China kaloliwe. Kwaye-high speed kololiwe China

umdla Uloliwe e China - enye iindlela ephambili zothutho zombini kwiindlela eziphantse nokuzeka-kude. izibonelelo Track iqulunqwa kakuhle kakhulu kwaye ezikumgangatho ophezulu. Kuba kwakhiwa kunye nokuphuculwa yayo wathabatha iminyaka emininzi, kunye nezemali. Railway evela China unxibelelwano kunye neenkqubo zothutho Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Vietnam, North Korea.

History of the kaloliwe

Zonyaka ezahlukeneyo yembali ukwakhiwa kaloliwe China okuyiphatha phandle ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ngowe-1876 yayakhiwe le web yokuqala exhuma Shanghai kunye Usuns.

Ngowe-1881 kwagqitywa ukwakha ubude indlela kweekhilomitha ezilishumi ukusuka kwisithili nendawo yokuhlala Tszytan Shantsuan Suyge. Kweli thuba ukususela 1876 ukuya 1911 kweli lizwe zakhiwa iindlela, ubude kwawo 9100 km. Ngowe-1912, i ingqiqo yokuqala yokwakha kaloliwe yaphakanyiswa. Ngo-1949 ubude laphu kweli lizwe yafikelela km 26.200.

E Old China, ukwakhiwa ngonyawo lonwabu, engumthamo amancinane kunye nomgangatho ophantsi. Isinikezeli wabeka ikakhulu ngaselunxwemeni. Emzantsi-ntshona nomntla-ntshona kweli lizwe akukho zikaloliwe. Iindlela aphulwa phezulu ibe ngamacandelo kwaye ezilawulwa ngamaziko ahlukeneyo.

Xa New China wabonakala Ministry of Railways, i-Ofisi awela onke iinkonzo zikaloliwe. inkqubo umsebenzi wokwakha kunye nokuvuselelwa lengoma kunye kwo sadalwa. Kwaphuhliswa China Railway likhulile ukuya ku-1996, kwaye ubude bayo sele ifikelele km 64.900. Yakha nezikhululo ukulungiswa, ukwanda kwemveliso koololiwe idizili, zikaloliwe zombane, ezithwala.

Ngo-2013, ubude iziporo ngu-103 144 km. Ngenxa yeenguqu lwabasenzi abandisiweyo kunye nesantya nentshukumo koololiwe. imiqulu Ukwanda imithwalo kunye abakhweli bezithuthi, ukwanda ukuxinana koololiwe.

Ngo-2020, urhulumente yaceba ukwakha ngaphezulu kwe 120,000 km lengoma. ukwakhiwa kaloliwe China kwicala iyavuma. Ukongeza, iprojekthi leyo iza ukuqhagamshela i-South Xinjiang ukupeyinta Chinese kunye Kyrgyzstan.

kololiwe Scheme

Ngoku nololiwe eTshayina yenye yezona aphuhlileyo kakhulu. Ubude kwiindlela kweli lizwe ngoku umi km ngaphezulu kwama-110 000. ingqalelo Kuninzi ihlawulwe kuphuhliso ukwakhiwa kaloliwe kwiindawo izibuko kwaye ngasentshona, nzulu nezwe.

Inani labemi eTshayina edyokhweni isasazwe, nesigqibo seengcinga esiphezulu of Railways of China yi ezantsi-ntshona kunye mpuma lizwe. Yokuzunguleza mmandla weRiphablikhi wamanzi womnatha ukunyuka, ubugcisa ezitsha kuqaliswa.

ngezigaba koololiwe

E China, kukho inani elikhulu kaloliwe eboniswe oonobumba kunye neenamba. Le leta ibonisa kudidi uloliwe. Kwi kudidi kaloliwe kuchaphazela isantya, inkonzo, inani zokumisa.

