Iindlela intetho: Speech. iindlela yokwakheka kunye nokomzimba intetho

Elinye lamanqaku aphambili ezohlula uphuhliso umntu isilwanyana (njengaxa nokomzimba ngokunjalo ngokwalo zentlalo nezengqondo), oko. Le yinkqubo yonxibelelwano phakathi kwabantu ngolwimi. Ukuziqhelisa yemihla ngemihla, ingcamango 'intetho' kwaye "ulwimi" adla ngokusetyenziswa synonymously. Noko ke, xa sisondela umba ukusuka kwindawo umbono lwenzululwazi, la magama kufuneka avelele.

uKWAKHIWA NOKUSETYENZISWA kOLWIMI

Ulwimi inkqubo iimpawu lokukhonza njengendlela yonxibelelwano yoluntu ecinga (Psychological Dictionary /., Ed. V. V. Davydova, A. V. Zaporozhtsa, B. F. Lomova). Oveliswa kwinkqubo yophuhliso lwentlalo, emele uhlobo ibonisa ubukho loluntu ezingqondweni zabantu. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba umntu ofumana ulwimi lilungile, leyo kwabunjwa kudala ngaphambi kokuzalwa lo mntu ethile. Noko ke, ukuba inaso ulwimi, ngexesha elifanayo umntu uba nobangela yophuhliso.

Ubume ulwimi iquka amacandelo alandelayo:

- isigama (inkqubo ingento)

- igrama (inkqubo iintlobo zamagama namabinzana)

- izandi zamazwi (ethile isandi ukubunjwa, ulwimi oluthile kuphela uphawu).

Okukodwa lwesemantiki ulwimi

Ingakumbi ziphambili ulwimi ukuba inkqubo ngemiqondiso, kuqinisekisa ngelizwi ngalinye ixabiso ethile. Ngenxa yoko, intsingiselo kuphawu generic. Ngokomzekelo, igama elithi "isixeko" zinokudityaniswa kwindawo ezininzi kwiidolophu ezithile - kuqala ezivela kumashishini amancinci, kancinane-yaziwa emizini langoku eqhelekileyo kumntu wonke. Kwelinye icala, xa ibhekisela kwindawo ethile (umzekelo, Nizhny Novgorod kunye Prague), siza kusebenzisa ingqiqo ka "isixeko", kodwa kwangaxeshanye kubonisa kanye into umbuzo.

iindlela zokuthetha

Kuyinto oluthile ephuhliswe ngokwembali lonxibelelwano yabantu ngolwimi (ebalulekileyo ngokwasengqondweni isichazi-magama / ed. B. G. Mescheryakova kunye VP Zinchenko). Kunokuba declarative, isakhiwo zogxininiso okanye yenkuthazo. Ngelo iindlela ezifanayo zengqondo intetho njenge inkqubo yonxibelelwano ngokusebenzisa ulwimi akukho esimbaxa ngaphantsi ngaphezu ezisebenza ulwimi uqobo. Kwinkqubo ukudluliselwa naluphi na ulwazi ngoncedo yokuthetha kuyimfuneko nje kuphela ukukhetha amagama afanelekileyo ukuba abe ixabiso ethile, kodwa imigaqo yabo. Ekubeni onke amazwi, njengoko kutshiwo apha ngasentla, i gabalala, lo mbuzo kufuneka valiweyo phantsi kwenqanaba ingqiqo ethile. Yenzeka njani le nto? Indima ephambili ebizwa ngokuba "lokucoca ulwelo 'kule meko ludlala kwimeko, apho ilizwi ifakiwe kuyo. IiNdlela zentetho kwicala zengqondo, ngokulandelelana, ukuze igqitywe iingqiqo ezifana nemeko, subtext kunye icandelo ngokweemvakalelo-ekhululekile.

