Iinqanawa impahla kunye nokubekwa kwawo

Naluphi na ukuhlelwa iinkundla zasekhaya isekelwe ngokuyintloko injongo yabo. iinqanawa impahla zihlelwa lube nesabelo salo ezintshabeni. Abantu bohlulwa babe zorhwebo, izithuthi sokubandakanyeka kwizithuthi kwaye inkonzo yobugcisa kunye nenkxaso.

izithuthi

Ezi iimpahla impahla zezona ezingundoqo engundoqo komlambo neenqanawa ulwandle. Ezi nkundla ke zenzelwe ukuba ithwale ezahlukeneyo imithwalo. Eli qela liye Ukuhlelwa yayo yangaphakathi: iinqanawa imithwalo, umthwalo kunye ezizodwa. Eneneni, kukho ethwala impahla kunye impahla owomileyo, kwaye ezi ziquka iintlobo ngokuqeshwa zenkundla kunye neentlobo.

Iinkcukacha ziya kuqwalaselwa nganye yezi ntlobo, kuquka iziphathi bulk, injongo jikelele ezizodwa ukuthwala imithwalo ezichazwe ngokungqongqo. Eyenzelwe jikelele impahla izitya zothutho - injongo Jikelele. Basonta hlobo luqhelekileyo.

imikhumbi impahla Dry

iimpahla impahla bulk eyomileyo - imikhumbi kunye nabo bonke abahlala banzi the main okuyingxenye iinqaba. Baya kuza enye, kabini kunye trohpalubnymi, kuxhomekeke kubungakanani isitya. Igumbi injini idla neendleko injini idizili yezityalo, oku ise nokuba ifidi okanye yasiwa kufutshane impumlo ezimbalwa imithwalo ibamba. Kuba sisinye iiprojekthi iinqanawa impahla ziquka yayo ukukhuhla, okanye nokuba mnye, ivaliwe zoomatshini.

agents impahla ziquka kwiimpompo okanye neentolo ngamnye axhotyiselwe iitoni elishumi, neenqanawa enzima zixhotyiswe nge ezinamandla ngakumbi - up ezingamakhulu amabini eetoni. iimpahla impahla Modern zaselwandle ziye refrigerated semva impahla eyonakalayo kunye namatanki enzulu-oyile ukutya ulwelo. Kodwa umlambo izitya impahla owomileyo, nokuba ubungakanani kunye umthamo banikwa ubambe umthwalo omnye kuphela, nto leyo kulula ukwenza ekulayisheni kunye nemisebenzi ukothula.

Court Specialised

iziphathi Ezo bulk zingahlulwa zibe ngamaqela kwi efrijini, trailer, iinqanawa isikhongozelo, iinqanawa nemithi zothutho iimoto, imithwalo emikhulu, iinkomo kunye like. izithuthi Refrigerated zokutya unokonakala - iziqhamo, intlanzi okanye inyama. I impahla ibamba - ngendlela enokuthenjwa, iiyunithi efrijini, ngokubonelela ukuphola rhoqo obushushu degrees ezintlanu ukuya thabatha ezingamashumi amabini anesihlanu. iifriji Modern ayikwazi kuphela ukugcina ubushushu, kodwa ukwenza ukuqanda ngokukhawuleza, bayibiza imveliso kunye nezothutho efrijini. iinqanawa impahla Dry zokuthuthwa iziqhamo, zibonelelwa umoya ngcono zonke iinqaba.

iimpawu Technical iimpahla impahla awananto ephakamisa amandla ukuya ku amawaka alishumi iitoni, isantya abathwali ezinjalo isambuku ngaphezu iimpahla jikelele-njongo, njengoko ukutya eyonakalayo kwaye ingafuna delivery ekhawulezileyo. iilori isikhongozeli ukuthutha iimpahla kwangaphambili zahlanganiswa kwizikhongozeli ezinobunzima ukusuka iitoni ezilishumi ukuya kumashumi amabini nganye, kwaye isitya ngokwayo kuphakamisa iitoni amabini amawaka kanye uhamba ngesantya amaqhina ukuya ku ezingamashumi amathathu. Imigqomo ngokukhawuleza nangokulula zithwele kwaye wazikhulula ngenxa yokuba isikhongozeli kumgangatho eqhele zokudiza ngokubanzi iinqaba. Amaninzi, ukukhweliswa nokothula maziko yesiphelo - milenge gantry. Nokubaza - uhlobo isikhongozeli, le isikhephe-ebizwa lula, zikhutshwe isitya ngqo emanzini kwaye mfutho ukuya kwini.

