I-Autistic spectrum kubantwana. Izifo zengqondo ze-Autism

Umbono we-autism yiqela leengxaki ezibonakaliswe ziziintlupheko zesifo sokuzalwa kwentlalo. Ngelishwa, ezi zifo zihlala zixilongwa kubantwana. Kule meko, kubaluleke kakhulu ukucacisa ngexesha lokuba khona kwengxaki, kuba kungekudala umntwana ufumana uncedo oluyimfuneko, ithuba elikhulu lokulungiswa ngempumelelo.

Umbono we-autism: yintoni na?

Ukuxilongwa kwe "autism" namhlanje kumlomo wonke. Kodwa akuyena wonke umntu oqonda ukuba lithetha ukuthini eli gama kwaye lindelwe ntoni kumntwana ozimelayo. Iziphazamiso ze-Autism zibonakalisa ukungabikho kwentsebenziswano yentlalo, ubunzima ekusebenzelaneni nabanye abantu, ukungathinteli kokuthintana, ukunyaniseka kunye nokuthambekela kokutshatyalaliswa (izenzo eziphindaphindiweyo, amacebo).

Ngokwezibalo, malunga ne-2% yabantwana abanenkxalabo enjalo. Kwimantombazana, i-autism ifunyaniswa ngezihlandlo ezine ngaphantsi. Kule minyaka engamashumi amabini adlulileyo, iziganeko zezifo ezinjalo ziye zanda kakhulu, nangona kungabonakala ngokucacileyo ukuba i-pathology iba yinto eqhelekileyo okanye ukuba ukukhula kuhambelana nezinguqu kwiinkqubo zokuxilonga (iminyaka emininzi edlulileyo, izigulane ezine-autism zivame ukufumana ezinye izifo, njenge-schizophrenia).

Izizathu zokuphuhliswa kweengxaki ze-autism

Ngelishwa, ukuphuhliswa kweembalo ze-autistic, izimbonakalo zokubonakala kwayo, kunye nezinye iindidi namhlanje zihlala zingacacanga. Iingcali zenzululwazi zakwazi ukuchonga amaninzi emingciphekweni, nangona kungekho nto ifumaneka ngokucacileyo kwinkqubo yokuphucula imfuyo.

• Kukho umbandela wokuzalwa. Ngokwezibalo, phakathi kwezihlobo zomntwana one-autism kukho ubuncinane ama-3-6% abantu abaneengxaki ezifanayo. Oku kunokuthiwa yi-micro-symptom ye-autism, umzekelo, ukuziphatha okuphazamisayo, ukunciphisa imfuno yokusebenzisana nentlalo. Iingcali zenzululwazi zaze zakwazi ukuhlukanisa umgudu we-autism, nangona ubukho bayo abuyi-100% isiqinisekiso sokuphuhliswa kokungaqhelekanga kumntwana. Kukholelwa ukuba iingxaki ze-autistic ziphuhliswa phambi kobunzima bezityalo ezihlukeneyo kunye neenkqubo ezifanayo ngexesha lexesha langaphandle okanye ngaphakathi.
• Izizathu zibandakanya ukuphazamiseka kwezakhiwo kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo. Ngenxa yocwaningo kwakunokwenzeka ukufumana ukuba kubantwana abane-diagnostic efanayo, i-cerebellum, i-hippocampus, i-lobe ephakathi nendawo idla ngokutshintshwa okanye iyancishiswa. Yiyo le nxalenye yesimiso seentlungu esinoxanduva lokuqwalasela, intetho, iimvakalelo (ngokukodwa, ukuphendulwa kwemizwelo ekwenzeni izenzo zentlalo), ukucinga, kunye nokukwazi ukufunda.
• Kwaye kwaphawula ukuba ngokukhawuleza ukukhulelwa kuqhubeka neengxaki. Ngokomzekelo, kukho ukusuleleka kwintsholongwane yomzimba (imvune, i-rubella), i-toxicosis enamandla, i-eclampsia kunye nezinye izifo, ezihamba ne-fetal hypoxia kunye nomonakalo wengqondo yengqondo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, le nto ayikhoyo yonke into - abantwana abaninzi emva kokukhulelwa okukhuselekileyo nokubeletha kukhula ngokuqhelekileyo.