• Ukuqeqesha uhlobo «G» - bullet unako ukufikelela ngezantya ukuya ku-350 km / h.
• uhlobo Ukuqeqesha «D» - isantya, isantya sayo kwama-200 km / h, iindawo zokumisa kuphela kwisikhululo enkulu. Lo loliwe wenziwe ngamagumbi iinqwelo yowokuqala iklasi, okwesibini, kukho iibhedi.
• uhlobo Ukuqeqesha «Z» - uhamba ngaphandle izingxi, isantya iphuhlisa 160 km / h, eyeka kwizikhululo ezinkulu. Ngokuqhelekileyo, le uloliwe ebusuku, loo nto ibandakanya emotweni kunye nezihlalo kunye amagumbi.
• Ukuqeqesha «T» uhlobo - Express, isantya layo lifike 140 km / h, eyeka kwizixeko ezikhulu kunye nezikhululo zothutho. Iinqwelwana uloliwe abe sessile, izihlalo zokuhlala kunye amagumbi.
• Ukuqeqesha uhlobo «K» - unalo ngesantya esiphezulu-120 km / h, eyeka kwizixeko ezikhulu namagxamesi. It has a iimoto yokuhlala kunye nezihlalo yokuhlala.
• Loliwe ngaphandle unobumba - No Ilungiselela, ziquka ubume endala kunye neqondo eliphantsi kakhulu.

Iiklasi koololiwe

I-zimoto koololiwe Chinese nga zohlulwa ngokwendidi 4 (iintlobo).

• olele Soft - le coupe kabini okanye kane.
• lokulala nzima - a coupe kunye ezishelifini ezintandathu.
• Soft uhleli.
• Kuhlala Nzima.

Oololiwe lohlobo «D» ikhona ingqikelelo "isihlalo yokuqala udidi lwesibini," umahluko phakathi kwabo yintuthuzelo isihlalo.

oololiwe-High speed

China ukuqhubeka ukuphuhlisa ngonyanzelo, kufuneka ngokukhawuleza nangokulula ukuhamba. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, urhulumente wenza konke okusemandleni. Enye iiprojekthi zezixhobo ngomlinganiselo omkhulu kakhulu ukwakhiwa womnatha-high speed eTshayina. It has a umda ngokubanzi, equka indawo enkulu yelizwe kwaye yenye zibalaseleyo ehlabathini. Kwakhona, umfutho ukwakhiwa ezi imigca ibe Olimpiki ngo-2007.

Ngokusisiseko, iziporo-ngesantya esiphezulu in China yakhiwe kwi piers - abanayo indlela ubude amakhulu eekhilomitha kwo. Isantya kaloliwe yi-avareji 200 km / h. Ubude lomendo ezinjalo kwi PRC yaba km-15 400 ekupheleni kuka-2013. Kaloliwe kukho iindawo apho isantya iphezulu uloliwe ingaqala ukuya ku-350 km / h.

E China, kukho ulwahlulohlulo zilandelayo speed line:

• Eqhelekileyo (100-120 km / ngeyure).
• Isantya Medium (120-160 km / ngeyure).
• Isantya esiphakamileyo (160-200 km / ngeyure).
• -High speed (200-400 km / ngeyure).
• Ultra high (ngaphezu kwe-400 km / h).

line esiluhlaza

Yakha eliphezulu-ephakame kaloliwe eTshayina, ukuqala ngo-1984. Okokuqala kahle icandelo lula, yaye ngowe-2001 baqalisa uphuhliso icandelo ezintsonkothileyo. Ngehlobo lowe-2006 wavula kaloliwe kakhulu weentaba ehlabathini - i Qinghai-Tibet. Idibanisa China kunye Tibet, ubude baso 1956 km. A twa kobude yendlela 1142 km udlula ezintabeni. Malunga 550 umgca km kaloliwe sabekwa kwindawo kumathafa esiluhlaza, ukuphakanyiswa liphezulu wendlela ifikelela 5072 iimitha ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle.

Abakhweli ngexesha uhambo awehlelwa iimpawu yokuphakama, njengoko iinqwelo natywinwa, yaye umoya ahlanganiswe oksijini iimoto, kukho ukhuseleko kwimitha elanga.

Xa emathafeni eliphezulu uloliwe ihamba ngesantya esili-100 km / ngeyure, kwezisaleleyo indlela uloliwe ohamba ngesantya-120 km / h.

