Incwadi Thomas Piketty "Capital kwinkulungwane xxi": kakuhle, iingongoma eziphambili

imithetho kuzaba ngayo kwaye phantsi kweziphi capital? Kutheni abanye sihlale amahlwempu, ngoxa abanye - kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni - nezityebi? Umbhali kule ncwadi ethandwayo "Capital kwinkulungwane xxi" Thomas Piketty wachitha lakhe waya ezinye izigqibo umdla. Ngokutsho kwakhe, kwiminyaka 1914-1980 umsantsa phakathi amacandelo oluntu yaba ncinci.

eziphikisanayo ayintsika

Ukuhlala kuluntu mihla ngokuxhomekeke kwimithetho yayo. One of them - ukulingana kwamalungelo, okt, ukususela kwindawo kwezoqoqosho lwembono, ubuchule ukuqinisekisa kakuhle ukuba kuphela ngenxa yokuba ubuchule babo kunye neminqweno ... Kodwa Paris School of unjingalwazi Economics Thomas Piketty ( "Capital kwinkulungwane xxi" - incwadi yakhe ethengiswa kakhulu enegama) uthi ngokwandileyo kukho unxulumano phakathi impumelelo yomntu kunye nemeko zemali kunye amaqhina entsapho yakhe. Kakade ke, oku kuchasene ingqikelelo amathuba alinganayo.

Ngenkankulu wabonakala, le ncwadi wabangela ingxolo eninzi, t. To. Umbhali uye kuyo imibuzo emininzi malunga nokuchaneka postulates noqoqosho emarikeni. Yena akukhethi inyaniso Karla Marksa, owathi ukutshatyalaliswa kunqandwa yongxowankulu.

Iintsomi người

Ukuba ngenkulungwane XIX, akukho namnye wamangaliswa ukuba iqela elincinane labantu "ezweni labo", kwiimeko mihla, le nto usoloko ngumbandela yempikiswano kwamathandabuzo. Amazwe afana ne-United States, ngokusekelwe isibhengezo amalungelo alinganayo kubo bonke abemi ngaphandle kokukhetha, ifuna umsantsa ingcaciso ebalulekileyo phakathi kwezityebi namahlwempu.

Kangangexesha elide Osoqoqosho baye babonisa ukuba ukukhula koqoqosho ngokubanzi kuzisa uxolo kubo bonke. Iincwadi ezininzi ( "Capital kwinkulungwane xxi" - umnyinyiva) etha ukuba imigudu ngamnye asebenze kwaye kuvumela abantu ukuba ukufikelela phezulu nanto. Kwaye ukuba abantu engasekho igcinwe kwebala kunye nempahla ilifa. Noko ke, nkqu imigqaliselo ezininzi ezingundoqo zibonisa ngenye indlela.

Ukuba ngexesha XIX-XX iinkulungwane lomlinganiselo eyinkunzi zabucala kunye nengeniso lesizwe malunga alinganayo (kungakhathaliseki ukuba isakhiwo - ilizwe kuqala, ngoko asethi mveliso, yaye ekugqibeleni, ngoku - Finance), ukususela nge-imi- 70 kwinkulungwane XX, owokuqala siyema. Kule minyaka ingama-50 idluleyo, umsantsa lidlula 600%, okt. E. Ingeniso wesizwe ngokuphindwe 6 ngaphantsi kwe imali yabucala.

Ingaba kukho nayiphi na ingcaciso efanelekileyo kwaye enengqondo? Ngokuqinisekileyo. imali High Inkqantosi annuity efanelekileyo; izinga lokukhula koqoqosho lincinane kakhulu, kwaye izinto zikarhulumente kubantu babucala Ungalungisa ukunyusa ubungakanani capital zabucala. Kwi-USSR kuba lulwa eye wavumela inani elincinane abemi bacebisa kakhulu.

ulwazi zembali

Ukukhula koqoqosho ebesoloko ngaphantsi imbuyekezo ikhona, uthi uThomas Piketty. Capital kwinkulungwane xxi, ngokusekelwe lilifa, wandisa kuphela isithuba. Isibakala sokuba ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX 90% kobutyebi wesizwe abanini-10% yabantu. Bathe ke bona abanye, kungakhathaliseki ukuba babenobuchule kunye neenzame, apho kwakungekho mhlaba. Ngenxa yoko, kwafuneka ukuba bafumane kungekhona into.

