Industry aphesheya eYurophu kunye neempawu zayo

Kuba Europe kuquka amazwe angaphandle ngaphandle ico. intsimi yabo ngaphezu kwezigidi ezi-5 ezikwere zeekhilomitha kwaye likhaya phantse ezingamakhulu amahlanu ezigidi zabantu. Ethetha eYurophu amazwe, sithetha malunga mane amazwe azimeleyo, ezinxulumene nje kuphela isiphelo zembali, kodwa ke imisonto kakhulu n'wina kwezoqoqosho, ezopolitiko nenkcubeko.

International iYurophu kwelinye lamaziko eziphambili lasisiseko senkcubeko yoluntu. Yeyona khona agglomerates ezidolophini, ezifunyaniswe ezinkulu zejografi, kwakunye revolution omkhulu mveliso. Kwaye nangona ukuba ilixa "Eurocentrism" kwixesha elidlulileyo, amazwe Europe uthatha indawo ebalulekileyo nje kuphela kwezopolitiko ehlabathini, kodwa kwakhona kuqoqosho yayo.

umnotho

Ukufunda kwamanye amazwe kushishino eYurophu (class 11 - ixesha xa isifundo igxininisa isikolo), sicinga njengendlela mmandla lonke. Ngelo xesha, ngokutsho iingcali, ilizwe ibekwe kwi nommandla wayo, ubekwa kwindawo yokuqala ehlabathini kwiindawo zemveliso yezolimo kunye nezoshishino. Ungaphoswa indawo phambili kummandla xa ukuthunyelwa ngeenkonzo nempahla kwi isitokhwe exchange negolide, kwakunye nophuhliso amaqhina okhenketho ngamazwe.

Amandla kwezoqoqosho eYurophu amazwe kuxhomekeke kumazwe ezine "Big Seven". Xa uluhlu kwabo eFransi iJamani, Italy ne England. Kuyinto la lithi ziye kuluhlu olubanzi ishino namacandelo ahlukeneyo. Noko ke, ukulingana kwamandla phakathi kwamazwe amane ehamba ivavanywa utshintsho ezithile. Ngoko ke, kule minyaka idlulileyo indima inkokeli Germany waphumelela. Oku akothusi. Emva zonke uqoqosho yelizwe liphuhlisa dynamically kakhulu. Ngelo xesha "kumasifundisane ihlabathi" yayo udumo iphelelwe United Kingdom.

Amanye amazwe aphesheya eYurophu, ogama umnotho ukubaluleka kakhulu kwezoqoqosho, akukho eSwitzerland kunye Spain, Belgium, eNetherlands naseSweden. , Kula mazwe liphuhlise mveliso embalwa kuphela, nto leyo uye wamkelwa ngamazwe.

Indawo eyodwa kwingingqi ahlala kuyo amazwe eMpuma Yurophu. Kubo, ekubeni yee- emva kwexesha, yinto inguqu esebenzayo kwenzeka kwisicwangciso engundoqo kunye nobunini uluntu naLindiili yobudlelwane emarikeni.

uphuhliso kushishino

Isiseko kwezoqoqosho eYurophu ishishini kwamanye amazwe. Lidlala indima ekhokelayo, nangona kumazwe amaninzi isabelo yengonyama ngayo uqoqosho noshishino lwezolimo kunye neenkonzo. Industry aphesheya eYurophu kangangeenkulungwane eziliqela, yinto uhlobo lomntu.

iimpawu

Uphuhliso lwabasebenzi kunye neemeko zembali okanye ngenye kwenziwa ngokusisigxina kwimarike yehlabathi. It kutshintshiwe kwaye umfuziselo koshishino phesheya eYurophu. Ngoko ke, ukuba phambi kokuba kweMfazwe Yehlabathi-2, lo mmandla wayedume iimveliso ezikhethekileyo ibiza emva ukupheliswa imisebenzi zomkhosi lweshishini bakhe nezi neemfuno lorhwebo emikhulu.

Isabelo ezingundoqo iimveliso inzululwazi-olunzulu kunye entsonkothileyo kakhulu bevela eUnited States. kushishino yaseYurophu phesheya kuye malivakale emishini kunye nezithuthi, elektroniki kunye nezixhobo kwinkqubo. Lo mmandla yaqala ukuvelisa iimveliso kwiinginginya.

