Iipateni kunye nemithetho zazivelela. yokuzivelela

kwemvelo ithetha ukuba ngendaleko zendalo eziphilayo, nto leyo sikhatshwa utshintsho ekwakhiweni yemfuza kwamanani, kwakunye nokwanda iimpawu okulungisekayo, imbonakalo iintlobo ezintsha kunye ekutshabalaleni endala. Zonke ezi zinto zingatshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha zombini eziphila kunye umhlaba onokuphila liphela.

Le theory basic

Kukho iingcamango ezininzi echaza indlela apho yokuzivelela yakhiwa. izazinzulu ezininzi ngoku lizimisele ingcamango zokwenziwa of yendaleko (ste), ngokusekelwe ngokudibana yemfuza wabantu kaDarwin. theory Synthetic ucacisa unxulumano phakathi kwiDNA, oko kukuthi, izinto yokuzivelela kwezinto zivunywa (indlela ngendaleko). Yokuzivelela kwezinto kwi-sikhokelo le thiyori yinkqubo yokutshintsha amaza alleles ngezakhi ezahlukeneyo abemi beentlobo phezu kwizizukulwana ezininzi.

Iipateni kunye nemithetho zazivelela

Le yokuzivelela yinkqubo vuhlayiseki. Naziphi na izinambuzane, xa beqokelela ukuguquka HIV nako ukumelana neemeko ezintsha, xa bebuyela medium yangaphambili lingazi- lokuphumelela kwakhona indlela lithathelwe. Ngaphezu koko, akukho iintlobo ayikwazi izinziswe ngokupheleleyo, uCharles Darwin ngokwakhe wabhala ukuba nokuba yokuhlala of_ Danka izakubanye njenge ngaphambili, iintlobo savela akakwazi kubuyela kwimo yayo yangaphambili. Oko kukuthi, izilwanyana ziya kuba nako ukumelana ekubuyisweni yakudala, kodwa hayi indlela "endala".

Oku lula kubonakala kwimeko kunye namahlengesi. Isakhiwo yangaphakathi amaphiko azo (kunye whale) igcina iimpawu lomzimba mammalian. Kwezakhi kwi gene lidike kwisizukulwana oluhlaziyiweyo, ngokunjalo iphinde ibuye. Ngaphandle kokuba amahlengesi neminenga satshintsha yokuhlala, yaye ezintlanu-fingered imilenze - ukuya amaphiko, ukuba kusekho ezincancisayo. Kanye njengokuba ezirhubuluzayo bavela eziphila kwinqanaba elithile, kodwa emva kwindawo endala, abanako kunokubangela emanzini.

Omnye umzekelo mgaqo yendaleko: i evergreen ityholwana nomtshayelo. On stem yayo ibekwe amagqabi eqaqambileyo, ezinkulu nepeni leyo amasebe ngokwenene iguqulwe kancinane. Amagqabi bokwenyaniso isikali-ezifana kwaye ibekwe embindini ezi "iziqu." Of ishq sinus ibonakala kwentwasahlobo intyatyambo, ukusuka apho ngakumbi oqala iziqhamo. Senyama Wazisusa amagqabi kwinkqubo yendaleko, ngenxa yoko uye waba nako ukumelana nembalela, kodwa emva koko yena asibhale phantsi bangena kwemvelo, kodwa endaweni yalo amagqabi zaye kancincane iziqu.

inhomogeneity

Imigaqo kwemvelo bathi le nkqubo owahlukeneyo kakhulu kwaye ayixhomekekanga ixesha ngeenkwenkwezi. Umzekelo, kukho izilwanyana eyayikho amakhulu zingatshintshi ezigidi zeminyaka. It intlanzi crossopterygian, Tuatara kunye sablehvost - eziphilayo iifosili. Kodwa kwenzeka ukuba speciation kunye ukwahluka kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza kakhulu. Kule minyaka yokugqibela 800 lamawaka Australia kwaye kwiiPhilippines, kukho iintlobo ezintsha kweempuku, kwaye ngexesha minyaka izizigidi-20 edlulileyo Lake izimvu iye yacebisa ziintlobo 240 of oononkala, leyo zahlulwe kwisizukulwana esitsha 34. Kukwenzeka okanye ukutshintsha uhlobo komntu akuxhomekekanga ekuzithandeleni ngexesha hlobo, kodwa kumiselwa kukunqongophala qete kunye nenani ngezizukulwana. Oko kukuthi, iintlobo ziyanda ngokukhawuleza, kungona izinga zazivelela.

sisixokelelwano esivalekileyo

Iinkqubo ezifana zazivelela, ukhetho zendalo kunye ukuguquka, enokuqhutywa kakhulu ngokukhawuleza. Oku kuyenzeka ukuba iimeko zokusingqongileyo are ezingazinzanga. Noko ke, iilwandle anzongonzongo, amanzi umqolomba, iziqithi kunye neminye imimandla ekwanti yendaleko, kwemvelo kanye speciation kwenzeka ngokucothayo kakhulu. Oku kucacisa into yokuba iintlanzi ezininzi crossopterygian yezigidi kuhlala ingatshintshanga.