trailer

Isitsha alolu hlobo mhla nawo onke amagunya umiswa, njengoko kulo msebenzi enamandla, ukuzila, kwaye ikuvumela ukhethe ngokukhawuleza ukwenza ukulayisha kunye nokothula - malunga ezilishumi amaxesha ngokukhawuleza kunokuba kwi impahla na baxhotyiswa ezirhuqwayo ezizodwa, apho ewalayishayo yokungenisa nje nokuthunyelwa wenqanawa. Uphuhliso lwemizi-mveliso kuye kakhulu yandisiwe yaye ziyaqiniswa urhwebo phakathi kwamazwe, kuyimfuneko ngoku ukuthutha kwimigama izixhobo zokwakha elide, ezolimo, zokuhamba. Iinqanawa Sea Iwemithwalo umlambo ayikwazanga ngcono ukwenza imisebenzi enjalo.

Trailer ethwele babenikela ezirhuqwayo, apho liqengqiwe nje kungena ubamba. Trailer Capacity - ukusuka kwiitoni lamawaka ishumi lamawaka, nesantya - up to amaqhina ezingamashumi amabini anesithandathu. Olu hlobo namhlanje ethembisayo kwaye isebenza na umthwalo wenqanawa. njalo ukuba ziyaphucuka. trailer abaninzi ukongeza impahla kwi Ukubekana ziqhelana ukuba ukuthutha izikhongozeli kwi kumgangatho ophezulu. zikhephe waze igama layo - a ndisiya.

bulkers

Bulk izithuthi impahla izitya ezizodwa - iziphathi isambuku. Oku kunokuba ores kunye imixutywa nsimbi, amalahle, izichumisi, izixhobo zokwakha, ingqolowa kunye like. Ngaphezu asixhenxe ekhulwini yonke impahla ethuthwa impahla owomileyo kwenza ulwandle okanye iindlela komlambo kobukhulu, ngoko ke inani lezithuthi likhula ngokukhawuleza: namhlanje, ngaphezulu kwama amabini ekhulwini yeetoni yezi zithuthi yehlabathi bobabo kolu hlobo.

iziphathi Bulk zahlulwe jikelele, kuba imithwalo enzima kunye nokukhanya. izitya abaninzi apha naphaya ukulungiselela injongo ezimbini: to - ore umva - oyile okanye iimoto, okanye umqhaphu, nantoni na. Olu hlobo - inkundla nomzimba kunye igumbi superstructure kunye injini wayesemva. ukuba nje omkhulu Capacity - up nekhulu elinamashumi amahlanu amawaka etoni, kodwa isantya iphantsi - up to ezalathelwe elinesithandathu. Iimpahla uthuthwa kwi womelezana izidanga, amadonga impahla selfdistributed - kwaye lengthwise kunye crosswise. Va esisangqa kunye neendonga itanki amalungiselelo okuba amanzi zokulinganisa. Ngamanye amaxesha bulkheads longitudinal kwi Ukubekana enziwayo ukuze ukunciphisa incwadi esongwayo, ukuba umthwalo yasiwa, kwaye kumgangatho wesibini yenzelwe kunye ukusekelwa kunye ukutyibilika eqinileyo ukuze kulayishwa imisebenzi lula.