Kaloliwe ukusuka eTshayina ukuya Tibet inikeza unxulumano ezinzileyo phakathi kwamazwe. Lula ngayo ukufikelela kunye nesiqinisekiso kwayo nje kuphela abantu kula mazwe, kodwa abakhenkethi.

zomzila Hainan

kololiwe-high speed eTshayina ziphuhliswa kuphela kwi mpumalanga, kodwa kwi ziqithi. zokwakha esinomdla eyodwa Hainan Island. Zikaloliwe kulo mhlaba umsesane leyo ayinabungqina yahlulwe empumalanga nasentshonalanga iihafu. Ubude khonkcweni yi km 308. ukwakhiwa kwayo osentshona wesiqithi kwenzeka kwixesha elinzima kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Yakhiwa iindawo. Ekugqibeleni, lo msebenzi ziza kugqitywa kuphela ngo-2004. Ngowe-2006-2007, iye yala maxesha, kwaye ngoku ukhonza ukuba oololiwe-high speed amandla 120-160 km / h. Ngo-2007 kukho uqhagamshelwano kaloliwe siqithi ukuze azise usebenzisa phenyane.

Ukwakhiwa umgca kwinxalenye esempuma wesiqithi yaqala ekupheleni-2007, oko yagqitywa ngo-2010, kwaye kulo nyaka, inxalenye yesibini khonkcweni liye labhalwa ukusebenza.

Iimpawu Chinese Railways

E China, kukho indlela ekhethekileyo ukufikelela eqongeni. Yiya ukuqeqesha kuphela ngexesha lokungeniswa kwaso. Kwizikhululo, nto leyo ke ibhangayo ngaphandle ngovimba, inokubonakalisa bakhonza kuphela station.

E China, amakhonkco zothutho amahlwempu kunye namazwe angabamelwane. Nangona isibakala sokuba kukho 'indlela kunye nezibonelelo ezikhoyo, umzila kaloliwe evela eTshayina wavala umda kwaye kufuneka sihambe ngeenyawo.

Ukuthenga itikiti kwi Isitimela uneempawu zawo. Onke amatikiti zithengiselwa e China kuphela phambi zezazisi zabo. itikiti ilizwe yeeNdwendwe zingathengwa kuphela kwi-ofisi ibhokisi. Ukuba uthenga kumashini kufuneka Chinese-khadi ID.

Kukho phantse akukho abazeleyo kwezithuthi.

Izikhululo Railway emizini

Izikhululo zikaloliwe chinese abe izakhiwo enohlobo kunye efana nenye. Ezi ngaphandle nje ke kumaqonga endala kwiidolophu ezincinane okanye kwizixeko kunye elidlulileyo zembali.

Izikhululo ezintsha eyakhelwe ikakhulu kummandla ongaphandle lali. imizila kaloliwe okhoyo adluliselwe ukusuka embindini izakhiwo ezindala ziye yadilika okanye baye ngokutsha. Izikhululo Chinese kunokufaniswa-moya - ukuba bakhulu, baxhotyiswa ngezibonelelo kunye ezininzi amanqanaba.

E China, akunakwenzeka ukuya kwisikhululo sikaloliwe ngaphandle itikiti, icandelo kuphela ngokwaneleyo kakhulu. Kodwa kwizikhululo zikaloliwe endala eqongeni ngaphambi kokukhwela kwinqwelo yokupasa kungaba, le njongo e-ofisini kufuneka uthenge itikiti okhethekileyo. Inika ilungelo ukuze uhlale eqongeni, kodwa hayi umhlaba kuloliwe.

Russia-China

Ehlahla indlela eChina ngokwembali enxulumene ne-Russia. Ngo-1897 waqalisa ulwakhiwo Chinese Mpuma Railway (la), nto leyo isebe akumazantsi Trans-Siberian Railway. Kweli thuba ukususela 1917 ukuya 1950, ngenxa yezenzo zomkhosi nezopolitiko, yena wasiwa eTshayina ayeka khona. Oku kwenzeka ngo-1952. Endaweni yoko, kwabonakala kwimephu yehlabathi Chinese Changchun Railway.

Kwixa elizayo kaloliwe China-Russia bafumane ukuthandwa. Le projekthi ye yaseYurophu high speed inyoba eziya ukudibanisa eBeijing kunye eMoscow. Iindlela iza kubanjwa ngomhla kummandla Kazakhstan, xa ehamba phezu kwabo Kuya kuthabatha iintsuku ezimbini.