Iityuwa ye asidi. Ukusetyenziswa neetyuwa ze asidi

zibaluleke kakhulu kushishino kwemichiza asidi ezingaphiliyo. Ngapha koko, ukuba izinto ekrwada ngenxa syntheses ezininzi, catalyze inkqubo, isebenze njenge arhente dehydrating ngenxa emzimbeni njalo njalo.

Noko ke, okubaluleke nangakumbi iityuwa zazo - iimveliso ukufaka hydrogen ukuze metal kuhlanganiselo molecule awo. Asidi e Le nhlonipho okhethekileyo. Emva phantse yonke ngokwalo ukuba ayikho, umoya nangoko ukubola zibe icarbon dioxide namanzi. Kodwa ke iifom గుర్తులు ibhaloni iityuwa ukuba ezaziwa ukuba umntu ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. Ithandwa kakhulu kwiindawo ezininzi obunemveliso kunye neendlela. Kwaye cinga kubo.

Iityuwa ye asidi: Classification

Okokuqala, ilungelo kufuneka waphawula ukuba izinto ingabizwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. It nje Kwenzeka ukuba bonke igama wanamathela kwaye isetyenziswa kule mini zenzeka okanye ezingenamsebenzi, kunye neenkcukacha malunga nokuhlelwa nenengqiqo. Ngoko ke, ityuwa asidi, zibizwa ngokuba ngolu hlobo:

• carbonates;
• bicarbonates;
• carbon dioxide;
• hydrogencarbonates;
• bicarbonates.

Kwaye ke, ngamnye igama layo nekrwada ngakumbi, nto leyo ngamnye.

Amagama ngentla kubonakala kwangoko kunye nokubekwa imichiza zezifundo. Njengoko dibasic acid, Neendawo ezinetyuwa lenza iindidi ezimbini:

• aphakathi;
• muncu.

Ngegama lokugqibela phambili hydro okanye ulala namadoda. Phantse wonke ityiwa kumhlaba metal kwealkali okanye ialakalin - kodwa ezimbaxa phantse ebalulekileyo ekufuneka abantu abakushishino.

Imbali ngexesha lokufunyanwa nokusetyenziswa

Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo abantu ezaziwayo ityiwa asidi. Ngapha koko, eYiputa yamandulo, ukwakhiwa lwaqhutywa encediswa gypsum, lealabhasta, lekalika naziiperile zasetyenziswa.

Xa kwiincwadi UPliny Omdala inkqubo echazwe ku tswala ekalika lekalika calcination. Ummangaliso ezaziwayo-kakuhle kwihlabathi - iiphiramidi - kwakhiwa kunye nokusetyenziswa gypsum nezinto ezifunyenweyo kulo. Ukususela uthuthu yezityalo ezifunyenweyo potash and isetyenziselwe okuhlamba iimpahla, yaye emva koko ekwenziweni isepha.

Kufuneka sisebenzise iimveliso indalo onika, abantu bakwazi ukuba cishe njalo. Noko ke, yintoni na ityuwa asidi, elo lizwe ayiphakamisele kulo isakhiwo njengoko unako kuhlanganiswa ngokuzenzela, yaye ziziphi ezinye iimpawu zazo, oko kwazeka kakhulu kamva, xa XVII-XVIII iinkulungwane.

Namhlanje kwakhona isetyenziswa ngokubanzi, abaninzi izinyithi kwealkali ialakalin nomhlaba, abanye babo bathathe indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo ejikeleza kwamanzi aphantsi komhlaba.

Imali endalweni

Ngokutsho ipesenti izimbiwa ingqalelo abahlala malunga ne-5% yabo yonke ubunzima kolu qweqwe lomhlaba. Bona izenze evela ngaphandle, ukwakha rocks. Kwakhona ezininzi neetyuwa ezenziwa kolwandle.

Cya, molluscs kunye nezinye izilwanyana kunye nezityalo igalelo ukuyilwa carbonates biochemically. Amaxesha amaninzi, iityuwa గుర్తులు ibhaloni zifumaneka nokwakhiwa ekrwada, ehamba nge ukuyilwa nabo.

Le minerals yaziwa kakhulu kwaye nasemaweni kwezi zinto:

• calcite;
• dolomite;
• ngetshokhwe;
• nezemarmore,
• lekalika;
• gypsum;
• Magnesite;
• siderite;
• malachite.

Iindlela ukwenzela ukulungiswa isicelo

Ityuwa asidi zibizwa ngokuba carbonates (kwimeko eliphakathi ukwahluka). Oku kuthetha ukuba carbonate ion ibithethwa zibandakanyiwe kumafa zazo ifomyula CO ₃ ^2. Ukuba bazalise ifom ityiwa epheleleyo nje metal zesiqinisekiso kunye nezalathiso ebonisa ubume ubungakanani inamehlo ngokwaneleyo. Oku kusetyenziswa iindlela zaselaborathri ukuvelisa ezi izinto.

Enyanisweni, ngaphandle gesi evela kwimithombo yendalo, unako kuhlanganiswa carbonates kunye nezenzo nokwabelana kunye kufakwe compound. Noko ke, elula intsingiselo yaloo ndlela, ekubeni imveliso kukuthi kakhulu ephantsi namandla neendleko.

Apho yenziwe ukusetyenziswa neetyuwa ze asidi, ziziphi iinkalo? Ngokuba elowo kubo ngabanye, kodwa ngokubanzi kunokwenzeka ukuchonga amashishini ezininzi ezinkulu.

1. zobunjineli Civil.
2. imboni Chemical.
3. Glass.
4. Isepha.
5. Yolungelelwaniso kwephepha.
6. yokudla.
7. Imveliso amabala.
8. Calcium carbonate - njengomthombo ion metal kumzimba eziphilileyo.