A intsingiselo efanayo ayitshintshanga de kube sekupheleni yoma. Ngeli xesha, ushishino amazwe eYurophu zavelisa uhlobo ukwahlulwa zabasebenzi phakathi amazwe mmandla. Ngoko, amazwe lweMeditera waqhubeka ukukhulula kwempahla ukuze ngokubanzi lwabathengi. Ngeli xesha eNgilani, France kunye Germany bethatha ekuphuhliseni imveliso moya neenqanawa. Konke oku kuye kwanciphisa umsantsa kunye US kule ngingqi.

Cinga amasebe eziphambili kwishishini langaphandle eYurophu, apho kukho ubunzima ngalo mzuzu.

engineering

Ukuba wabuza: "Cacisa isebe aphambili kwishishini langaphandle eYurophu," kuyimfuneko ukuqwalasela ububanzi, apho abantu abangaphezulu kwama-amathathu ekhulwini abantu kule ngingqi. Kuyinto engineering, nokunika elinye kolundi imveliso baninzi ehlabathini.

Eli sebe aphambili kwishishini langaphandle eYurophu imelwe phantse onke amazwe mmandla. Noko ke, banikwe imihlaba inqanaba lophuhliso kumazwe ngamnye wahlukile. Umzekelo, kukho iqela elithile kweenkokeli eYurophu. Kula mazwe, kukho kuphantse ukuba kulo lonke uluhlu amashishini, umsebenzi oyifaneleyo nje kukuhlangabezana neentswelo zasekhaya mmandla, kodwa likuvumela ukuba ukuthumela imveliso kumazwe angaphandle.

Kukho eYurophu kunye namazwe angaphandle omnye kuphela okanye iindawo ephuhliswe kakhulu ezimbalwa yemveliso zobunjineli. Kulo mzekelo, imfuno kwiintlobo ezithile iimveliso uzalisekisiwe phesheya.

Iinkokeli Iqela ikakhulu ziquka iJamani neBritani, kwaye isiXhosa, ezi ziquka eFransi Italy. iindawo omnye okanye ngaphezulu kwicandelo lobunjineli ziyafumaneka kwi-Netherlands ne Belgium, Sweden kunye neSwitzerland.

Iimpawu Industry of Europe amazwe abuna- kuchaphazela kunye namazwe afana Denmark kunye Austria, Finland kunye eNorway. Kwezi ithi, oomatshini ithambile. Noko ke, elinye okanye amabini amashishini, eziye wazuza kulwamkelo kwimarike yehlabathi. Umzekelo, Finland idume Intlama nePhepha nezixhobo zayo, Norway - yokwakha, njalo-njalo ...

Kumazwe angaphandle kwicandelo lobunjineli jikelele yaseYurophu uvelisa phantse amabini anesihlanu ekhulwini yemveliso yehlabathi kwesi sigaba. Amazwe kule ngingqi iza nemiqhaphu, umbane, izixhobo zobuchwepheshe, umlinganiselo kunye esayensi, iilori neemoto, ngokunjalo iitrektara.

Ngubani uvelisa oko?

Amashishini amazwe kakhulu kuphuhliswa eYurophu kushishino ngomatshini. E eJamani, yokusebenza izinto ezifana ngempumelelo njenge "Daimler", "Volkswagen", "uMercedes" kunye BMW. Ukusuka France kufika iimoto brand "Peugeot-Citroen" yaye "eteno." Italy idume "Kwiat" yayo.

E eJamani, eNetherlands kunye UK i imikhumbi ephuhliswe kakhulu. Ehlabathini eyaziwa iinkampani ezifana "Bosch" yaye "Philips", "Moulinex" yaye "Tefal". ukukhululwa zazo eziphambili ukuveliswa phones, iikhompyutha, kunye zombane zasekhaya zakhelwe eJamani, France kunye eNetherlands. ESwitzerland, kuthwalelwa phandle ezikumgangatho ophezulu ebukele ukukhululwa.

kwicandelo lobunjineli phesheya eYurophu ingqalelo ngokuyintloko bakhoyo abasebenzi. Ukongeza, uphuhliso kwamasebe ezingundoqo kushishino igalelo kwisiseko ziinzululwazi mmandla kunye nomphakamo ophezulu iziseko zayo.

imboni chemical

Oku lushishino vanguard yesibini ngobukhulu kulo mmandla. kushishino Chemical phesheya eYurophu, kwakunye ngezobunjineli, kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane lokugqibela kuphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza kakhulu. Kwaye kwaba okufana kummandla lonke.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, eli shishini yemichiza Iyakwazi umthombo omtsha zempahla ekrwada. Waye watshintsela oyile kunye intermediates lwalo mthombo uphambili organic iikhemikhali. Oku kwaba ngenxa izinto ekrwada kunye neemveliso zoshishino. Njengoko kwakunjalo kwixesha phambi kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, ishishini swi nga lignite kunye namalahle, sodium nepotassium iityuwa, kwakunye pyrites, yonke imveliso yalo kwiindawo zophuhliso lwabo.

