Culture amazwe caliphate: iimpawu kunye nembali. Igalelo le Arab Caliphate kwi inkcubeko yehlabathi

A ixesha xa ihlabathi yamaMuslim phantsi kolawulo Caliphate, ngokuba Golden Age of Islam. Eli xesha wawukhona kusukela VIII ukuya XIII AD. Baqalisa ukusungulwa yeNdlu ubulumko e Baghdad. Apho, izazinzulu evela ehlabathini lonke baye bafuna ixesha lokuba zihlanganisane zonke ulwazi ezikhoyo ngexesha nesiguqulela zibe Arabic. Caliphate amazwe nenkcubeko kweli xesha, waba nempumelelo engazange ibonwe. Yaphela i Golden Age ngexesha le Mongol lokuhlasela kwaye ukuwa Baghdad ngo-1258.

Izizathu elezenkcubeko

Ngenkulungwane VIII, ukusuka eTshayina ukuya kummandla eyayihlala Arabhu bagqobhoza fyabo amatsha - iphepha. Kwaba lula yaye kuxabise ukuvelisa ngaphezu izikhumba, lula ngakumbi yaye zomelele ngaphezu papyrus lukhulu. Kungcono ukuba ukufunxa i-inki ukuba bavunyelwe ukwenza iikopi ngqangi ngokukhawuleza. Ngenxa kokufika iincwadi iphepha baba nakho kwaba lula kakhulu.

Caliphate lobukhosi yokubusa, i Abbasids, inkxaso nokwanda nokudluliselwa kolwazi. Yena wabhekisela dictum uMprofeti uMuhammad kaThixo, athi: ". I-inki le sisazinzulu - bungcwele ngaphezu igazi ngegorha"

Inkcubeko kwamazwe Arabhu Kwaya Caliphate ngaphandle ndawo. Oku kusekelwe impumelelo lempucuko ngaphambili. Mininzi imisebenzi ezaziwa yamandulo zaye zaguqulelwa Arabic kunye Persian, yaye kamva phezu Turkish, isiHebhere nangesiRoma. Arabhu agxile, zibe mbalwa saza sayandisa ulwazi efunyenwe yamandulo yamaGrike, amaRoma, basePersi, amaNdiya, China kunye neminye imithombo.

Science and Philosophy

Inkcubeko namasiko Caliphate Islamic kudityaniswe iingcamango iinkcuba yamandulo, ingakumbi uPlato noAristotle. uncwadi Arab zefilosofi yaguqulelwa Latin njengoko igalelo kuphuhliso yenzululwazi yaseYurophu.

Ngokusekelwe ababelawula ngaphambi isiGrike, ezifana Euclid kunye Archimedes, zezibalo Caliphate, isifundo sokuqala ngokucwangcisiweyo algebra. I-Arabhu afika baseYurophu ngamanani Indiya, inkqubo amaqhezu lokugqibela.

Isixeko Moroccan University Fez yasekwa ngo-859. Kamva, amaziko ezifanayo avulwa eCairo kunye Baghdad. Ukuya eyunivesithi ukufunda yezenkolo, umthetho kunye nembali Islamic. amazwe Caliphate inkcubeko iye vula impembelelo ngaphandle. Phakathi ootitshala kunye nabafundi aba-Arabhu nje kuphela, kodwa bolunye uhlanga, kuquka non-Muslims.

amayeza

Kwinkulungwane IX kwi kummandla Caliphate waqalisa ukuphuhlisa inkqubo amayeza ezicingisisiweyo ezisekelwe ekuhleleni nasephicotheni yenzululwazi. Yawona belo xesha, Al-Razi kunye Ibn Sina (uAvicenna) systematized ulwazi owayephila malunga unyango lwezifo abakhokheli kwiincwadi ukuba kamva yaziwa ephakathi eYurophu ngokubanzi. Ngenxa Arabhu ngamaKrestu ehlabathini bafumana oogqirha zamandulo zamaGrike noHippocrates kunye Galen.

amazwe Culture Caliphate ziquka esekelwe phezu Izimiselo Islam isiko ukunceda amahlwempu. Ngoko ke, kwizixeko ezinkulu zikhona izibhedlele ezamahala, ukunceda bonke isigulane isikhalo. Bona ezixhaswa iziseko zonqulo - Vakuf. Ngomhla kummandla Caliphate wabonakala kunye neziko yokuqala yehlabathi ukuze banyamekele abagula ngengqondo.

ubugcisa Visual

Iimpawu of Culture of the Arab Caliphate, kubonakala ngakumbi kumsebenzi zokuhombisa. izivatho Islamic ayikwazi mazingabhidaniswa iisampulu ubugcisa emihle nezinye izizwe. iipatheni uphawu Zazihonjiswe iikhaphethi, impahla, ifanitshala, izitya, olungaphambili kunye ngaphakathi lwezakhiwo.

