Iilwimi zesiJamani. Ukuhlelwa kwiilwimi zesiJamani zomthonyama

IsiNgesi idityanisiwe ebanga kwaye iqela elikhulu ebizwa ngokuba iilwimi zesiJamani. Kweli nqaku, siza kuxubusha ngayo ngokweenkcukacha. Ngenxa yoko, eli sebe yinxalenye nakakhulu - iilwimi zaseYurophu Indo-. Ezi ziquka, ukongeza isiJamani, kunye nabanye - umHeti, amaNdiya, Iranian, isiArmenia, isiGrike, Celtic, ongumRoma, Slavic, njalo-njalo. iilwimi Indo-zaseYurophu, ngendlela - mfelandawonye ebanzi.

Noko ke, amaqela anomdla Sikuye usapho ukuhlelwa yayo. iilwimi zesiJamani yahlulwe maqela 2 zilandelayo: North (ebizwa yaseScandinavia) nasentshona. Bonke babe neempawu zabo.

Ngamanye amaxesha ihlaba iilwimi Romano-zesiJamani. Ezi ziquka i-German and Romance (abasusela kwi-Latin).

Yayki West subgroups

I-West German ziquka Dutch, Frisian, High isiJamani, IsiNgesi, Flemish, namaBhulu, Yiddish.

Kuba uninzi yabemi Great Britain - Northern Ireland, eSkotlani kunye England - kwakunye US, New Zealand, eOstreliya, eKhanada, i IsiNgesi zomthonyama. Ukongeza, kuqhelekile e Pakistan, India, uMzantsi Afrika njengendlela ezisemthethweni zonxibelelwano.

Frisian ithandwa kuLwandle North - oluthethwa ngabantu abahlala Frislandskie esiqithini. Yoncwadi ngayo uhlobo iye iziyelelane yayo basis zapadnofrizskie.

ulwimi Native kubahlali eOstriya, eJamani naseSwitzerland Omkhulu German. Kwakhona kusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezisemantla waseJamani, labemi ezidolophini eli lizwe njengoko umsebenzi wokubhala. Le lali ezi zindawo athethe "platdoyche", okanye ukubetha German Phantsi - lwesigodi olulodwa, nto leyo kumaXesha Aphakathi yaba ulwimi. Idale uncwadi abanam.

abantu Dutch lomthonyama - Dutch.

iilwimi Modern zesiJamani ziquka namaBhulu, eyaziwa ngokuba yi "isiBhulu", nto leyo kangaka eMzantsi Afrika, intsimi enkulu. Kule kufutshane ulwimi Dutch oluthethwayo Afrikaners, okanye Boers - inzala ababevela Holland owabalekayo kwilizwe labo ngenkulungwane ye-17.

Flemish lisondele kakhulu kuyo. Uthi abantu eBelgium, inxalenye emantla, kwaye Netherlands (kwezinye iindawo). Flemish, kunye yaseFransi e Belgium yindlela esemthethweni zonxibelelwano.

Yiddish - abunjwe kwiinkulungwane 10-12, ulwimi oluthethwa amaYuda eMpuma Yurophu. Isiseko lwakhe - Middle iziyelelane High German.

iilwimi North German laseMelika

Jonga kwiilwimi zesiJamani zilandelayo North German: Faroese, Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish, IsiSwedish.

Last - labemi lokuzalwa kunxweme Finland (leyo bafudukela elidlulileyo elikude, abameli zezizwe drevneshvedskih) kunye nabantu Swedish. namhlanje iziyelelane ezikhoyo neempawu zakhe ivelele gutnichesky, athethwa labemi isiqithi Gotland. Swedish namhlanje iquka elibhaliweyo yaye zicwangciswe ngokungqinelana amagama German in IsiNgesi. isigama Active akazange omkhulu kunene.

Danish - lokuzalwa abantu Danish, lowo ke kule ncwadi kangangeenkulungwane eziliqela kunye ulwimi olusemthethweni Norway leyo, njengoko yaziwa, yaba yinxalenye kwenkulungwane ye-14 yaye de-1814 njengenxalenye karhulumente Danish.

