I-Battle of Kunersdorf. Iziphumo War kweminyaka esixhenxe leyo

I-Battle of Kunersdorf wayengomnye iimfazwe ezinkulu War kweminyaka esixhenxe leyo. Nangona yokuba waye umlinganiswa izigqibo, iziphumo ngokoyisa eziliqela izizathu ziintshatsheli ayikwazanga basebenzise. Ngenxa yoko, iziphumo kweminyaka esixhenxe War idabi of kunersdorf ayixhomekekanga, kwaye inani lezinye izinto. Noko ke, loo nto ayithethi wolinciphisa intsingiselo amadabi kwimbali ngamachule okulwa imfazwe.

Ubangelwa War kweminyaka esixhenxe leyo

Oyena nobangela War kweminyaka esixhenxe ibe ntswela ekhulayo phakathi amagunya yaseYurophu emikhulu: Prussia kunye Great Britain kwelinye icala kunye oyiNgcwele bamaRoma of the Habsburgs, eFransi, Spain kunye uBukhosi Russian - kwelinye icala. Ukujoyina ungquzulwano kunye nolo lwamazwe ezincinane. Isifundo abaxabana zaye bayisile kumathanga phesheya kweelwandle, kwakunye bebanga indawo phakathi Prussia Hohenzollern kunye Habsburg Austria ngokuphathelele eSilesia.

Uninzi iintlanga ezinkulu baseYurophu ukunyuka ndinganelisekanga ka-Prussia, leyo yayikukwaphula inkqubo ekhoyo yonxulumano politiko. Ngelo xesha phakathi isithsaba yaseBritani kunye neFransi Bakulibala ngokucalula amathanga aphesheya, adlulele iimfazwe zasekuhlaleni. Oku kwabangela iDemocratic Alliance, British kunye Prussians, lowo baba isiFrentshi. Russian uKumkanikazi Elizabeth naye akazange Ungathanda njani nokwanda Frederick II - King of Prussia.

Isifo yemfazwe

Lo mlo lokuqala baqalisa amajoni Prussia. On inxenye yabo, yaba uhlobo logwayimbo pre-kwinjongp. Frederick II - King of Prussia - wayengafuni ukuba ukulinda de iintshaba zakhe ezininzi ndawonye onke amagunya kwaye enze kwi lula kwabo.

Ngo-Agasti 1756, amajoni Prussia ahlasela yoKhetho of Saxony, nto leyo njengehlakani Austria Habsburgs. Bakhawuleza ababehlala kule ukubusa. Ngoko nangoko emva koko, i-Russian kunye oyiNgcwele uBukhosi baseRoma wathi imfazwe kwi-Prussia.

Ngexesha 1757 ekulweni phakathi Habsburg namabutho Prussia bahamba kunye ahlukile empumelelo. Ngelo xesha lokuba imisebenzi ibambene abazibandakanyileyo iSweden ne-Russia, nto leyo intloko yomkhosi, Marshal Stepan Fedorovich Apraksin. Lidla izenzo ezinemiphumela imikhosi Russian lwaphela uloyiso ndiyincutshe Gross-Egersdorf.

Ngowe-1758 lo umyalelo yomkhosi Russian wayalelwa ukuba General Fermor. Ekuqaleni, phantsi kobunkokheli bakhe, abantu benza kunokuba ngempumelelo. Kodwa ku Agasti, imfazwe zorndorf, leyo andiyizisanga kuwe, uloyiso naliphi iqela, kodwa eneriseka imibingelelo emikhulu.

inyathelo Military ngobusuku obandulela yedabi of kunersdorf

Ngentwasahlobo yowama-1759 umphathi womkhosi kunye Russian wamiselwa jikelele-in-oyintloko Pet Semenovich Saltykov. Yena kuthathwa umphathi ethembekileyo abanamava, kodwa okwangoku akukho iinkonzo ezibalaseleyo ayidweliswanga kuye.

Phantsi kobunkokheli bakhe, umkhosi Russian wahlasela entshonalanga ukuya kwi oder River, bendizimisele idibane amajoni Austria. Ngexesha le nqubo, June 23, 1759, angaphathi Prussia, eziquka 28,000 woyiswa e Paltsige. Ngoko ngempumelelo PS Saltykov waqalisa iphulo wakhe wamajoni. Kungekudala imikhosi Russian kwaye waseOstriya bathelela e Frankfurt an der oder.

