izenzo okungalunganga, kanjalo bakha yinxalenye ulwaphulo-mthetho. Ubukho balo sisiseko loo mntu unetyala eziwele nobutyala.

Eli nqaku lithetha ngokweenkcukacha zonke izakhi neempawu ze-mthetho, ingqiqo kwaye ubudlelwane phakathi kwabo, ulwahlulohlulo ngokwemimiselo ezahlukeneyo.

imiba jikelele zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye namacala

Igama elithi "ityala" (SP) kuquka ezininzi imiqondiso (njengenjongo luluvo) okuluphawu isenzo esithile nje ulwaphulo-mthetho. Ngokunxulumene omnye komnye, imiqathango "ulwaphulo-mthetho," yaye "corpus delicti" ukwenza into ethile kunye ingqiqo ngokusemthethweni isenzeko.

A ulwaphulo isenzo esithile. Kuyinto ekuhlaleni kwimvelo yingozi kwaye sizibophelele ngumntu othile ngexesha ixesha elithile kwindawo ethile. Kunye netyala - ingqiqo. Elements, iimpawu, uphawu isenzo ethile mthethweni nje okomthetho esiqingqiweyo ubungqina.

Igama elithi "ulwaphulo-mthetho" uquka inkcazelo kwimiba yezentlalo noqoqosho isenzo okungalunganga. Baya kulala sisithuko akhuselwe ngumthetho phantsi kwe nobudlelwane kwezentlalo. Kwaye igama elithi "corpus delicti" lubonakala ngokuba gabalala lepropati ezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezithile zenzululwazi. Oko kukuthi, le ibandakanya eqhelekileyo zonke izakhi neempawu ze-mthetho. Ubudlelwane phakathi kwala magama zolwaphulo mthetho kunye ityala nga kuthathwa isiseko kunye ithe yayo.

iindlela ezisisiseko ukuba lucalulo joint venture

Ubuzaza ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho uchazwa ngqo izakhi neempawu ze-mthetho, iintlobo zazo. Iintlobo zolwaphulo-mthetho iikhrayitheriya yokuhlelwa kwazo, nto, zisekelwe izidanga ezahlukeneyo ingozi mthetho, indlela iimpawu ezichaza, iimpawu inkcazo kwicala injongo yomthetho.

umthetho Criminal ubonelela ukuba joint venture ngu:

- yokuqala, ngokufanelekileyo kwaye bakhetha (inqobo - umgangatho yeengozi oluntu) ;

- ezilula kunye nezintsonkothileyo (inqobo - isakhiwo);

- esesikweni eziphathekayo, ingozi ubume (inqobo - kubume zomthetho).

Iimpawu iintlobo ezahlukeneyo joint venture

Ikakhulu kuba siqulathe iziqalelo kunye neempawu ze-mthetho, nto leyo alichatshazelwa (akukho ukwanda okanye ngaphantsi) ukuba indlela ulwaphulo-mthetho eyingozi eluntwini. Ukuma abafanelekayo ibandakanya iinkalo eziphuhlisa ingozi loluntu isenzo. Xa sisincoko sinelungelo iqulethe iimpawu ukunciphisa izenzo eyingozi eluntwini.

Ukuqamba Simple zigqalwa nolwaphulo-mthetho indiza. Yaye kwimeko ezaqanjwa ezintsonkothileyo zenzelwe izinto eziliqela, ezinye izenzo njl Ezahlukeneyo kuqamba esimbaxa - .. An SP enye, apho izenzo ezingachazwanga ngqo eziliqela okanye imiphumo ubukho babo kwanele, ukuba ezinye iimpawu ezibophelelayo ndifike iimbopheleleko.

Isakhiwo esesikweni kuphela isenzo ngokwalo lubonisa eziphathekayo - nemiphumo yayo.

Amagqwetha bohlulwa ngayo uluvo lwabo malunga yano isakhiwo thumbanails. Umntu ucinga ukuba kukho iintlobo ezahlukileyo. Abanye, phezu koko, amashishini thumbanails joint wabhekisela ezahlukeneyo ngendlela esesikweni. Isiphelo isenzo solwaphulo inxalenye thumbanails zingathathwa njengelinge okanye ukulungiswa.

Izithako ingozi sicacisa ukuba mzuzu lokugqibela kuthathwa njengesenzo okungalunganga leyo, nayo, idala ingozi nemiphumo apho umthetho ikhankanya.

Ukusuka kungasentla kunokwenziwa isigqibo ukuba izakhi neempawu ze-mthetho, ingqiqo kunye neendidi ezivela ezimotweni swonghasi elinye iintlobo, nto leyo, kuchaphazela abalinganiswa kakubi.

inani SP

Phantsi elona linge ethile ekubanjiswene ithetha ukuhlanganiswa zonke nenkangeleko zidweliswe kule izibonelelo ezithile Code Criminal. Iyimfuneko kwaye yanele ukuba umntu onoxanduva ikhomishini-mthetho ezithile.