Danish kunye Swedish, kufutshane kwixa elidlulileyo, ngoku diverged kakhulu, ngamanye amaxesha ke zidityaniswe zibe iqelana eyodwa ebizwa ngokuba nezihlomelo vostochnoskandinavskih.

ulwimi Norwegian, leyo kwabazalelwe kubantu Norwegian, yathunyelwa kweli lizwe. uphuhliso yawo yalibaziseka ifuthe kakhulu iimeko yembali njengoko abahlali karhulumente kuye kwanyanzeleka ukuba baphile phantsi kolawulo Danes phantse 400 iminyaka. Namhlanje, kweli lizwe kukho lokusekwa ulwimi Norwegian, ziqhelekile lonke uhlanga, njengako iimpawu zayo usesikhundleni oluphakathi phakathi kwe Danish kunye Swedish.

labemi Iceland kaThixo ithetha Icelandic. Izinyanya abemi beli lizwe siqithi baba baseNorway azinza kule ndawo kwasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-10. ulwimi Icelandic, ephuhlisa ngokuzimeleyo phantse iwaka leminyaka, iye wafumana iqela lemisebenzi esemqoka ezintsha, yaye iye igcinwe ezininzi kwiipropati ziqhelekile nelweNorse yamandulo. Ngelo xesha, indlela mihla zonxibelelwano babahlali Fjord Yelizwe iye ulahlekelwe ezi mpawu. Zonke ezi nkqubo ziye zakhokelela ekubeni umahluko phakathi Icelandic (novoislandskimi) kunye neelwimi Norwegian ezifana kakhulu ngelo xesha.

Faroese ukhona namhlanje Faroe Islands, leyo umxokise kumantla Shetland Islands. Waligcina, kwakunye Iceland kunye namanye amaqela iilwimi, iimpawu ezininzi iziyelelane wookhokho babo - Old kubaphangi, leyo kamva wayaphula.

Faroese, Icelandic yaye Norwegian maxa wambi ezidityanisiweyo enye intsapho ngenxa lemvelaphi yabo. Libizwa ngokuba iilwimi zapadnoskandinavskie. Kodwa ke ubungqina ngoku zibonisa ukuba, kule imeko yangoku Norwegian lisondele kakhulu kwi Danish kunye Swedish kunokuba Faroese kunye Icelandic.

ulwazi kusasa izizwe zaseJamani

Imbali ulwimi German olufundwa kwezinye iinkcukacha namhlanje. Sisihlandlo sokuqala amaJamani ilungu kwinkulungwane 4 BC. Ukubonelela ngolwazi malunga umhambi yabo ngeenkwenkwezi nangokuma uPytheas (uPytheas okanye), isiGrike, mmi wesixeko Massilia (oko namhlanje kuthiwa Marcel). Wenza malunga 325 BC. e. uhambo elikhulu Amber Coast, ibekwe, kuyabonakala ukuba, xa iElbe esizalweni, kwakunye kunxweme akumazantsi North kunye eBaltic Seas. Kunxibelelwano yayo uPytheas ukhankanya izizwe guttonov kunye Teutons. Amagama abo bathetha ngokucacileyo malunga data abantu - ubudala zesiJamani.

Eposi Plutarch and Yuliya Tsezarya

Ukukhankanywa elandelayo amaJamani ingqalelo umyalezo Plutarch, umbhali-mbali ongumGrike owayephila AD 1-2 leminyaka. Wabhala malunga Bastarnae ukubonakala kwi iDanube asezantsi, malunga 180 neminyaka BC. e. Kodwa ezi ze data akukacaci kakhulu, ngoko musa ukusinika ufifi ulwimi kunye nendlela yokuphila zezizwe zaseJamani. Bona, ngokutsho Plutarch, andazi nasiphi izilwanyana okanye ezolimo. Imfazwe ezi izizwe - ishishini kuphela.

Yuliy Tsezar waba ngowokuqala umbhali waseRoma, wachaza amaJamani ngexesha lokuqala Iminyaka BC. e. Uthi ukuba ubomi babo liphela yiMelika nokuzingela. Babeye banikele ingqalelo ingako kwezolimo.

