Lena River isitya. Kwicala ithambeka, ubude, ngabafakwa uviko, imida kwintlambo

Lena River isitya ise kwintsimi enkulu North-Eastern eSiberia (Yakutia kunye kwiNgingqi Irkutsk). Ezinye nemingenela yawo ibekwe Krasnoyarsk, yaseKhabarovsk, Trans-izimvu Territory kunye Republic of Buryatia. Lwemilambo zonke zehlabathi Lena inde zeeteksi 10 kunye 8 liphuphuma. Le umzimba ngamanzi ithathwa umlambo inde eRashiya, ophuma phantsi kwegama elifanayo.

Overview

Lena River umthombo ibekwe kufuphi Lake izimvu,-145 km ukusuka Kachug yokuhlala e Irkutsk Oblast (kwisithili izimvu Mountains). Ngaphezu koko, ayajika nge Zhigalovsk, Kachugsk, Ust-Kut kunye nesithili Kirensk, apho ibekwe kummandla efanayo.

E Yakutia, Lena aqukuqela kungena Lena, Khangalassky, Olekminsky, Namsky, kwisithili zasezidolophini kweendawo Yakutsk, Zhigansky, Kobyayskiy kunye Bulunsky. Eliya kuLwandle Laptev, 160 km ukusuka elalini (kwisithili Bulunsky) Chekurovka. Ulwalathiso Lena River - ukusuka ezantsi ukuya entla-mpuma, uze emntla Yakutsk.

History of izovela

Ulwazi lokuqala malunga empumalanga emlanjeni omkhulu wabonakala kwinkulungwane ekuqaleni XVII. Amaqela amaninzi Cossacks zathunyelwa ukuhlola loo mmandla unexplored. Ngowe-1628 uhambo waya Vasily Bugor neqembu lakhe. Akhwela kulo Angara, koko wathabatha ukuya Ilim, apho wawela yamanzi kunye umlambo Kut weza Lena. Emva kweminyaka embalwa kwingingqi North-East of eSiberia waya lomkhosi Peter Beketov. Zeza kunye izimpi zakhe imizi yokuqala zakhiwa kummandla Kuta lomlambo, waqala Bamisa umzi elitsha - Ust-Kut.

Kwiminyaka 1733-1743 ye-Lena River sokuhlambela waqalisa ukufunda amalungu uhambo of eKamchatka zenzululwazi. Ngenkulungwane ye-19, lo mmandla waqhubeka ukuphonononga Chekanovsky, Anjou, Toll kunye nezinye izazinzulu. Kule minyaka 1910-1915 kwi Lena baba umsebenzi zokuzoba. Ngowe-1919-1920, njengoko iziphumo hambo kunye Evgenova Mathisen yaqulunqwa-inventri amanzi emlonyeni wayo kwisixeko Yakutsk. Igama "Lena", Isimanga ngokwaneleyo, loo nto edibene gama umfazi Russian, yaye enjalo Yakut "Yeh-lii-Ene", bona bubonakala "umlambo omkhulu."

Lena River nemingenela

The main nemingenela:

- Young, Kuta, Viluy (imijelo inkulu ekhohlo).

- iti, Aldan, Vitim, Ukuziva, Kirenga, Olekma (imijelo inkulu ekunene).

Eyona inkulu kubo umlambo Aldan ukusuka kwindawo pool of 729 000 macala onke. M.

nemingenela ezincinane:

- Right: Suhusha, Orlinga, Beach, Zharkov, Chichapta, Iga, Dyanshka, Tayura, Dzhardzhan, Kovtorov, Botovka, Anga, tutura, Big River, lolwelo, Shapkin Buotmama, Berezovka, Ezincinane Balakhnev, Yukte, Larch, Chechuy, Upper Sarafaniha, Tuolba, emhlabeni afumileyo, Kovtorov, Kuzmin, Elovetsky, Sobolokh-yamaMaya, Parshinka, Zakobeninskaya umlambo kunye nabanye;

- Ekhohlo: i-Indus, Yamny, Ilga, Lower, Atalanga, Markha, nelokuthwasa kwenyanga, Zaharovka, owomileyo, Upper Bochakta, Shulaga, Turuk, Skate, naman, Semiga, Bobrovka, Kazimirka, Bots, Fedorovka, Ilikta, Talabak, Kuchta, Fedorovka, enesiqingatha, Potapovka, Kokarev, ubiennyh, Peleduy, Horuonka, Eekit, Tympylykan, iinkwenkwezi zeBhere, Pilyuda, Rassokha, Yamny, Upper Katyma, Moksheniha, Meneevsky, Lower Katyma, Oleneksky, Chembalovka, iinkwenkwezi zeBhere, Nemtanka, Ichera, Zaharovka, Stepaniha, Kulenga kunye abanye.