Phawula embalwa imizekelo ngqo carbonates, babo ubume kunye nexabiso.

calcium carbonate

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe ngentla apha, iyeza - ngumthombo calcium ion Ca ²⁺ emzimbeni womntu. Kwaye oku kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngapha koko, ukuba bazibandakanye ekulondolozeni rhoqo kwenkqubo uxhaso igazi, bayinxalenye amathambo, izikhonkwane, iinwele, uqinisa izinyo lwawo.

Xa calcium okubangelwa ukuphuhlisa zizifo ezahlukahlukeneyo, kuquka ingozi ezifana ukusilela intliziyo, kwamathambo, utshintsho zophendlo lwezifo kwi ilens lweliso lakho, kunye nabanye.

Ukongeza, icalcium carbonate kuyasetyenziswa kwishishini lokwakha. Emva kokuba zonke ezahlukeneyo - is:

• ngetshokhwe;
• nezemarmore,
• lekalika.

Le Ityuwa nanele ukuba umntu kungekho kunqongophala kuyo. Idla ethengiswa ifomu nyulu azipilisi, njengoko photo ngezantsi. Kuyinyaniso ukuba calcium ako kakuhle, oko kufuna phambi novithamini D.

soda

Iityuwa ye asidi - carbonates - ibalulekile oluntu wasemakhitshini. Umzekelo, isodiyam carbonate, okanye sodium carbonate, ababefana kuthiwa soda. Noko ke, asiyiyo loo nto, yinto ebalulekileyo ukulungiselela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo. Hayi, ityuwa zisetyenziselwa iinjongo zorhwebo xa ucoca imiphezulu indlu iimveliso: kwiibhafu, zwe, izitya, kunye nezinye. It saziwa kakhulu ngokuba yesoda ash okanye impahla, lisetyenziswa kwimveliso iglasi, ukwenza isepha.

Ifomula imichiza Na ₂ CO ₃ * 10H ₂ O. Le ityuwa eliphakathi zolwelo kwabangelwa ukuphilisa crystalline. Kwindalo, afumaneka uhlobo kwezimbiwa nokwakheka zeengxondorha. imizekelo:

• sobukhosi;
• nakholit;
• thermonatrite.

Lidla ime phandle ukusuka ulele, uthuthu zabo. Yiyo le ndlela yasetyenziswa kumaxesha amandulo ukufumana ngumqolo ekuveliseni isepha eziphathekayo okanye nje ukuhlamba yokuhlamba. Kakhulu njengoko isityalo isityebi equlathe le netyuwa solyanka sodonosnaya. ash layo eliphezulu eyamkelekileyo ukuvelisa sodium carbonate.

umanyolo

Formula ityiwa asidi, ukuba igama enjalo, - K _{2 CO-3.} It is a crystalline entle ngumgubo emhlophe hygroscopic. ityuwa avareji anhydrous, nto leyo iba ukunyibilika elungileyo kakhulu. Le ephindeneyo eyaziwa ebantwini ixesha elide, kwaye lisetyenziswa namhlanje. Izithethantonye Igama:

• potassium carbonate;
• umanyolo;
• umanyolo.

Ukweyona lokusetyenziswa zezi zilandelayo.

1. Njengoko reagent kwiinkqubo isepha elulwelo mveliso.
2. Kuba Yindibanisela yikristale kunye negilasi woqondo, iglasi eliyinjubaqa.
3. Kuba bokudaya amalaphu.
4. Njengoko isichumiso izityalo.
5. Ekwakheni ishishini - ukwenzela ukunciphisa qhwa ka mortars.
6. I Photo Art.

Indlela ephambili mveliso ukufumana le ityiwa - electrolysis ngecalcium chloride. Xa usenziwa le hayidroksayidi, leyo idityaniswe icarbon dioxide kwaye yenza umanyolo. Izinto zendalo ekrwada - i ash zengca kwakunye nezityalo, apho ikhoyo nokubakho kakhulu.

bicarb

Ukongeza iityuwa acid ye asidi awabalulekanga ngaphantsi kwe-avareji. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, isodiyam yesoda, ogama ifomula NaHCO _3. Elinye igama lakhe, kungcono onokumazisa bonke - baking soda. Ngaphandle, yinto ngumgubo ocolekileyo ezimhlophe enyibilikayo kakhulu emanzini. Umchiza ezingazinzanga xa itshiswa, ngoko nangoko abole abe carbon dioxide, amanzi kunye netyiwa eliphezulu. Oku kuvumela ukusetyenziswa nesoda yokubhaka njengesikhuseli kwi kokusingqongileyo yangaphakathi eziphilayo.

Kwakhona, kukho amasimi eziliqela isicelo compound:

• ukutya (ingakumbi confectionery) ushishino;
• amayeza (ngokuba unyango amanxeba asidi);
• e ezwi amachiza ekuvelisweni zeplastiki, idayi, iiplastiki alephuze amagwebu, iikhemikhali indlu;
• ekukhanyeni kunye noshishino lwempahla eyolukiweyo (isikhumba kwaye awugqibe amalaphu neyesilika, njl);
• Oku kusetyenziswa ekwenziweni nezihlwahlwazayo kunye iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokupheka;
• Sodium yesoda ebizwayo wokutshiza.

calcium carbonate

Le ityuwa asidi ye asidi, - indima ebalulekileyo lokuhamba kwamanzi aphantsi komhlaba. Le ezimbaxa inika ukuyilwa kwento yokuqaqadeka ngamanzi lwexeshana iphendulwa abilayo. Kulo yesoda lwecala calcium carbonate ikhuthaza ukubana abaninzi kwindalo, ngamanye kumjikelo yabo elandelayo. Ifomula yale compound - Ca (HCO _{3) 2.}