Ngenxa yokuziqhelanisa eli candelo yaba shift yayo imithombo oyile. Ngoko ke, kummandla osentshona balo mmandla kumaziko ezinkulu petrochemical, kwakhiwa amachweba ze iRhine kunye iThames, iElbe kunye Seine kunye Rhone. Kule mimandla, ishishini kudityaniswe ngokugqibeleleyo kunye nokusulungekiswa.

Yokuqhelanisa kwakhona ishishini abachaphazelekayo kwimimandla esempuma neNtshona yeYurophu. Apha, phezu koohola kunye lwemibhobho yegesi sele zisekiwe izityalo petrochemical kunye izihluzi. Inkampani loqobo lolu hlobo e Poland, Slovakia, Hungary kunye Czech Republic. Zazakhiwe ecaleni kwendlela yalo mbhobho neoli ngamazwe, izinto ngaphambili sokumpompa eSoviet Union, yaye namhlanje - Russia.

Ngaphezu koko, ngaphambi kweMfazwe Yehlabathi 2 ukulinganisa izinga kuphuhliso lwamashisini kwemichiza kweli yokukala umthamo liqulethe sulphuric acid sakhululwa ngayo. Okwangoku, eli nani kuxhomekeke kubungakanani ngeplastiki zaveliswa.

Ukwabela kwiiplanti zeekhemikali

Uphuhliso kushishino vanguard langaphandle yesibini ngobukhulu eYurophu lazo. Ngoko ke, wenza Italy kunye eNgilani, Germany kunye France ukwanelisa ngokupheleleyo imfuno zayo zasekhaya imveliso yemichiza, njengoko, ukongeza, angaphandle ezinkulu. Ngokumalunga kumazwe Nordic, endaweni yabo aphuhliswe kakuhle imveliso umntu kuphela, ezifana nokuveliswa izichumisi nitrogen. Ngelo xesha elinye inani elikhulu imveliso yemichiza amazwe ukusuka kwamanye amazwe.

Kukho kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu kwaye ngokukodwa kuphela kuluhlu nemxinwa mveliso. Umzekelo, eSwitzerland liphuhlise imithi, i-Netherlands ne Belgium - ishishini petrochemical. Kodwa nangona oku, la mazwe baye ubudlelwane ne kwimarike yehlabathi ngokuzithumela kwi-65 ekhulwini imveliso yawo.

Kodwa ngokubanzi kumazwe angaphandle yaseYurophu na umthengisi inkulu Imisonto iisoyi kunye zokwenziwa, iiplastiki, iipeyinti kunye ivanishi, namayeza afanelekileyo, idayi nezichumiso nitrogen. Kule ndawo yeemveliso ezintsha asakhulayo kwishishini kwemichiza le, besuka eUnited States.

Ukuba ufuna inkcazelo lelinye lamashishini amazwe e-Europe, kuyimfuneko ukuhlola ngenyameko imeko yangoku kwemichiza kwisigaba lommandla. Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje kukho umkhwa ekuthotyweni amazwe. Noko ke, kule meko, hayi ngaphandle inxaxheba bodwa American, leyo ngokubonakalayo ukudala amashishini abo e-Europe. Umsebenzi wabo ijolise zokudalwa imveliso yemichiza entsha.

energy

Le kwinkalo yezoqoqosho amazwe eYurophu, ngokunjalo noshishino kwemichiza le, swi igesi yendalo kunye namafutha. Le nto iveliswa kuLwandle North, kwaye kumazwe ukusuka eRashiya kunye namazwe asakhulayo. Okwangoku, kukho ukuhla elibukhali kwimveliso kunye nokuselwa kwamalahle eJamani, eNgilani, Belgium, i yiNedalendi kunye neFransi. Orientation for nalaa mafutha zigcinwe ngelixa empumalanga zaloo mmandla. Umzekelo, ePoland kunye Czech Republic, inxalenye enkulu ekrwada ukuba amafutha namandla necandelo wendaba lignite. Ijolise kakhulu TPP abasebenza apha. Namalahle luthathiwe kuphela kwamachibi abo. yokungenisa Kwalo ubuya kuyithula apho kumazibuko amakhulu aseYurophu.

Le geography isakhiwo kwamandla yombane kule ngingqi, ngakumbi kwaye uthembele ngamandla enyukliya. sele ke ukusebenza eJamani Belgium, i-Czech Republic iHungary, Bulgaria kunye UK, ngokunjalo eFransi.