Ngelo xesha Frederick II lisondela imikhosi ngokudibeneyo, efuna liloyise edabini isitshixo, kwaye ngaloo ukufumana inzuzo ngexesha lonke imfazwe.

Agasti bamelene 12 imikhosi bahlangana ukuzama ukusombulula bayahlelwa imfazwe edabini eyaziwa ngokuba Idabi Kunersdorf. Unyaka 1759 yabalasela lokuqala iimfazwe ezinkulu.

imikhosi zamaqela

Kwindawo edabini, nto leyo kamva kwaziwa kwedabi kunersdorf, Prussia Korol Fridrih II wakhokela umkhosi eyenziwa wamajoni 48,000. Inkoliso yabo abanamava amagqala, ezidlulileyo esikolweni Prussia emkhosini, kwaye bathatha inxaxheba ngaphezu kwesinye edabini. pieces zokudubula 200 waba Ngaphezu koko, umkhosi Prussia.

Njengenxalenye imikhosi Russian, kwakukho amajoni amane ananye amawaka. Ukongeza, PS Saltykov balihlutha amahashe equlathe 5200 Bibles abaqhubi. amajoni Austrian phantsi kolwalathiso Ernst Gideon von Lauda wababala amajoni 18.500 nabamahashe. I-Union Army waba inani elipheleleyo amaqhosha zokudubula 248-th.

Indawo amabutho ngaphambi kokuba impi

Umkhosi Prussia ezi eqhelekileyo ukuba indlela. Le imikhosi eziphambili kweli ziko, kubekwe phezu emacaleni amahashe, kunye vanguard encinane Undityhale kancinci phambili.

amabutho Russian kunye waseOstriya bamisa ezindulini ezintathu. Ngoko ke ndazama ukuba bafumane ithuba elingcono umdlali welinye icala. Ukuphakama kahle ukuziphendulela yezikhundla zabo, kodwa utshaba ke umqobo kakhulu ebalulekileyo.

Yeyona indawo yomkhosi encedisayo kwaba nefuthe elibaluleke ngendlela kuliwee Kunersdorf. Commander Saltykov yaba imikhosi eziphambili embindini. Ephangweni lasekhohlo umkhosi Russian umthetho yi Duke Alexander Mikhailovich Golitsyn. Ekubeni songqamano olubuthathaka kakhulu zomkhosi encedisayo, nabasebenzi inani elikhulu labantu abatsha, uFrederick II kuzakuthathwa kukuba kuye ukubeka kwengqumbo yomkhosi.

igagasi emfazweni

Idabi Kunersdorf waqalisa ngentsimbi yethoba kusasa, xa zokudubula Prussia wavula umlilo phezu amabutho. Isalathiso womlilo buzinze ecaleni ephangweni lasekhohlo imikhosi Russian, phantsi ngokomlomo ka- Prince Golitsyn. Kwi-10 kusasa, oko kwavula ukubuyela umlilo zokudubula Russian. Noko ke, impumelelo yayo iye ngaphantsi kakhulu Prussia. Emva kwenye iyure-mkhosi wotshaba wahlasela elihamba olubuthathaka kakhulu washiya iphiko amabutho Russian. Phambi kokuba amandla ophezulu weyunithi Prussians iphantsi ngokomyalelo Prince Golitsyn, oko baleka.

Kule mpi abakwa abendlu Frederick II likwazile ukufaka phantse yonke zokudubula Russian. The King of Prussia baphumelela, nkqu wathuma umthunywa elikomkhulu kunye lomyalezo.

Kodwa imikhosi eManyeneyo Andiqondi nokuba ukucinge ukuba ayeke ukuxhathisa. Pet Semenovich Saltykov wayalela ukuba ukudlulisela imikhosi eyongezelelweyo kubude Spitsbergen, kuba ngelo xesha lo lwa zinamandla. Ukubeka ukulicudisa phezu imikhosi encedisayo, uFrederick II wagqiba ukusebenzisa mabutho. Kodwa ngenxa ngokuma ekhenketha ukusebenza layo liye lathotywa kakhulu. imikhosi eManyeneyo akwazi ukulahla lohlaselo Prussia kwaye ulahle ngaphandle umkhosi Frederick ukusuka kubude Spitsbergen.