umongo kwisemantiki

Ngoko ke, kumzekelo wethu, igama elithi "isixeko" Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba yintoni esifuna ukuyazi ngaye: "Luhlobo luni dolophu" Ukuba umbuzo iyalila: "Uphi na lo mzi", Ngoko ke, sithetha malunga iimpawu lomhlaba (indawo imephu, indlela ukufumana, zingaphi khilomitha, leyo sikufuphi, njalo njalo. d.). Ukuba unomdla emibuzo: "Yintoni na nomdla kulo mzi", ngoko ke sithethe ezinye iindawo (umzekelo, yembali, yenkcubeko okanye yezoqoqosho). Ngoko, lo mbuzo ngokwalo njengendlela kokuyilwayo ulwimi ( "yintoni le dolophu") kukunqongophala intsingiselo ifuna umxholo olongezelelweyo. Ukwakhiwa kwale meko, yena, lwenziwa kwinkqubo intetho.

Le subtext le ntetho

Okubaluleke kakhulu ntsingiselo yomyalezo, ofakelwe ufuna ukugqithisa ngaso. IiNdlela zentetho, uqhutywe phantsi ukuncwasa kwisemantiki, zibonisa izinto ngendlela ekhuthazayo kwingxelo yethu. Njengoko sisazi, akusoloko intsingiselo yalo okanye binzana obuphezu - sidla enye into bathi kodwa athetha into enye ngaxeshanye (ukuxhaphaza, Ekugudeni, umnqweno ukuguqulela incoko, njl ...).

umba emphefumlweni-ezibonisa intetho

Kwakhona umahluko okuphawulekayo imibala ngokweemvakalelo zentetho ngokolwimi. Ngokusebenzisa iintsingiselo ilizwi, asiyi nje ukugqithisa umxholo othile, ulwazi malunga into - sivakalisa ngokusebenzisa intetho efanelekileyo sengqondo ngokweemvakalelo koko kuthethwayo. Olu phawu isici ngokweemvakalelo novakalelo zentetho, kwaye akhiwa ithowuni yesandi la magama asetyenziswa ukuba ukubiza mabinzana avakalisa yi.

Imvakalozwi iindlela zokuthetha

uphuhliso lolwimi njengenkqubo ngokupheleleyo lugubungela zonke iinkalo kwisigaba ngomlomo ngamnye, kuquka imvakalozwi bucala.

side imvakalozwi - lwengoma (yokuba) intetho - inxulumene ngqo esimsulwa, ukuchaneka kunye nobuhle. Imvakalozwi idlala indima enkulu ekuphakamiseni ixabiso yamagama kunye nokuveza maxa wambi ukwena ngaphezu amagama eyiyo ngokwazo. Ukongeza, tonally ekhululekile Ukusika oluthethwayo ulwimi yamkelwe lula ngakumbi, njengoko ivumela ukubalaselisa ibalulekileyo intsingiselo lwesemantiki utsho.

indlela imvakalozwi wesiseko yokuthetha bobabo ukuya paralinguistic iindlela zonxibelelwano. Oku non-iilwimi (non-ngomlomo) izixhobo ziqukiwe umyalezo ilizwi kunye ezosulela kunye nolwimi (ngomlomo) okuthetha eendaba. Zingakotshwa zohlulwa ngokwendidi ezintathu (Shevtsova B. B., "Technology of ukuyilwa inkalo intonational yokuthetha"):

- phonational (ingakumbi ukubiza izandi, amagama, izivakalisi, anqumame lokubolekwa sound);

- entshukumo (izimbo zomzimba, imbonakalo yobuso, izijekulo);

- mifanekiso (substitutes ingakumbi wesandla koonobumba namagama). iindlela Phonational ziquka nemvakalozwi.

Imvakalozwi, nayo, yiseti ezimanyelwayo izixhobo ulwimi uwenze mkhombe, ukwakha ubuhlobo lwesemantiki phakathi kweengxenye yesigwebo, ibinzana elithi ingxelo ixabiso declarative, zogxininiso kunye exclamatory, sivumele isithethi ukuvakalisa iimvakalelo ezahlukeneyo. Ezisebenza yokubhala olusetyenzisiweyo ukulicacisa omnye okanye omnye imvakalozwi usebenzisa iziphumlisi.

Formation of inkalo intonational zentetho kuchaphazela amacandelo ezifana uncuthu, ubume, isantya, isingqisho, uxinezeleko kanye ikhefu.