umbuso nemin

Lena mlambo km 4.400. kubunzulu obukhulu - 21 km. ububanzi iphezulu armhole - 30 km. Le ndawo swimming pool kukuba 2.490.000 km ². Power Lena yaye phantse zonke nemingenela yawo ikhutshwa phandle ikhephu bunyibilike emvula. Ngenxa ichibi permafrost bondliwa kakuhle omhlaba, kunjalo, ngaphandle imithombo zafakwa. Xa emthonjeni komlambo kukho umkhukula, izikhukula yenzeka kakhulu ehlotyeni nasekwindla nasebusika luphawulwa amaxesha ezisezantsi-esezantsi-kwamanzi.

Isimo kunye nomhlaba

Efikelela kuyo eli dama, yaye inxalenye enkulu nemingenela yawo elungileyo ibekwe kwiindawo weentaba mmandla izimvu, Aldan Plateau kunye Trans-zamanzi. Ekhohlo-bank inxalenye ichibi kwi Central Siberian Plateau. Eli candelo liphantsi umlambo embindini kunye zinokuwehlisa ngexesha (Central Yakut Plain). Emva kwidolophu Pokrovsk, nto leyo ibekwe Yakutia, Lena umlambo flow ukucola ukuya lonwabu.

River lungahlulwa-hlulwa zibe iinkalo ezintathu ezingundoqo: ivela kumthombo, nto leyo iqhele-12 km ukusuka elwandle nomphakamo iimitha ezili-1470, phezulu ukuya ekudibaneni kwawo emlanjeni Vitim (isahlulo phezulu), ukusuka yokugqibela ukuya ekudibaneni e Batamay (phakathi) kunye ukusuka wathi kwindawo ukuya emlonyeni (ezantsi).

Kwi ephezulu inxalenye komlambo akhawunti phantse kwisithathu ubude bayo. Ububanzi entlambo isusela ukusuka 1-3 km ukuya kwi-10 km, kwezinye iindawo siteshi linciphise ukuya meters 200. Kumathambeka ezi isiziba engumnqantsa kwaye unamatye. Ukuphakama Lena River kwingingqi ifikelela iimitha 300.

Embindini ifikelela iba elifumileyo. ubungakanani bayo ngokukodwa landa emva ekudibaneni kunye Olekma umlambo. Apha, ububanzi isiteshi km 2. Ngezantsi emlonyeni Olekma Dolina Leny uba elimxinwa lekalika kumathambeka dissected ngamandla ezo rocks ekwanti.

Ngezantsi emlonyeni kwemida Aldan River Lena ngaphaya kwithafa Central Yakut. Kulo mmandla, ntlambo yayo yandisa ku 20-25 km, yaye ububanzi armhole - 7-15 km. Umandlalo amachibi yi ramified kakhulu. Valley kakhulu azilingani: i Lena River ithambeka kodonga lasekhohlo angaphantsi kakhulu ngasekunene. Le ndawo ufikelela nobunzulu kweemitha 16-20. Xa esezantsi kwechibi ichibi imxinwa: entshonalanga kukho inkangala Central Siberia Plateau, yaye wasempumalanga loza kakhulu amabi of the Range Verkhoyansk. Ngaphezu koko, kwindawo apho kukho umlambo ohamba phakathi kummango neentaba Czekanowski Kharaulakh, ububanzi ijelo elisetyenziswa iingqameko ukuya km 2.

Kwindawo apho ichibi lungena ngokukhululekileyo kuLwandle Laptev, kwakheka kwintlambo kunye namasebe ezininzi (oku kunokubonwa xa ujonge lo Lena River Basin kwimaphu), nto leyo udlula ogudle inkulu Nile (30 000 km ubude macala onke. M.). Kukho iindawo ezibalulekileyo eziphilayo: ". Lena-Mouth" iipaka Falcon kunye Ust-Lena, ngokunjalo reserve Kwezi ndawo, kukho malunga 109 iintlobo zeentaka, iintlobo 32 zeentlanzi, ezincancisayo 33 kunye neentlobo 402 zezityalo.