Le ukusilela yaba yingozi umkhosi Prussia. Uninzi yeenjengele zayo babulawa, kwaye Friedrich wasinda ngokulambisa. Ukuze kulungiswe le meko, kugangxeleke koovimba bakhe lokugqibela - cuirassiers. Kodwa zemka yi-Bibles mahashe.

Emva koko namahlakani ekhubekisayo zonke-out. Umkhosi Prussia bagaleleka ukubaleka, kodwa zimxinile ekudibaneni ngakumbi mandundu le meko. Frederick II oku abakazi bazoyise enjalo obukhulu. Of amajoni 48,000 yokumkani yakwazi ukuba lirhoxe isithuba idabi kuphela amawaka amathathu amadoda omeleleyo. Yaphela kanjalo kwemfazwe Kunersdorf.

iilahleko amaqela

Ngexesha emfazweni, yabulala abantu 6271 ukusuka umkhosi Prussia. amajoni 1356 ibhungane, ke, mhlawumbi, uninzi lwabo ndifumene ukufa. Xa abantu 4599 basiwa banjwa. Ukongeza, ngo-2055 ijoni bamshiya. Kodwa ke isabelo ebalulekileyo phakathi ilahleko Prussia kwalimala - 11342 umntu. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezingenakulinganiswa ukuba njengento iiyunithi yokulwa yinxalenye. iilahleko Zizonke umkhosi Prussia yaba 25623 umntu.

Le imikhosi eManyeneyo balahlekelwa kungekho ngaphantsi. Ngoko ke, wabulawa abantu 7060, apho 5614 no 1446 Russian Austrians. Missing amajoni 1.150, kuquka 703 Russian. Inani ababuleweyo ligqithe inani elipheleleyo labantu 15.300. Ukongeza, ekuqaleni imfazwe imikhosi Prussia wayithimba amawaka amahlanu amajoni Union Army. lahleko Lilonke yaba bantu 28512.

ngemva kwempi

Ngoko ke, umkhosi Prussia lahluleka okhohlakeleyo, leyo ephawulwe Idabi Kunersdorf. 1759 ibe lixesha ukutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo ubukumkani Prussia. Frederick II kuphela amawaka amathathu amadoda eyomeleleyo babengakwazi ekwazi ukumelana ophucukileyo yimikhosi eManyeneyo, uniko manani, amashumi amawaka abantu. Indlela eya eBerlin kuba amajoni Russian yavulwa. Nkqu Friedrich ngelo xesha wayeqinisekile ukuba kungekudala urhulumente yakhe iya kufika esiphelweni. Sele kulo nyaka, iziphumo Seven Years War wathunyelwa wachaza up. Noko ke, ngoko ke bekungayi kuba ebizwa ngokuba yi-.

Ummangaliso zeNdlu Brandenburg

Noko ke, nangona ezi ithemba nethemba ukuba imikhosi eManyeneyo, imfazwe Kunersdorf ayikwazanga ukwenza idabi lentatho ebudeni imisebenzi zomkhosi. Oku kwakusenzeka ngenxa yobukho inani ephikisanayo phakathi kweenkokeli wemikhosi Russian kunye Austria. Ngelo xesha, xa kuyimfuneko ukuba alungiselele ukuba umbane Nyathela Berlin, bathabatha ngokwemikhosi yabo ngaphambi kokuba afike ekuvumelaneni amanyathelo ngokudibeneyo. Yaye Russian kunye Austrians icala kwelinye icala uphula yezivumelwano.

Loo mkhosi ukungahambisani Union aphefumlelweyo Friedrich, balahlekelwa lonke ithemba isiphumo yimpumelelo kwilizwe labo. kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa wakwazi amanqaku tridtsatitrehtysyachnuyu umkhosi kwakhona. Ngoku wonke umntu wayeqinisekile ukuba imikhosi eManyeneyo akayi kuba nako ukujoyina ngaphandle uxhathiso zobundlobongela eBerlin. Ngaphezu koko, kukho amathandabuzo kakhulu ukuba ikomkhulu Prussia ngokubanzi luya.