Iinkcukacha UPliny Omdala

Kodwa ezibaluleke kakhulu iinkcukacha UPliny Omdala, semvelo (iminyaka yobomi - 23-79 BC ..), ke Tacitus, umbhali-mbali (iminyaka yobomi - 58-117 AD ..). Xa imisebenzi yakhe, "Annals" yaye "iJamani" iingxelo yokugqibela ulwazi olubalulekileyo kuphela malunga ulwahlulohlulo yangoku zezizwe, kodwa indlela yabo yokuphila, inkcubeko, inkqubo loluntu. UNero eyenza Amaqela 3: istvaeones, Hermione kunye ingaevones. Pliniy Starshy Kwakhona wakhankanya kwa elo qela linye, kodwa libhekisela ingaevones Teutons kunye Cimbri. Oluhlobo, kuyabonakala ukuba, ibonisa ngokuchanileyo kwahlukahlukana BC ngenkulungwane 1. e. izizwe zaseJamani.

iilwimi Old zesiJamani: yokuhlela

Uphononongo lwe iirekhodi ezibhalwe ikuvumela ukuba ukudibanisa subgroups ezintathu kwiilwimi zesiJamani kwi Ages ekuqaleni Embindini: ngalinye (East isiJamani), yaseScandinavia (North German) naseNtshona Yurophu.

Ukuze kuquka East German Gothic, Vandal kunye neBurgundy.

ulwimi Burgundy

abathutha ulwimi ukusuka Burgundarholma (Bornholm) - - Burgundy Islands kwi kuLwandle lweBaltic. Burgundians bahlala kumazantsi-mpuma eFransi ngenkulungwane 5, kummandla apho wafumana igama elifanayo. Le ulwimi yamandulo esiJamani namhlanje uye wasishiya inani elincinane lamagama, ubukhulu becala amagama afanelekileyo.

Vandalic ulwimi

Vandal - abonakalisi beprophathi isihlomelo azinza kamva nge eSpeyin ukusa kuMntla Afrika, apho bebeyeke emva kwegama eAndalusia (kwiPhondo namhlanje). Olu lwimi, kwakunye eBurgundy, imelwe ikakhulu ngamagama elifanelekileyo. Emva koko, igama elithi "vandal" liye laba umbhuqi ixabiso ezikhumbuzo enkcubeko, ngumbharbhari kothethayo, njengaku-455 yezi zizwe ziphangwe, wayithimba neRoma.

zwe

ulwimi zwe presents zesikhumbuzo zayo ezininzi. Emidala inkulu - "Silver Skrolela" - translation zeVangeli ukuya Gothic. Ifudusiwe 187 ka-330 amaphepha lombhalo wesandla.

iilwimi zamandulo West German

iqela West German kweelwimi zimelwe yi-Anglo-Saxon, drevnefrizskim, Old Saxon, amakhosi, Old High German. Ngamnye kubo uneempawu zawo.

Le yokugqibela yale mkhaya eziliqela neziyelelane. ezikhumbuzo yalo ebaluleke kakhulu ziquka izicatshulwa ngokwendlela le 8:

1. umhlomlo - izichazi oluncinane itekisi ebhaliweyo isiLatini, okanye iinguqulelo lwamagama ngamnye German, ebhalwe apha ekupheleni kwamaphepha.

2. iinguqulelo iincwadi zonqulo yaye yaduma Notker, kwi-10 emva kwexesha - kwenkulungwane ye-11 wayalela kwisikolo monastery.

3. Poem "muspilli" (2 isiqingatha ngenkulungwane 9).

4. "Ingoma Ludwig '.

5. "Merseburg sicacisa."

6. "I Ingoma Hildebrand."

ulwimi amakhosi Kwakhona neziyelelane eziliqela. Ukutyhubela imbali, baba yinxalenye isiJamani kodwa nizhnefrankskogo, kuba ngukhokho Dutch mihla, Flemish kunye namaBhulu.

iqela North German iilwimi kuquka Old kubaphangi, Old kubaphangi, drevnedatsky Old namaNorse kunye nezihlomelo. Bonke babe neempawu zabo ezithile.

Le yokugqibela yale qela kweelwimi maxa wambi ebizwa ngokuba ulwimi yoshicilelo runiform kuba liqulethe nobuninzi (150) onxulumene kwisithuba kwiinkulungwane n 2-9. e.

Drevnedatsky walondoloza emalunga ezikhumbuzo neRunic ngenkulungwane 9 epigraphy. Xa iyonke kukho malunga nama-400.

Ezikhumbuzo yokuqala Old Swedish ezichaphazela ngenkulungwane 9 nayo. Ba kwiphondo Vesteretland kwaye imibhalo ngamatye. Inani elipheleleyo zemibhalo neRunic wadala kolu lwimi ifikelela 2500.