iimpawu umfula

Lena wahlukile kakhulu kwezinye imilambo kunye ngumkhenkce egqiba enamandla. A ice noko strong ntshinyela zokulinganisa luqokelelane kwi ichibi kwi, ubusika ngqwabalala elide kunye ikhephu encinane. Ngaphandle kwalo, umlambo ubamba malunga 5-6 iinyanga emzantsi iinyanga 4-5 emntla. It owayevunyelwe-up umiselwe malunga 10 kweentsuku kamva ngakumbi imijelo kwechibi. Efikelela kuyo i Lena River bubambene ekupheleni kuka-Oktobha, umzantsi - ukususela ekupheleni kukaSeptemba. Ngokupheleleyo Sukugcina ichibi yoo-Meyi kwi eliphezulu kwaye kuphela ekuqaleni kwehlobo - kwimimandla esezantsi. Ubushushu bamanzi ubuninzi unako ukufikelela 19 C kwi emantla yaye malunga ne-14 C - apha ezantsi.

Ngasekupheleni April, onogumbe intwasahlobo sivame kufutshane nedolophu Kirensk (nakumphezulu Lena) yaye ngokuthe ngcembe lususwa ngasentla, apho kukho siveza kwichibi nokuba ice-nesigqubuthelo. Xa esezantsi kuyo isenzeko umlambo idla waphawula phakathi ku-Juni. Apha, ukunyuka lwamanzi ukufikelela ukuya kwiimitha ezili-18. Ngonyaka Laptev Lena yenza malunga ne-41 amawaka. Okulahlwayo izinyibiliki.

Kuba ichibi linophawu ukunyuka ngamaxesha athile nitrate yonyaka, oko akwenzeki ngenxa yokuba oluninzi ezilahlwe emanzini, kodwa ngenxa yokuba kukho yokunyibilika omkhulu permafrost kunye komkhenkce emazantsi Lena. Le meko luchazwa kukuba kumantla lobushushu Yakutia iphezulu mva kunesiqhelo.

zokuhlala

Zokuhlala inkulu phezu komlambo zithathwa Kachug, Ust-Ilga, Vitim Verkholensk, Sangar, Yakutsk, Best, Maimaga, Ukuziva, Chekurovka, Omolo, Bakhanay, horintsy, Sinskaya kunye nabanye.

amazibuko Major: Lensk, Sangar, Pokrovsky, Tiksi, Intlanzi, Kirensk, Olekminsk kunye Yakutsk.

Uninzi isixeko enkulu kummandla kuthathwa Yakutsk. Yasungulwa ngo-1632 kwecala Cossacks Peter Beketov kwicala lasekunene ichibi. Kamva ndafudukela ibhanki lasekhohlo Lena River. Ngoku lwabemi beli abemi nama-240.000. Le yenye zokuhlala inkulu North-Eastern eSiberia.

Ngokubanzi, kakuhle abantu lomlambo. Ukusuka kwenye ilali kwamanye amaxesha umgama ungaba kuze amakhulu leekhilomitha. Uninzi zokuhlala zibekwe kufutshane Yakutsk. iilali ezininzi zikwimeko oshiywe.

uhlaza

Intsimi ligutyungelwe hlathi kunye namahlathi enkulu pine. Kulo mmandla ikhulela imisedare, nespruce, larch, umsipres nompleyini nomgalagala ndawonye. Noko ke, kwezinye iindawo kukho kunxweme Lena engcotyeni apho emathafeni apho izityalo (umz mugwort, fescue).

Ichthyofauna

Lena River Basin inee- iintlobo zeentlanzi: whitefish, Pike, IDE, neflakisi, catfish, tungun, whitefish, uDace, sisinkantazi, trout, grayling, Sisco, nguyá, zakhele, zeCARP, Roach bream.

imfuyo

Phakathi izilwanyana ezihlala apha ermine, ngoboya, ingcuka, ibhere, icaribou, marten. Uboya Soft kunye anoboya kunceda amarhamncwa anyamezele ntolovelo ngqwabalala kakhulu lula. emathafeni Tit uze ucofe umdaniso, tundra nenkuku yamanzi kunye ingabangaba ezipinki - - mmandla nakwiintaka abe liyaphapha efudumeleyo zamafu.

umgangatho wamanzi

Xa umlambo kukho inkungu elingekho ngaphezulu kwe 50-60 g / m³. Ubungakanani ehlukene kwechibi - ukusuka amatsha ngetyuwa. Ngokubanzi Lena esibonakala etyuwa eliphakathi kwaye esezantsi. I-avareji waphawula ngexesha izikhukula kunye nezikhukula. Ukuba sithethe malunga nokuqulunqwa kwemichiza, amanzi kunganxulunyaniswa i zombane carbonate-calcium.