Enyanisweni, ngenxa yokunqongophala zoququzelelo umyalelo imikhosi eManyeneyo baphulukana inzuzo enkulu yokuba ezifunyenwe emva kwemfazwe kunersdorf. Oku kuhle bona ndenzile Frederick II baqamba "ummangaliso Brandenburg ekhaya."

Le enye ikhosi ndawo ishushu

Nangona intlekele iyonke Prussia wakwazi ukuphepha, amanye amanyathelo emkhosini 1759 ayikho inceba yayo. imikhosi Frederick II kaThixo bahlulwa omnye emva komnye. Prussia ne England kwanyanzeleka ukuba zicele uxolo, kodwa Russia, Austria, ndithembe ukuba ukugqiba omnye umdlai, isivumelwano akazange aye.

Ngelo xesha, kwizithuthi IsiNgesi wakwazi ukuba ziphumeze bazoyise ongundoqo isisiFrentshi Kiberonskom Bay noFrederick II ngowe-1760, yoyisa Austrians e eTorgau. Noko ke, le uloyiso ukulahlekelwa okukhulu.

Ke umlo waya abanezimo ngempumelelo. Kodwa ngo-1761 imikhosi Austrian kwaye Russian kwakhona kwaye kwasetyenzwa uthotho yokuwela ukoyiswa karhulumente Prussia, ukusuka apho bambalwa babekholelwa ukuba uya kuphila.

Kwakhona Frederick II, kusindiswa ngommangaliso. Russian Empire wenza uxolo kunye naye. Ngaphezu koko, yangena imfazwe kwicala kotshaba yakutshanje. Oku kuchazwe yi kukuba uKumkanikazi Elizabeth, owayesoloko wabona izoyikiso Prussia, wathabatha phezu kwetrone German ozelwe-Peter III, ngokoqobo kunqulwa Frederick II. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni isithsaba Prussia wasindiswa kwakhona.

Ukuzaliswa War kweminyaka esixhenxe leyo

Emva koko, kwaye kwacaca ukuba akukho namnye amaqela akayi kuba nako ukuphumeza uloyiso lokugqibela ningavisisani kufutshane elizayo. Nangona kunjalo, lo kulahlekelwa bubomi kuzo zonke imikhosi lafikelela amanani amakhulu, kunye nezixhobo amazwe alwayo ziye sona. Ngoko ke, ithi inxaxheba emfazweni, waqalisa ukuba azame ukuvumelana phakathi kwabo.

Ngowe-1762 France ne-Prussia wavuma ehlabathini. Kunye nonyaka ozayo, imfazwe luphele.

Iziphumo iyonke War kweminyaka esixhenxe leyo

Iziphumo iyonke War kweminyaka esixhenxe 'linokuchazwa yi le Izicatshulwa zilandelayo:

1. uloyiso Gcwalisa lingapheleli yi naliphi iqela ungquzulwano, kodwa bayakwazi ukufikelela mfelandawonye of Great Britain ne-Prussia.

War 2. ezisixhenxe Years 'wayengomnye ngquzulwano lalawo kwinkulungwane XVIII.

3. I-Battle of Kunersdorf kunye neminye imisebenzi ngempumelelo umkhosi Russian zaye offset kwizikhundla ukungafani kunye Austrians kunye noxolo eyahlukileyo kaPetros III, uFrederick II.

4. British likwazile ukufaka inxalenye enkulu French amazwe.

Ekugqibeleni 5. Prussia wemka eSilesia, yafunwa yi Austria Habsburgs.

Imiphumo War kweminyaka esixhenxe leyo

Kwanasemva kokuba kube sekuphelisweni ukuphikisana phakathi amaqela amazwe ehlabathini isekho, nkqu kuphela bumuncu ngakumbi. Kodwa yomnika kakhulu zobomi nokudinwa kwezoqoqosho amaqela alwayo ngenxa War kweminyaka esixhenxe leyo, oko kwenza kwanzima kut- ezinkulu-impi yomkhosi phakathi umfelandawonye ka kumazwe aseYurophu ukuya kutsho ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII, xa ekuqaleni revolution French kunye Napoleonic Wars. Noko ke, ungquzulwano basekuhlaleni eYurophu kakhulu kuvela wayedla kweli xesha. Kodwa njongo iphambili imfazwe kwisahlulo yobukoloniyali zelimiweyo ngabaya kuza.