Meaning of ubume ngenxa yokuba kubhaliwe isetyenziswa:

- isiseko somthetho sokuba ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho;

- imeko ayimfuneko ziqu of isenzo solwaphulo-mthetho;

- isiseko, esetyenziswa yi inkundla ikhondo lomsebenzi kwi kukhetho kwamanyathelo komthetho mthetho ezithile;

- Isiqinisekiso ukuthotyelwa komthetho.

Iziqalelo mthetho na iikhrayitheriya ezakha imodeli ulwaphulo ukubonisa ingozi yayo lwentlalo.

Oko kukuthi, ukuba ukwakhiwa isenzo okungalunganga kuvela uxanduva ahambelanayo solwaphulo umsebenzi wayo. JV - sisixhobo kubalulekile apho izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ahluka ukusuka non-mthetho. Of ulwaphulo - ingqiqo, iimpawu, iimpawu kuzakuvumela uku chaza kudidi ubunzulu lwetyala kwaye amisele imida ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho mthethweni.

Xa kungekho joint venture bagqiba ukuba izenzo (okanye yokungenzi) iqulethe akukho okubonisa mthethweni okanye ukwakhiwa kwayo phantsi komthetho mthetho.

Iziqalelo mthetho. Iimpawu injongosenzi kunye icala injongo

Phantsi iziqalelo joint venture bayakuqonda njengoko zonke iindawo eziyimfuneko lobume eyakhayo kakubi, nto leyo kunxibelelana amaqela ezahlukeneyo, eziphembelela inkcazelo ingozi zoluntu senzo evunyelwa umthetho mthetho. Okubhalwe kwezi kumalungu okungalunganga ahluka ukusuka komnye ulwaphulo-mthetho, olufana ukubulala ubusela uzame okanye sokwehlisa yi ngezithuko.

Iziqalelo mthetho zithiwe thaca:

- into;

- icala injongo;

- icala ayinyani;

- isihloko.

Phantsi into yokuba kukho ulwaphulo-mthetho ibhekisela unxibelelwano noluntu, ikhuselwe ngumthetho-mthetho, nto leyo impinged phezu umoni. Eyona iphambili into - kodwa ikakhulu ngolwaphulo-mthetho, lunikezelwe ngokohlobo lwezinto weli hlabathi eziphathekayo, ngokwenza loo mntu destabilization yonxulumano loluntu. Ngokukodwa, xa unikezela ingxelo ngobusela njengoko yenjongosenzi ulwaphulo ubudlelwane mhlaba, ngokunjalo kwisifundo - ngokungekho mthethweni esihluthiweyo into.

Eneneni, unxibelelwano noluntu zibonisa unxulumano ngqo phakathi physical abantu, amaqumrhu asemthethweni kwaye ngurhulumente ekuphumezeni iimfuno zabo amalungelo, imisebenzi, amagunya kunye neenjongo.

Phantsi kwicala injongo ukuqonda iimpawu ezibonisa yangaphandle ukungaqheleki zokuziphatha ezakha ukuziphatha yingozi ekuhlaleni yokuba umntu linokukwenzakalisa ubudlelwane, ikhuselwe ngumthetho-mthetho. izinto ezithile ulwaphulo zimpawu echanileyo ngakumbi kwicala njongo. Sithetha nje isenzo esiyingozi ekuhlaleni, eyenziwa isenzo okanye ukungenzi imiphumo eyingozi ngokwentlalo, a imbangela unxibelelwano phakathi ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye neziphumo ngokunjalo ixesha, indawo, isimo sentlalo, indlela, izixhobo kunye neendlela wenza ulwaphulo-mthetho.

ngezigaba izinto

izinto ezinjalo ityala njengoko izinto kwahluka enye kwenye ngeempawu eziliqela, kanjalo bakha uluhlu nkqo nkqo.

Le nto inokuba eziqhelekileyo, iintlobo, kwisizukulwana, kwaye uqondile. Loo candelo ebanjwe tye.

Injongo iyonke limelwe iseti nobudlelwane kwezentlalo, ikhuselwe ngumthetho-mthetho. Instantiation eyenziwa buhlolwe ngokubanzi kunye nokuzimisela lweentlobo, kunye nenjongosenzi ngqo generic.

Phantsi kwento generic oko kwakuthetha indibanisela nobudlelwane kwezentlalo, apho kukho unxibelelwano efanayo akhuselwe ngumthetho-mthetho.