Treyisa ukuxhomekeka ye izinga ngendaleko ngokukhethwa yendalo isinambuzane ilula. Xa banesifo zenkulungwane lokugqibela kwizinambuzane baqalisa ukusebenzisa iziyobisi ezinetyhefu, kodwa emva kweminyaka embalwa kwakukho eziphilayo bebeziqhelanisa ichiza. Ezi fom yathatha isikhundla salo yaye ngokukhawuleza asasazwe kuzo zonke emhlabeni.

Kuba unyango lwezifo ezininzi idla ngokusetyenziswa antibiotics ezinamandla - penicillin, streptomycin, gramicidin. nasekusungulweni imithetho ukuthatha isiphumo: le yokuba novalo, izazinzulu ziye zaphawula ukuvela ezincinane ukumelana kula machiza.

regularities

Kukho iinkalo ezintathu ezingundoqo zazivelela, ukuhlangabezana, divergence kunye okukhona. Ngelo xesha divergence ibe divergence ngokuthe ngcembe kwizigulo intraspecific ekugqibeleni kukhokelela ekubeni amaqela amatsha abantu. Njengoko umahluko kubume indlela yemveliso yokutya uya ucaca ngakumbi, amaqela kuqala ziye kwezinye iindawo. Ukuba elinye indawo uye wavunyelwa, iimfuno efanayo ukutya, ekuhambeni kwexesha, xa kuya kuba ngaphantsi ubonelelo ukutya, baya kufuneka ukuba niphume kunye nokukwazi ukumelana neemeko ezahlukeneyo. Ukuba kwindawo enye, kukho iintlobo kunye neemfuno ezahlukeneyo, ukhuphiswano phakathi kwabo lincinane kakhulu.

Umzekelo olothusayo lobuninzi indlela divergence yendaleko le nkqubo - ukuba iintlobo 7 deer ezinxulumene omnye komnye: le adle, amaxhama, iielk, nezirhwexu ixhama, nelinqa, nelinqa kunye must.

Iintlobo abanesidanga eliphezulu divergence, banethuba ushiye inzala ngakumbi kwaye ngaphantsi bakhuphisane. Xa iimpawu divergence luyomelezwa, abemi yohlulwe sub-iintlobo, leyo, ngenxa yokhetho zendalo, ukuze ekugqibeleni kuba iintlobo ezahlukeneyo.

umphakathi

Ukuhlangabezana nayo ngokuba yokuzivelela kweenkqubo eziphilileyo, olube neziphumo eziphilayo kuvela iimpawu ezifanayo. Umzekelo Ukuhlangabezana ukufana kwimilo umzimba dolphins (ezincancisayo), ookrebe (iintlanzi) kunye ichthyosaurs (ezirhubuluzayo). Oku sisiphumo ngobukho kwi imvelo efanayo kunye neemeko ezifanayo yobomi. kakhulu Laza kunye chameleon agama angayaziyo, kodwa azifane kakhulu ngembonakalo. Amaphiko nabo umzekelo convergence. Nasemalulwaneni neentaka ukuba kwenzeka ngokuguqula yangaphambili, kodwa ibhabhathane kuba ndakhe-umzimba. Ukuhlanganisa eqhelekileyo kakhulu phakathi ukwahluka iintlobo kulo mhlaba.

okukhona

Eli gama livela kwisiGrike "parallelos", gama elo elithetha "ukuza elandelayo", kwaye le nguqulelo ingcaciso elungileyo intsingiselo yalo. Concurrency inkqubo yokufumana elizimeleyo lemisebenzi esemqoka efanayo noshowo phakathi kwamaqela genetic ezinxulumene ngokusondeleyo, ezenzeka ngenxa yobukho iimpawu, ilifa yookhokho eqhelekileyo. Olu hlobo ngendaleko zisasazwa kwindalo. Umzekelo ke imbonakalo amaphiko ezifana izixhobo ukuya eliphakathi zolwelo apho walruses otariids kunye phocids kwasekwa ngaxeshanye. Kwakhona phakathi izinambuzane ezininzi ezinamaphiko kwabakho utshintsho ngaphambili emaphikweni maphiko. In Crossopterygii kukho iimpawu emanzini esanyisayo ezifana amacilikishe, kukho iimpawu ezincancisayo. Ubukho okukhona kubonisa kuphela ubunye imvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo, kodwa ubukho kweemeko ezifanayo.