Isibhengezo imvume balingane ukuthatha inxaxheba kuvotwa kunye nezinye impumelelo zoluntu oluxhamla intlalo yedemokhrasi akayi ukutshintsha imithetho yezoqoqosho ukufumaneka kwemali eyinkunzi yabucala "iqela elincinane labantu."

Njengoko kuvakala mibi, kodwa iimfazwe zehlabathi ezimbini kunye nemfuneko ukubuyisela udale imeko ibonwe apho ingeniso evela kulondolozo yaba asezantsi ukukhula koqoqosho. Kwisithuba esiphakathi ko-1914-1950 ukulungelwa banda kuphela 1-1.5% ngonyaka ngamnye. Ukongeza, intshayelelo irhafu inkqubela eye wavumela ukuba ekuphakamiseni izinga lokukhula koqoqosho. Kodwa ikomkhulu kwinkulungwane xxi, kwakhona uba ezintsha ephawulekayo kunye nophuhliso lwamashishini.

abakumgangatho ophakathi

Kungenxa kwixesha post-imfazwe kwakukho ekuthiwa njalo-abakumgangatho ophakathi eYurophu. Kwakhona, oko kwenzeka ngenxa zizothuso lwezoqoqosho kunye nelwezopoliko, kungabi ukulingana ithuba. Kodwa yinzondelelo zange ihlale ixesha elide. Ngowe-1970 iminyaka ziingcali inkqubela bhalisa entsha yokukhula zokungalingani ubutyebi.

Kwincwadi yakhe ethi "Capital kwenkulungwane xxi" Thomas Piketty (encwadini Russian sele eshicilelwe) uthe, nangona ukuvela abakumgangatho ophakathi, amahlwempu akazange va uphuhliso loqoqosho. Umsantsa phakathi amacandelo oluntu ukhula.

Noko ke, ekubeni i-1980, uthi ingcali yenzululwazi, iintsingiselo zembali ukubuya. Ukuba yee-60s kuyenzeka ngenene ukwaphula phezulu iphiramidi kwezoqoqosho ngenxa yokuba ubuchule babo, ukuze ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XX, le ndlela ivaliwe. Zonke akhe Thomas Piketty uqinisekisa amanani. Yena sicaphula umzekelo njengoko kwemivuzo yabasebenzi abaphezulu kunye komndilili. Ukuba eziphezulu kwandise ingeniso yayo nge-8% ngonyaka ngamnye, ngoko bonke abanye -% 0.5 kuphela.

lucky

zezoqoqosho american kubangelwa le sikweni umvuzo izakhono ezizodwa, amava, emfundo kunye nemveliso kwabaphathi beenkampani. Noko ke, iincwadi kwezoqoqosho kuqinisekisa ukuba enyanisweni akunjalo. Kwaye ngakumbi, inqanaba lomvuzo top-umphathi akuxhomekekanga kumgangatho izigqibo zayo. Apha kukho ekuthiwa-mkhuba "njengentlawulo luck" ukuba phantsi kweempembelelo iimeko zangaphandle, inkampani ephuhlisa iibhonasi dynamically, ukwanda ngokuzenzekelayo kubasebenzi.

Ukukhuliswa okanye ingeniso

Capital kwinkulungwane xxi okokuqala kwimbali yoluntu nako kungafumaneka ngeendleko ingqondo yakhe kunye nomgudu. Le postulate ke umbhali bazisa ukuya kunciphiso ukuba kungenzeka enjalo kuphela abantu ababezalelwe kwisithuba ukususela 1910 ukuya 1960.

Ukuqondwa iitalente zabo eye wavumela abantu ukuba bakholwe ukuba imvelaphi wokungalingani (inoba impilo-ntle yezoqoqosho), lisahleli ngaphambili. Noko ke, uphando lwakutsha nje luye yaqinisekisa eyahlukileyo: ubungakanani eyinkunzi ilifa ngaphezulu kakhulu kunokuba afunyenwe kwi nokunikezelwa kwengeniso kwezemisebenzi. Ukuze uqinisekise amazwi akhe umbhali ucaphula izibalo eziquka nje kwezoqoqosho kodwa Izalathisi zenani.

Le ncwadi "Capital kwinkulungwane xxi", ngelishwa, nto nokukhuthaza abo bafuna ukuba bafumane ubutyebi babo. Umbhali wafunda data kwiminyaka engamakhulu amathathu nophuhliso loluntu kwaye wagqiba ukuba ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho ezinjalo - eqhelekileyo eluntwini.