1. ubethe

Kuyinto enye yezinto ezibalulekileyo imvakalozwi. Uhadi intetho simisela utshintsho apha amaza kwelizwi, ezenzekayo kwexesha (Torsueva IG). Imisebenzi ye lwengoma:

- Ukukhetha amaqela ezinesingqi kubume kunye syntagmas namazwi,

- yesazisi zezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwiingxelo,

- ekwakheni iindawo ngamnye kwilizwi yonke,

- ukumisela isihloko ratio nesicatshulwa oluthethwayo,

- ibinzana subtext ethumayo abangasekhoyo.

Melodika amazwi kuyilwa ngokuhlanganisa mibala ezininzi emnandi - iiyunithi ezincinci emnandi ezinxulumene series ezinesingqi. Melody okanye ngaphezulu iingxelo zenza mibala ezahlukeneyo okanye uphinda le motif efanayo.

Intetho lwengoma nomculo emnandi - akukho nto efanayo. Speech lwengoma enqabile ugcina ngisho ithoni, uhlala ndivuka, ngoko ekungqulekeni. Kwakhona rhoqo ukutshintsha ngamathuba ayo neethowuni Andinalo ixesha elithile. Ngokungafaniyo umculo, uncuthu intetho akuthethi abonela inkqubo isikali zomculo ethile.

Enye component lwengoma emisela iindlela yokwakheka-komzimba na lwentetho amaza pitch (Choate) - icandelo angaphantsi kwanala aphakathi esikhundleni isandi spectrum le njengamacala kwexesha oscillation eentsontelo yezwi. Kwintetho eqhelekileyo xa bethetha kukho utshintsho rhoqo kwi-frequency esisiseko. Njengoko ngokuba uluhlu lotshintsho data, oko kumiselwa iimpawu ngamnye intetho yesithethi, kwakunye impilo-ntle yayo ngokweemvakalelo nangokwasengqondweni.

Iindlela komzimba yokuthetha ngokunxulumene Choate:

- Amadoda: 132 Hz,

- Women: 223 Hz,

- Abantwana: 264 Hz.

Njengoko ngokuba ukwahlula izandi ngobude, eyikhethayo isantya intlokoma ze vocal emphethweni umntu. Ngenxa yoko, indlela yezizukulwana le ntetho ngenxa intlokoma nezibaya kuxhomekeke parameters ezifana isantya ukuhamba komoya edlula glottis; glottis ububanzi; inqanaba luthambe le imisipha; mass ehlokomayo isabelo nezibaya zemihlambi.

Xa utshintsho rhoqo kwi frequency kwelizwi yixina uncuthu yokuthetha lenza umsebenzi yonxibelelwano kwiindawo ngamnye talkspurt kwaye ngaxeshanye - ngokwahlukana.

2. ubume

Ngokulubetha uhadi sihlobene ngqo iimpawu ezifana njengokuba ithoni lo mbuzo. Noko ke, indlela ocacile wokuba ingqiqo isandi kuphando sineenjongo ezisebenza imbono ntetho, akukho. Kwelinye icala, oko kuthetha ethile isandi esemgangathweni besandi kombala, eyenziwe ngenxa umlinganiselo ethile imikhosi phula kunye harmonics yayo (ngokuxhomekeke imilo ibinomthwebeba). Ukususela ngokombono indawo ithoni inxulunyaniswa ukuhlambuluka nokukhanya bevuthela ilizwi. Ngoko ke, ukuba isandi selizwi kubantu abaninzi kungabelwana, ilizwi yi luphawu ngamnye.

Kwelinye icala, ilizwi kuthathwa njengento kombala isandi ezongezelelweyo anika iithowuni ezahlukeneyo ilizwi ngokweemvakalelo. Le ndlela luphawulwa ngokuyintloko Ezolimi (phonology). Ngokutsho kwabaphandi, iimpawu ubume kuba umthwalo basic ngokunxibelelana, ukubonakala kuphela ngokwemigaqo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo iimvakalelo ngokutshintsha umbala ukuvota.