avuzayo

Olu hlobo enkundleni zahlulwe zidlula iimveliso zepetroliyam, oli ekrwada, oil amafutha, idizili, ipetroli, iparafini; ku LNG; iinqanawa ezithwele imichiza - sulphur otyhidiweyo, ii-asidi, nezinto ezinjengezo; Ukuthuthwa imithwalo elulwelo - amanzi, iwayini, isamente. Ethwala zixhaphakile kakhulu ehlabathini: angaphezu kwamashumi amane ekhulwini yeetoni zabarhwebi lwezithuthi yehlabathi. Eli gumbi sisitya esinye-emngangathweni, superstructure kunye injini ibekwe aft.

icandelo umthwalo wahlulwe yi bulkheads kwiindawo, ebizwa amatanki. Abanye babo ukhonza amanzi zokulinganisa endleleni ukubuya. Kwi igumbi pump impumlo lilapha. ethwala kakhulu ingozi yomlilo, ngoko baxhotyiswa kunye neenkqubo ezinamandla zokukhusela umlilo. Layisha umthamo kweetoni eziliwaka kwi ngabanikezi ukuya ku engamakhulu amane amawaka iitoni e supertankers - ngeenqanawa inkulu ehlabathini. ethwala River ithwele amandla kwakhona akakhutyekiswa, abanye baye ukuba amawaka alishumi kwiitoni. Oku kwakhona i iinqanawa enamandla kakhulu. Photo ngaphezulu - yokufunxa elwandle, kwaye emazantsi - umlambo.

LNG

Ezi iinqanawa yokuthutha gesi yepetroliyam - methane, propane, butane, ammonia, kwakunye iigesi zendalo, kukho izinto ezixabisekileyo ekrwada kunye nepetroli kakhulu. Ngokubanzi igesi okanye yepetroliyamu engamanzi okanye okubandayo okanye xinzelelo. Iprojekthi LNG yahluke kuyaphi ukusuka zidlula ngenxa yokuba ukutyala amatanki zezindlu - tyaba okanye nkqo, ungqukuva okanye uxande. Bodwa kwi ethwala LNG kufuneka oluthembekileyo kakhulu.

imisebenzi impahla olwenziwe ngokusebenzisa inkqubo eyodwa, ebandakanya iimpompo, compressors, imibhobho kunye netanki eliphakathi. kwamatanki zokulinganisa ekusebenzeni ukuba akufanelanga uzibe, kodwa ngenxa yokuba lixhotyiswe emacaleni okanye emazantsi kabini. Gas zokuhamba usoloko umonakalo, ngoko kukho inkqubo umoya kunye evuza igesi alarm enamandla. umlilo zokucima kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa carbon dioxide. Okwangoku, imfuno kwiklasi idibene weenqanawa ezenziwa ukuze ulwandle kunye nokuthuthwa umlambo kunceda kakhulu - ngaphandle engenanto isebenza khona. Ngoko hlopkolesovozy khona, Obo kunye neempahla efanayo.

RS-300

Ukususela ngowe-1967 ukuya 1984, yeyesibini shipyards ezintathu USSR ekhutshwe seiners 388m uhlobo yeprojekthi "RS-300 Cargo nqanawa". amane anamanci asibhozo anesithandathu seiners ezo yakhiwa, kuquka abo iinkundla zokuloba, ukuloba, imigodi. Ukongeza, ngenxa yale projekthi ethile ubonakele iimpahla engamashumi amathathu ophando (kufana "ngenyameko" odumileyo). malunga nesiqingatha elinesibini loo iimpahla ixesha elide wasebenza ngeenjongo zophando lwezenzululwazi.