Iintlobo ngokuxhomekeke joint venture ithathwa iqela sincinane zengqondo zentlalo, imilinganiselo kunye nomdla olulodwa lwento. Olo into sinikezwe inani eliphakathi phakathi kwezinto generic kunye ngqo.

Injongo ngqo betyala, ngokuchaseneyo iintlobo zangaphambili izinto, luhlobo oluthile ezahlukeneyo nobudlelwane kwezentlalo, okanye ukuba inzuzo, inzala. Kuyo ke ekuhambeni ityala ngokwalo ikhutshwa phandle letyala mthetho.

Izinto - le ngxenye ilityala, ngokutsho yokuhlela tye unokuba iindidi ezintathu: basic, ungayikhetha kunye olongezelelweyo. Ukusebenzisa le lidala ntiyiso xa, umzekelo, zazide ukuhlaselwa izinto ezininzi ngexesha elinye. Umzekelo, kwimeko yobusela ezinokungena egumbini lokuhlala, njengoko into ephambili ngokuthanda propati, kwakunye olongezelelweyo - to inviolability yeli khaya.

into ozikhethelayo - ubuhlobo leyo kwezinye iimeko eziyingozi kwi nokugunyaziswa ulwaphulo-mthetho, lo gama abanye - hayi isicelo. Umzekelo, ukungcungcuthekiswa aye kuwuhlambela ucwangco loluntu, nto leyo ke into ephambili, yaye kwimeko umonakalo kwimpilo, ipropati okanye isidima somntu lowo kukwaphula ayisoloko kwenzeka, yaye ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo ulwaphulo-mthetho, oko kukuthi. E. Ingaba i phawu ozikhethelayo.

elements uphawu ityala: umxholo, kwicala ayinyani

Ethetha kwicala zesimo isenzo okungalunganga, sithetha imisebenzi yengqondo umntu enxulumene ngqo kunye nokugunyaziswa ulwaphulo-mthetho. Iimpawu lwesi sakhi njengoko SP nandzu kunye neenjongo motif. Forms unetyala ingohluka ngokuxhomekeke kwicala ezikhuthazayo somthetho, obonelela njengoko unetyala okanye nenjongo okanye ukungakhathali.

Subject - umntu wendalo ivumela okanye wenze ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho yaye nako ukuthwala esihambelanayo nobutyala ngenxa kuyo. Kulo mthetho Russian kulwaphulo-mthetho, ngokuchaseneyo kumazwe amaninzi, ingqalelo kunokwenzeka njengesifundo yequmrhu yomthetho ulwaphulo-mthetho. Wobubi - indoda yafunyanwa esinengqondo kwaye sele ufikelele kwiminyaka yobudala elichazwe ngumthetho kaMosis. Kukho ezinye iimeko apho, ngokutsho CC, isihloko unako siphiwe nezinye iimpawu ezongezelelweyo.

Ingcamango jikelele iimpawu joint venture

Gns JV - na iimpawu ezithile, ebonakalayo ngokusemthethweni lo mthetho, ubukho apho lisebenza kunikezo ukuqaphela isenzo (okanye yokungenzi) kuzo ulwaphulo-mthetho.

Zonke iimpawu kumele ulwaphulo-mthetho:

• alungele kunye omnye komnye, ethatyathwe kunye zichaze yingozi yoluntu kunye ngokungekho mthethweni;
• ukuzithethelela otgranichenija ulwaphulo-mthetho ezithile kwezinye amatyala ezifanayo;
• Oku esisigxina ngumthetho yaye ichazwe umthetho ngokucacile.

Izakhi neempawu ze-mthetho, ethatyathwe kunye aninike iimpawu ezithile lolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuba isakhiwo ibonisa ityala uyilo, iimpawu ukulunga ngokubanzi ngokusemthethweni ezibalulekileyo iimpawu (iimpawu, iimpawu, iimpawu) siphosakeleyo uhlobo oluthile.

Ucalulo kweempawu JV

Ngokutsho ngezigaba, iimpawu JV zezi:

- injongo kunye luluvo;

- ayisosinyanzelo kwaye yokuzikhethela.

Njengoko igama libonisa, kulula ukuqonda ukuba injongo ekubhekiselelwe imiqondiso enxulumene into. A ziimpawu luluvo luphawulwa izifundo.

Njengoko sele sibonile, iimpawu kunye neempawu ze-mthetho, ubungqina iintlobo iikhrayitheriya ukuqaphela isenzo okungalunganga. Kodwa indima iimpawu mandatory kwaye ozikhethelayo kwinkqubo eyahlukileyo kancinane.