lokuthumela

Lena ithathwa umzila eziphambili Yakutia kunye nommandla Irkutsk. Umlambo iinqanawa emlonyeni wayo Kachuga. Ukususela kwilali Ust-Kut kwi Lena nga ukudada neempahla kuphela idrafti nzulu. On iziza ezincinane amanyathelo ukuzinzisa ezantsi ichibi ngonyaka. ixesha yokukhangela ithatha malunga 125 ukuya 170 iintsuku. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kule umzimba ngamanzi yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye "unikezelo esemantla".

ukhenketho

Ziyabuya phantsi iinqanawa emlanjeni imikhumbi kunye amaphenyane amancinane. Lena - indawo ethandwa ukuloba phakathi zombini wabakhenkethi nabantu balapha ngokufanayo.

Lena River isitya idume ekuthiwa-ematyeni Shishkin. Usekhona kakuhle kakhulu imizobo neliwa abantu bamandulo. Ngokuba efikelela kuyo ichibi. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba le ndawo yodwa apho kangaka ngokuqaqambileyo yaye ngokucacileyo ibonisa imisebenzi yomntu eyayingekaphuhli

Enye into ethandwa phakathi ngabakhenkethi Lena Pillars (Yakutia kwisithili Khangalassky) - ukuma ekhethekileyo zejoloji - kunye wolondolozo lwendalo, nto leyo ukwakweli kodonga lasekunene lomlambo. Enye enemisinga kuthiwa "indlela lukaMtyholi", Iliwa ubizwa ngokuba "yenkomo abanxilileyo." Kule ndawo ye Lena Pillars imizila abantu bamandulo, kakhulu, ziye zafunyanwa. Oku kuqinisekisa ithiyori ngemvelaphi yomntu extratropical. Nangona nezesayensi umhla eyahlukileyo ubudala kwiisayithi Neolithic, kwakusazeka ukuba amalungu nesintu sodidi waphila apha iminyaka ubuncinane 300,000 eyadlulayo.

ESiberia, ngokwenene emininzi imimangaliso, kodwa entlango hlathi - nje yentle. Phezu kodonga lasekunene lomlambo kukho indawo encinci (1 km) of iindunduma zentlabathi, kuvule inkohliso of an ngengingqi yomile futhi eshushu. Yichitheni le self-kukhohlisa kuphela pine ezikufutshane. Ingcaciso yale meko, baninzi, nangona akukho namnye kubo okwangoku zamkelwe ngokusemthethweni.

Nezimbiwa lamandla

Lena wadala amadama-12, ezimbini isikhululo samandla ngamanzi inkulu kakhulu kwi Vilyue kunye Mamakane. Isitya idume izimbiwa yayo. Nazi Aldan, kunye neendawo zegolide ngokuzala Bodaibo. iidipozithi Gold elisengqayini le Lena eyafunyanwa kwenkulungwane ye-19. Kungekudala emva koko udumo ubutyebi elingu-ndawo kulo lonke eRashiya. Le ngingqi uqale kwegolide wokwenene Alaska. Coast waqala ukuba bahlale abalandeli ezininzi imali lula. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho abameli amacandelo ahlukeneyo labemi: abarhwebi, neengcibi, izihange, amajoni. Abaninzi kubo ekufuneni ubutyebi ziye zabulawa indlala kunye nezifo, kodwa ababefuna igolide ngxi baba ngakumbi nangakumbi kuphela.

On Viluy umlambo yavezwa dipozithi diamond, leyo yabhaqwa ngo-1955. Ngaphambili, kwakukholelwa ukuba la matye zifumaneka kuphela kumazwe emvula. Ngoku capital ngedayimani of Russia ithathwa ukuba isixeko esikhulu Mirny. Ukongeza, kukho izibonelelo ezifana amalahle, igesi yendalo, mica, rock ityuwa, intsimbi ekrwada kunye nezinye.

Oku ngqwabalala wokubuk xa uqala ngohlangothi zakhe ezintle kunye nomtsalane. Kwathi kanti, nangona nokungafumaneki yayo ibonakale, amanzi, kunye emdeni Lena iqulathe eninzi ubutyebi. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba le mimandla iza kubonisa ubutyebi ezininzi ngakumbi, ukususela kwintlambo nangoku kakuhle ngokupheleleyo.