Impawu zokuqala ze-autism

Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuxilonga u-autism usemncinane? Ingxaki yesi-autistic spectrum ayisoloko ibonakaliswe ebusaneni. Nangona kunjalo, abazali kufuneka baqwalasele ezinye iimpawu eziphazamisayo:

• Ngomntwana kunzima ukuqhagamshelana kwamehlo. Akakhangeli kwamehlo. Kwakhona akukho nxu lumano kumama okanye uyise - umntwana akayi kulila, xa behamba, abayiboni ipenki. Kungenzeka ukuba akafuni ukuthintela, ukumbamba.
• Usana lukhetha enye ithoyizi, kwaye ingqalelo yakhe iyagxininiswa ngayo.
• Kukho ukulibaziseka ekuphuhlisweni kwentetho - ngeenyanga ezili-12-16 umntwana akavelisi izandi eziphathekayo, musa ukuphinda uphendule amagama amancinane.
• Abantwana abanokuphulwa kwe-autistic spectrum abancinci.
• Abanye abantwana basabela ngokukhawuleza kwi-stimuli yangaphandle, umzekelo, izandi okanye ukukhanya. Oku kungakho ngenxa yokuxilonga.
• Umntwana uziphathe ngendlela engafanelekanga ngokumalunga nabanye abantwana, akafuni ukuthetha okanye ukudlala nabo.

Ngokukhawuleza kulungile ukuthetha ukuba le miqondiso ayikho impawu epheleleyo ye-autism. Ngokuqhelekileyo kwenzeka ukuba ukuya kwiminyaka engama-2-3 abantwana bahlakulela ngokuqhelekileyo, kwaye ke baphinda bagxininise, balahlekelwa izakhono zabo zangaphambili. Ukuba kukho ukukrokra, kungcono ukudibana neengcali - kuphela ugqirha unokuqhuba ukuxilongwa ngokuchanekileyo.

Iimpawu: ngaba abazali bamele banikele ingqalelo?

Umbono we-autism kubantwana ungabonakaliswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Okwangoku, iikhrayitheriya ezininzi zikhethiwe, okufuneka zihlawulwe:

• Uphawu oluphambili lwe-autism kukuphulaphula intlalo yoluntu. Abantu abanolu xilongo abanakukwazi ukubona izibonakaliso ezingabonakaliyo, abaziveleli zikarhulumente kwaye abazikhetheli iimvakalelo zabantu abakujikelezile, obangela ubunzima ekunxibelelaneni. Ngokuqhelekileyo kukho iingxaki zokuthintana kwamehlo. Abantwana abanjalo, nokuba bakhule, ababonisi umdla kubantu abatsha, abathathi inxaxheba kwimidlalo. Nangona kunamathele kubazali, umntwana unzima ukubonisa iimvakalelo zabo.
• Iingxaki ngeentetho zikhoyo. Umntwana kamva uqala ukuthetha, okanye intetho ayikho nhlobo (kuxhomekeke kwimeko yokuphulwa). Ababhali bamazwi bahlala besinegama elincinci, badibanisa izivakalisi, ixesha, ukuphela kwamazwi, njl njll. Abantwana abaziqondi amahlaya, ukuthelekisa, ukuqonda yonke into. Kukho i-echolalia.
• Umbono we-autism kubantwana ungabonakaliswa ngumzimba ongeyintetho, ukunyanzelisa. Ngelo xesha, kunzima kubo ukudibanisa ingxoxo kunye nempawu.
• Iimpawu zobuninzi zabantwana abanezikhalazo ze-autism zeziganeko ziphindaphindiweyo zokuziphatha. Ngokomzekelo, umntwana ukhawuleza ufunde ukuhamba ngendlela enye kwaye wenqaba ukuya kwesinye isitrato okanye ukuya kwisitya esitsha. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oko kuthiwa "imveli" yenziwa, umzekelo, okokuqala kufuneka ubeke kwi-sock eyiyo kwaye uhambe, okanye kuqala kufuneka uphonse ushukela kwendebe uze uyithulule ngamanzi, kodwa ngeyodwa indlela. Naluphi na ukuphambukiswa kwesikimu ophuhliswe ngumntwana kunokuhamba kunye nokubhikisha okukhulu, ukuvutha komsindo, ukugonywa.
• Umntwana unokuqhotyoshelwa kwenye into yokudlala okanye into engeyomdlalo. Imidlalo yebhola edlalwa iprojekthi, umzekelo, ayiyikulwa nemikhosi yemidlalo yokudlala, ayiyikwakhela iitshini zokuba i-princess, ayiyikutshintsha uomatshini kwindlu.
• Abantwana abaneengxaki ze-autistic banokuxhatshazwa ngu-hyper- okanye u-hypo-sensitivity. Ngokomzekelo, kukho abantwana abasabela ngokukhawuleza kwisandi, kwaye, njengoko abadala sele beqaphele ngokuxilongwa okufanayo, izandi ezivakalayo azikhiphi nje, kodwa zenza intlungu enzima. Okufanayo kungabhekisela ekuveleleni komzimba - umntwana akanakhathazwa, okanye, ngokuchaseneyo, akakwazi ukuhamba ngeengubo ezingenasiphatho entle, njengento evekisayo.
• Isiqingatha sabantwana abane-diagnostic efanayo badla imichimo - bahlula ngokukodwa ukutya ukutya (umzekelo, obomvu), bakhetha isitya esinye.
• Kuyamkelwa ngokubanzi ukuba abantu be-autistic baneengqiqo ezithile. Le nkcazo ayilunganga. Kwi-high-performance autistics, izinga leengcaphephe ngokuqhelekileyo liphakathi okanye lincinane ngaphezu kwesiqhelo. Kodwa ngeengxaki eziphantsi kokusebenza, kunokwenzeka ukulibaziseka uphuhliso. Kuphela ama-5-10% abantu abanokuxilongwa okufanayo banenqanaba eliphezulu leengcali.

Abantwana abane-autism ayenazo zonke iimpawu ezilapha ngasentla - umntwana ngamnye unesiphakamiso sokuphulwa, kunye namazinga ahlukeneyo.

Ukwahlulelwa kwezifo ze-autistic (i-Nikolskaya ngezigaba)

Iziphazamiso zembonakalo ye-autism ziyahlukahluka kakhulu. Ngaphezu koko, ukuphanda kwesi sifo kuseqhubeka ngokuqhubekayo, ngoko kukho izicwangciso ezininzi zokuhlengahlengiswa. Phakathi kootitshala nabanye abaqeqeshi, ukuhlelwa kwe-Nikolskaya kuyathandwa, kwaye kuyaqwalaselwa xa kulungiswa izicwangciso zokulungiswa kwezilungiso. I-spectrum yophicotho-mali iyahlukana ngamaqela amane:

• Iqela lokuqala libonakaliswe ukuphulwa okunzulu kwaye kunzima kakhulu. Abantwana abanokuxilongwa okunjalo abakwazi ukuzikhangela, abanako ngokupheleleyo ukufuna ukusebenzisana nabanye. Izigulane azenziyo.
• Abantwana beqela lesibini banokubona ukuba kukho ukukhawuleka okukhulu kwiipatheni zokuziphatha. Naluphina utshintsho kwesikimu (umzekelo, ukungahambi ngendlela eqhelekileyo yosuku okanye imeko) kunokubangela ukuhlaselwa kobugwenxa nokuhluleka. Umntwana uvulekile, kodwa intetho yakhe ilula, yakhiwe echolalia. Abantwana abakweli qela banako ukuvelisa izakhono zasekhaya.
• Iqela lesithathu libhekiselele ekuziphatheni okunzima: abantwana banokuba banomdla kakhulu kwisifundo esithile, banikeze ukuhamba kwemithombo ye-encyclopedic kwingxoxo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunzima ukwakha incoko yeendlela ezimbini kumntwana, kwaye ulwazi malunga nehlabathi elijikelezayo liyingxubevange.
• Abantwana beqela lesine sele bathambekele ekusebenziseni okungaqhelekanga kunye nokuziphatha okuzenzekelayo, kodwa ekuhlanganiseni banentloni kwaye banamahloni, abazange badibanise kwaye bangabonisi ukuthetha nabanye abantwana. Unokuba nobunzima bokugxila.

Asperger's Syndrome

I-Asperger syndrome - enye yeefomu ze -autism ephezulu. Oku kwaphulwa kwahluke kwifom yeklasi. Ngokomzekelo, umntwana unokulibaziseka kakhulu ekuphuhlisweni kwentetho. Abantwana abanjalo baqhagamshelana nabo ngokulula, banokuxhasa incoko, nangona ifana ne-monologue. Isigulane sinokuthetha iiyure malunga nezinto anomdla kuzo, kwaye kunzima ukuyimisa.

Abantwana abakhathazeki ukudlala kunye neontanga zabo, kodwa, njengomthetho, benza okungahambisani nawo. Ngendlela, kukho ukuxhamla ngokomzimba. Ngokuqhelekileyo abantwana abane-Asperger's syndrome baneengqondo ezibalaseleyo kunye nenkumbulo enhle, ngokukodwa xa kuziwa kwizinto abanomdla kuzo.

Uxilongo lwangoku

Umbono we-autism ubaluleke kakhulu ngexesha lokuxilonga. Ngokukhawuleza ukuba kubakho ukukhathazeka kumntwana kuqinisekiswe, ngokukhawuleza kuya kwenzeka ukuba uqale ukulungiswa. Ukungenelela kwangethuba ekuphuhlisweni kwentsana kwandisa amathuba okuphucula abantu.

Ukuba umntwana unempawu ezi ngasentla, kufuneka uqhagamshelane nomntwana wengqondo okanye umntwana wezengqondo. Njengomthetho, abantwana bayabonwa kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo: ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu ezikhoyo, ingcali ingenza isigqibo malunga nobukho beengxaki ze-autistic spectrum kumntwana. Ukubonisana nabanye oogqirha, umzekelo, i-otolaryngologist, kuyafuneka ukuba uhlolisise indlebe yesigulane. I-electroencephalogram ivumela ukucacisa ubukho be-foli fotic, edla ngokuhamba nge-autism. Kwezinye iimeko, iimvavanyo zofuzo zimiselwe, kunye nokucatshulwa kwamagnetic imagination (kuvumela ukufunda isakhiwo sengqondo, ukucacisa ubukho beentlungu kunye noshintsho).

Unyango lwonyango lwe-autism

I-Autism ayiboleki kulungiso lwezonyango. Ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kuboniswa kuphela xa kukho ezinye izifo. Ngokomzekelo, kwezinye iimeko, ugqirha unokuyalela ukuba kusetyenziswe i-serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Ezi zonyango zisetyenziselwa ukuxhatshazwa komzimba, kodwa kwimeko yomntwana ongu-autistic, unokususa ukhathazeka okukhulu, ukuphucula ukuziphatha, ukuphucula ukufunda. Iidakamizwa zeNootropic zinceda ukulungelelanisa ukujikeleza kwegazi kwingqondo, ukuphucula ingqalelo.