Le omlambo i-Rhone kunye nezityalo weDanube mveliso ukuvelisa umbane. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle eSwitzerland, Sweden kunye Norway umdlalo amandla ngamanzi, ngokuqhelekileyo indima yenkxaso. Kutshanje PSPs iindleko zakhiwa eYurophu amazwe.

imboni metallurgical

Ishishini liye kwasekwa shishini kummandla phambi kokufika kwe revolution kwezobuchwepheshe. Okokuqala, ishishini intsimbi kunye intsimbi eziphuhliswe kuloo mazwe apho kukho amafutha metallurgical okanye izinto ekrwada. La mazwe ziquka Germany kunye neFransi, eNgilani naseSpeyin, Luxembourg kunye eSpeyin, Czech Republic nePoland. Emva kokuphela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi 2-mveliso inkulu kwakhiwa okanye zandiswe kwiindawo kufutshane kumazibuko. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa orientation yokungenisa ngeentsimbi ezindala kunye ophezulu-grade nsimbi.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, isityalo mihla kwaye ngobukhulu, zibekwe kufutshane nezibuko elwandle, wakha kwi-Italian Taranto. Kutshanje, Noko ke, mini-izityalo zakhelwe ikakhulu kule ngingqi.

Amasebe ibalulekileyo angaphandle yokunyibilikisa isinyithi non-ayoni eYurophu kungabandakanya aluminiyam kunye noshishino ubhedu. Ukuveliswa aluminium zifumaneka kumazwe isigidi webauxite. Oku Italy, kunye neFransi, Romania, Greece kunye iHungary. ifilim leyo efana nayo ibekwe Austria, eJamani, eSwitzerland kunye eNorway. Akukho okubonakalayo yaso, kodwa uvelisa isixa esikhulu umbane.

imveliso ubhedu iphuhliswe eFransi eJamani, ePoland, eNgilane Belgium.

AmaHlathi and Industry Light

Ziziphi amasebe nezinye zoshishino ziye ngokubanzi yaphuhliswa kule ndawo? Omnye wabo - kushishino wehlathi phesheya eYurophu. Okokuqala, inkqubo yayo ilawulwa imithombo yalo izinto ekrwada. Kungenxa yoko le nto shishino ngokukodwa eziphuhliswe kakuhle eFinland naseSweden. La mazwe - iinkokheli zemveli sawmilling nezemithi, Intlama nePhepha kumazwe angaphandle.

ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kufuneka abe kushishino ukukhanya phesheya eYurophu. Kungenxa kweli candelo kwaye yaqala yonke ngezoshishino mmandla. E langoku imini, ishishini ukukhanya amazwe aseYurophu uphulukene indawo yayo yangaphambili.

Ubunzima ebalulekileyo mmandla babe iindawo eyolukiweyo ezifana eFlanders (Belgium), Yorkshire kunye Lancashire (England), Lyon (France) kunye eMilan (Italy). Onke amaziko zokukhokhela iimpahla kunye nezihlangu bavela ngenkulungwane ye-19, ebudeni beentsuku Ekuqaleni revolution yezoshishino. Yokuba esebenzayo namhlanje. Kutshanje, nangona kunjalo, ukuba isiqhelo sokuba ukukhanya kushishino ukukhetha elisemazantsi eYurophu. Oku kungenxa loovimba ezikhoyo yezemisebenzi sitshiphu. Umzekelo, ingubo mveliso kulo mmandla ngoku ebizwa Portugal. Italy kwakhona velisa inani izihlangu, ukuba umthamo wayo wesibini kuphela eTshayina.

Abantu kumazwe amaninzi eYurophu alondoloze amasiko esizwe, leyo lunokufumana intsingiselo ukuya kwimveliso izixhobo zomculo, ifenitshala, ubucwebe kunye namanqaku eyenziwe ngenkcenkce neglasi, zokudlala njalo njalo. D.

Umzekelo, Belgium eyaziwa ngokuba afohlela wokuzingela (Brownings) kunye nokusebenza nekalikedo. Ngoko ke akukho ngozi iziko lomhlaba ukurhweba ngedayimani ibekwe e Antwerp. E Liechtenstein, wakha lweshishini inkulu ehlabathini ukuvelisa amazinyo ngumntu. Ezi mveliso zithengiselwa kumazwe abangaphezu kwamakhulu.

UkuKhanya, ishishini ehlathini phesheya eYurophu, nangona idlala indima ephambili kwishishini le ngingqi, kodwa yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yoqoqosho yayo yonke.