3. Rhythm

It is a alternation engqinelanayo lweziqalelo wabethelela kwaye unstressed zentetho (amagama, iisilabhili) kwisithuba sexesha elithile. Uchaza umbutho ubuhle kwitekisi yoncwadi, eyalela amazwi akhe yesandi.

4. Tempo

It luphawu nesantya intetho ngamnye ngokwemiqathango ngesantya amazwi elements zentetho (amalungu, amagama, syntagm). Uqikelelo Inani lezinto data ezithethwa ngexesha elithile unit (umz, okwesibini). Umzekelo, umlinganiselo avareji zentetho xa uthetha malunga 5-6 iisilabhili ngomzuzu.

Phakathi imisebenzi ephambili nesantya wagqiba ukwaba kulandelayo: nokugcina isidima imvakalozwi le amazwi yokuthetha kokwahlulwa mathuba ezibalulekileyo / bengabalulekanga kwingxelo. Umzekelo, kwi amathuba ezibaluleke ngakumbi lweengxelo Abantu bacinga ukuba isantya isantya. Kwelinye icala, xa sithetha into engekho ibaluleke kakhulu, oko ibalekisa ngamnye. Unakho ukubukela yokunyusa izinga intetho, xa umntu akafuni ukutsala ingqalelo interlocutor kwiindawo ezithile kwingxelo (afunyanwa rhoqo kwi ntengiso).

Ukongeza, izinga uyakwazi ukuchaza umntu iimpawu nangokwasengqondweni kwisithethi, intetho ukuchaza iindlela zakhe. Enye into ebalulekileyo ubume bentlalo kwisithethi, umnqweno wakhe ukudala zembonakalo ethile, njalo-njalo. D.

5. Uxinzelelo

Technique zazisetyenziselwa ukwahlula elementi yokuthetha (amalungu, amagama) ngeqela izinto ezifanayo. It ikhutshwa phandle bujikwe ngeempawu ive eziqalelo - ukuphucula ithowuni pronunciation, ukwandisa amandla kunye nabanye.

Nika ezi ntlobo ntshikilelo, ezifana:

- ngamazwi (ingqibelelo phonetic zelizwi)

- syntagmatic (syntagma umda)

- ubhalo (umgca amagama kakhulu)

- ibinzana (statements ekupheleni).

6. Misa

Iluphawu ikhefu (element ukuyeka intetho). iindlela intetho kule imeko inokuba njalo kweentlobo ezimbini:

- intetho yixina lomncedis okwethutyana, kukho ucwangco (ikhefu real)

- ukudala ifuthe baqhawula yixina intetho ngokuguqula uncuthu lwengoma, isantya nokunyuka nokuhla okanye xi imikhosi kwi syntagmas umda (engqondweni).

Imvakalozwi yokuthetha kwi ubugagu belusoloko ingqalelo kakhulu, ukususela kwixesha yamandulo. Bempilo ye ubugagu eGrisi yamandulo naseRoma yamandulo, wafunda uncuthu ilizwi, eyenza ihluke umculo, luphawulwa isantya, isingqisho, ukunqumama, kuvavanywa ngokubaluleka kokunika entetho ungamalungu ezithile yesemantiki.

K. S. Stanislavsky kwizifundo zakhe indima imvakalozwi kwinkqubo yobugcisa wokubonelwa, wabhala ukuba uhlobo isandi, umbala kuxhomekeke isandi ilizwi izikhamiso consonants: "izikhamiso - umlambo, oonobumba - egcina imali." Uyoyiswa imfuneko imvakalozwi ogqibeleleyo ukwazi iindlela ezithile yokwakheka kunye nokomzimba ukuthetha;

- indawo efunekayo ye emlonyeni, imilebe, ulwimi, apho benza ezinye okanye ezinye izandi (isixhobo izixhobo bathetha kunye resonators)

- ingakumbi ithoni isandi kuxhomekeka apho em- apho siyohlala iyalela.

Kamva, le ngqwalasela zibe nempembelelo enkulu kuphuhliso lobugcisa zokufunda kunye nentetho novakalelo.