Xa eSoviet Union yaphela, imfuno kuzo unyamalele, ezinye iinqanawa lisezandleni abucala, yaye uninzi lwabo sele wakhonza yakhe eyayidandalazile wambamba. Ukuhlala ekulobeni bahlaziywe. E Far East ezinjalo iimpahla ngezixa ezincinane ukuya ku amaxesha ngaphezulu kutshanje siye sasebenza kwi Border Guard. Le RS-300 ephethwe ngasese lokuloba udlule kwaye ngoku.

enye ngezigaba

Ukongeza ulwahlulohlulo ngu injongo lungahlulwa-hlulwa zibe iimpahla impahla kwezinye izizathu. Lo mgaqo zokugcina amanzi, sishiya indawo, uhlobo injini, eshukumayo uhlobo siseko umphambanisi, impahla kunye nokumila lwezindlu. nokugcina umgaqo kunokuba hydrodynamic - hydrofoils, airbag, planing kunye hydrostatic - hovercraft, ukubana (catamarans).

movement siseko yahlula inkundla kwi self - isityalo amandla, ukuziqengqa - a yobugcisa uthengisa kunye amtsalele kuye, kwakunye nesakhelo - pontoons, zigaba indiza. Ngokutsho indawo yokukhangela ingaba iinqanawa ezikhethekileyo yomkhosi wamanzi, ugalelwe (umlambo-ulwandle) kunye navigation emhlabeni (emlanjeni). Lwakutsha nje eyenzelwe ukuba moya elifutshane yamanzi emhlabeni. uhlobo Main injini iyahlula izitya imithwalo kuzo (yokuvutha kwangaphakathi enjini) kunye diesel (motor). On lweenqanawa ezintywilayo yenyukliya kwaye Navy isicelo turbohody. Court wayo uhlobo bendiza kwivili, ujije, vodomotnye, kunye inqwelo namaphiko. izinto umzimba Uhlobo inokuba metal, fiberglass, ikhonkrithi, iinkuni. Kwakhona, inkundla ibe esingazihlabeliyo hayi (kwindawo inqanawa).

moya impahla

Impahla moya ezisetyenziselwa ukuthutha abakhweli hayi, kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo iimpahla kunye nobugcisa. Ngoko nangoko yaye kulula ukuwaqonda nokuba look wobugcisa. Wings iphezulu, ububanzi igobhogobho, lo fuselage ibonakala ngokucacileyo, ezinye "stockiness" (ukuze iimpahla ziye kufutshane emhlabeni ukuze kube lula ekulayisheni kunye nokothula). Inani elikhulu namavili kwisisu semoto, a poni eliphezulu.

Air impahla waqala emva ngo-1911 - kunye nedilesi. iiprojekthi Okuninzi ezizodwa, Kakade, ukuba akunjalo, ke kuphela eko. Lo moya bonke-impahla yokuqala elalenziwe eJamani - Air 232. Phambi koko imithwalo zithutha yalungiselelwa kancinane "Junkers". Moya bakhelwe iiprojekthi ezizodwa kwempahla zibizwa ngokuba iinqanawa. Abayi zenzelwe ukuba abakhweli.

Abathwala impahla inkulu

Eli rhamncwa flying - AN-225 ( "Phupha") yaphuhliswa isemoyeni Design Bureau ngo-1984, i-moya yokuqala kwenzeka ngo-1988. Shestimotorny turbojet vysokoplan, dvuhkilevoe nomsila kunye iphiko itshayelwe kwafuneka ukwenza igunya-umsebenzi ukuthutha yinxalenye isithuthi sungula kwisiza lomphehlelelo. Le program isithuba eSoviet "Buran" ibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwalo moya ethile ukuba unako ukumvelisela iitoni ngaphezulu amabini anamashumi mahlanu.

Lockheed C-5 Galaxy - American impahla airliner wazalwa ngo-1968, i inqanawa wamajoni, ekwaziyo ngaxeshanye athwale abathwali abasebenzi vehicles ezintandathu, amatanki ezimbini, BMP-ezine, ntaka ezintandathu "Apache". Hughes H-4 uMofokeng - enamandla kakhulu ukwazi 1947 ekuqaleni, le namaphiko yi asithoba anesibhozo eemitha. Ngoku ke imyuziyam moya, ekubeni enziwe ikopi enye. IBoeing 747-8I - moya combi, wakhululwa kwimveliso ngo-2008. Uphakamisa etoni amane anamanci mane anababini kwi isuka, kodwa ngaphandle impahla kwibhodi kuthatha phantse angamakhulu amathandathu abakhweli.