Ukusebenzisa Isivatho ezinxulumene kokuvalwa yonqulo imifanekiso zabantu ziyaphila. Kodwa akusoloko ubanjwe nkqi nangokungqongqo. Abantu umfanekiso ethi imifanekiso ziye ngokubanzi. E iPersi, nayo yinxalenye Caliphate, ngathi esekelwe zipeyintwe ezindongeni zezakhiwo.

Amanqaku ezenziwe ngeglasi

Egypt neSiriya kumaxesha amandulo aba amaziko oshishino njengokwasesipilini. Ngomhla kummandla Caliphate zigcinwe yaye lugqibelele olu hlobo wobugcisa. Xa ixesha kumaXesha Aphakathi ekuqaleni best iimveliso zeglasi ehlabathini ekuveliseni kuMbindi Mpuma namaPersi. Eliphezulu inkcubeko lobuchule le Caliphate waye kakhulu yi-Italy. Kamva, le Venetians, ixesha olusebenza usebenzisa artists Islamic wadala nomsebenzi wabo glass yakhe.

olubhalwe

Nokufuna ukuphelela kunye nobuhle neelebhile yayibalaseliswa yonke nenkcubeko Arab Caliphate. Ngokufutshane wavakalisa umyalelo yonqulo okanye ethile yeKoran zaye isicelo ezahlukahlukeneyo: .. Coin, iithayile yodongwe, pfumerile otyhidiweyo, iindonga zezakhiwo, njl uMnini belilelakhe ubuchule kaligrafi, waba onesikhundla kunezinye amagcisa ehlabathini Arabhu.

Literature neMibongo

Xa lokuqala inkcubeko amazwe Caliphate iphawulwa yoxinaniso on ngenkolo kwaye nomnqweno zokususa iilwimi Arab zengingqi. Kodwa kamva ke neAfrika kwiinkalo ezininzi zobomi yoluntu. Oku ethile kwakhokelela imvuselelo iincwadi wasePersi.

Of umdla inkulu izibongo kwexesha. Ndinyana afumaneka phantse kuzo zonke incwadi wasePersi. Nokuba usebenza kwi bulumko, ngeenkwenkwezi nakwimathematika. Umzekelo, phantse isiqingatha iincwadi isicatshulwa iyeza uAvicenna wabhala umbongo. esiphulaphulwayo ngokubanzi. imibongo Kwaphuhliswa kunye ibonwe. Eluchochoyini lo mkhuba umbongo "Shakhname".

namabali Famous "neShumi Omnye ebusuku" nayo imvelaphi wasePersi. Kodwa ixesha yokuqala ziqokelelwe encwadini ebhalwe Arabic ngenkulungwane XIII e Baghdad.

bokwakha

amazwe nenkcubeko Caliphate kwabunjwa phantsi kwempembelelo zombini impucuko yamandulo pre-Islamic kunye nezizwe Arabhu angabamelwane. Oku kakhulu ngokucacileyo wabonakaliswa kuyondelelaniswe izakhiwo. Izakhiwo aseByzantium Syriac uhlobo uphawu ekuqaleni bokwakha. Bezakhiwo kunye abahombisa izakhiwo ezininzi zakhiwa kule kummandla Caliphate, abafudukela abasuka kumazwe zamaKristu.

Mosque Great eDamasko sakhiwa kwisiza esibizwa ka Ioanna Krestitelya , kwaye phantse ncam ukwakheka kwalo. Kodwa kungekudala kwabonakala, kwaye eneneni isimbo Islamic bokwakha. Keyruana Great Mosque e Tunisia singezantsi singangumzekelo kuzo zonke izakhiwo zonqulo iMuslim ezilandelayo. It has a imilo seChi kwaye iquka minaret, kukho intendelezo enkulu engqongwe porticos kunye neholo umthandazo enkulu kunye uphahla ezimbini.

Inkcubeko amazwe Arab le Caliphate waba umahluko zommandla kubi. Ngoko ke, ngokuba nakubugcisa wasePersi waphawulwa lungqameko ezibaziweyo yaye intsimbi yehashe, ukuba Ottoman - izakhiwo kunye uphahla ezininzi, ukuya Maghreb - ukusetyenziswa iikholam.

Caliphate waba urhwebo olubanzi namaqhina ezopolitiko kunye namanye amazwe. Ngoko ke, inkcubeko yawo iye yaba nefuthe elikhulu phezu kwezizwe ezininzi kunye nempucuko.