Ezifunekayo (core) nazimpawu joint venture uphawuleka zonke, ngaphandle kokukhetha, iingoma, oko kukuthi kwisimo ngasinye kuzo. Ukuba njengongekhoyo esikolweni corpus ihlalutywe, kuba sisiseko ithathe isigqibo malunga nokungabikho uhlobo lolwaphulo-yezenzo. iimpawu ezifunekayo mawubandakanye iikhrayitheriya ibaluleke kakhulu ekumiseleni ubume isenzo okungalunganga. Sithetha malunga nobudlelwane noluntu (izinto, iinzuzo), isenzo okungalunganga (isenzo okanye yokungenzi), isiphoso (ngenjongo okanye ukungakhathali), ubudala, nto leyo luphawulwa kuqala uxanduva mthetho (ngokuqhelekileyo iminyaka eli-16), ingqondo.

nezinye iimpawu ezininzi kuthiwa ezongezelelweyo (optional). Zizo ezi:

• isifundo isenzo solwaphulo-mthetho;
• nemiphumo eyingozi eluntwini;
• unxibelelwano ubhalo (unobangela nefuthe) phakathi ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho kunye neziphumo zayo;
• ekwenzeni ixesha, banjani, indawo, indlela ezithile, isixhobo kunye uluhlu lwezixhobo ezisetyenziswayo ikhomishini ulwaphulo-mthetho, iseti iintshukumisa neenjongo,
• spetspriznakov isifundo entsonkothileyo umthetho.
  

Izakhi neempawu ze-mthetho, kubandakanywa ngokuzithandela, abaluleke kakhulu kwiingxoxo zolwaphulo ukwenzela ukuba kube nokuqatshelwa isenzo mthetho, kwakunye isigwebo.

iimpawu uphawu lo SP ozikhethelayo:

1. Bathi ke, kwiimeko ezithile, apho kubonelelwa ngumthetho, kufuneka ukuba kwakhona fanelekela kwi iimpawu ezingundoqo joint venture.
2. Ba, ngokungqinelana nomthetho nayo kuba iimpawu mandatory enxulumene SP abaqeqeshiweyo okanye ilungelo.
3. Xa kuziwa iimpawu ozikhethelayo engafakwanga mthetho kwaye aluchaphazeli emfundo ye-mthetho, oko kuthathelwa ingqalelo njengemeko eyenza mandundu okanye ukunciphisa.

Kukho indlela eqinisekileyo eyahlula izakhi neempawu ze-mthetho. izinto olugunyazisiweyo ne ISP-mthetho kufuneka esicaciswe ngokucacileyo. Ngoko ke, kukho inkohlakalo ekhethekileyo ikhomishini isenzo okungalunganga ayikwazi ingqalelo njengemeko eyenza mandundu umntu otyholwa ngokubulala ezenziwa unya okhethekileyo. Inyaniso yokuba, ngokunxulumene lwabo isohlwayo ulwaphulo ngenkohlakalo liye landa. Thelekisa: kwimeko lokubulala apho kungekho inkunzi bukhatshwa sisohlwayo entolongweni ukusuka kwisi-6 ukuya ku-15 iminyaka xesha, ukuba zikhona - ukususela-8 ukuya kwiminyaka engama-20.

Ngaloo ndlela, iimpawu ISP iziqalelo mthetho, nokuba yinto okanye lingumxholo isenzo okungalunganga, ngaba ngesondo ezintathu.

Iimpawu ezinzileyo kunye neguquguqukayo

Uzinzo kunye nobume ngomnye umbandela ke ukulaba SP zobumnini ibe ngamaqela amabini ngokuxhomekeke ingaba umlinganiswa (AC okanye DC) azinxibayo.

Iimpawu esisigxina ziquka iimpawu isenzo mthetho, musa ukutshintsha ngexesha umthetho ethile kwaye Code Criminal akuxhomekekanga kwiimeko isenzo okungalunganga. Ke imiqondiso eziguquguqukayo - ibonisa isenzo wohlwaywe, leyo siguqulwe, kungakhathaliseki kukuvela utshintsho kwisicatshulwa inqaku echaphazelekayo, kunye nezinye izinto. Phakathi imiqondiso variables ukwahlula kwengubo okanye uqikelelo.

Iimpawu ezisisigxina izinze kokubini okwenyama kwa nendawo, t. E. Ukwenza intsingiselo efanayo kulo mmandla kuhlawulwa ngulo mthetho. Ngexesha inkqubo, ezi propati angena kubethwa ngoyaba.

Ngenxa yoko, izakhi kunye neempawu ze-mthetho, iintlobo zazo ukuvumela lokuphinda umfanekiso epheleleyo ikhomishini ezenzo mthethweni, nto leyo eyimfuneko esiqinisekiso yokugqibela ulwaphulo-mthetho.