Ekubeni kwintlanzi, i-anticonbulsants isetyenziswa. Iziyobisi ze-Psychotropic zisetyenziswe xa kukho ukuhlaselwa okunamandla, okungalawulwayo kwintlungu. Kwakhona, onke amayeza angentla angamandla kwaye amathuba okuphucula iziphumo ezingalunganga xa idosa idlulile kakhulu. Ngoko ke, akukho mzekelo kufuneka ukuba isetyenziswe ngokufanelekileyo.

Umsebenzi wokulungisa kunye nabantwana abaneengxaki ze-autism

Kuthekani ukuba umntwana ufumene ukuba une-autism? Inkqubo yokulungiswa yabantwana be-autistic spectrum yenziwa ngabanye. Umntwana udinga uncedo lweqela leengcali, ngokukodwa, kunye neengcali zeengqondo, umlomo wengcali kunye nomfundisi okhethekileyo, iiseshoni kunye nomsebenzi wezengqondo, usebenzise umzimba we-physiotherapist (kunye nokuxhalaba okukhulu kunye nokungaqondi komzimba wakhe). Ulungiso luyeke, luxakekile emsebenzini. Abantwana bafundiswa ukuba bazive ngobunzima kunye nobukhulu, bafumane ukufanisana, bazive ukuxhambelana, bathathe inxaxheba, baze baqalise umdlalo webali. Abantwana abaneengxaki ze-autistic baboniswa kwiiklasi kumaqela ezakhono zentlalo, apho abantwana bafunda ukudlala kunye, balandela imimiselo yoluntu kwaye bancede ukuphuhlisa iipatheni ezithile zokuziphatha kuluntu.

Umsebenzi oyintloko we-intetho yomlomo kukuphuhliswa kwentetho kunye nokuphulaphulwa kweefono, ukwandisa isigama, ukufunda ukubhala ngokufutshane, kunye nezivakalisi ezide. Iingcali nazo zizama ukufundisa umntwana ukuba ahlule phakathi kwetoni yentetho kunye nemvakalelo yomnye umntu. Inkqubo eguqulelweyo ye-autistic spectrum nayo iyafuneka kwii-nursergens kunye nezikolo. Ngelishwa, awona onke amaziko emfundo (ngokukodwa amaziko karhulumente) anokubonelela ngeengcali ezifanelekileyo ukusebenzisana ne-autistics.

I-Pedagogy kunye noqeqesho

Umsebenzi oyintloko wokulungiswa kukufundisa intsebenziswano yentlalo yoluntu, ukuphuhlisa ikhono lokuziphatha ngokukhawuleza, ukubonakaliswa kweli qhinga. Namhlanje, inkqubo yezemfundo ebandakanyekayo iyathandwa, ebonisa ukuba umntwana onenkinga ye-autism iya kuqeqeshwa kwimeko ye-normotypic abantwana. Ewe, "ukuphunyezwa" okunjalo kwenzeka kancane kancane. Ukuze kuqaliswe umntwana kwiqela, ootitshala abanolwazi badinga, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha umfundisi (umntu onemfundo ekhethekileyo kunye nezakhono ezihambelana nomntwana esikolweni, ulungisa indlela aziphathe ngayo kwaye uhlolisise ubuhlobo kwiqela).

Kungenzeka ukuba abantwana abaneziphene ezifanayo baya kufuna ukuqeqeshwa kwizikolo eziphambili zeeprofayili. Nangona kunjalo, kukho abafundi abaneengxaki ze-autism kunye namaziko jikelele emfundo. Nantsi into incike kwiimeko zomntwana, ubunzima beempawu, amandla akhe okufunda.

Okwangoku, i-autism ithathwa njengesifo esingenakuphulukiswa. Izibikezelo azihambelani kuwo wonke umntu. Abantwana abanophulaphula i-autistic spectrum, kodwa ngezinga eliphakathi kweengcaphephe kunye nentetho (ukufikelela kwiminyaka eyi-6) kunye nokuqeqeshwa okufanelekileyo kunye nokulungiswa kunokuzimelela kwixesha elizayo. Ngelishwa, oku akunjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi.