Bond sisinyithi

Xa ukuyilwa imichiza nisondelelane electron uxinano, ekuqaleni yaba atom ezahlukeneyo, nanzo lisasazwe kwisithuba. ukuzibandakanya Ngaphantsi ngamandla kunye zangaphandle electron ezingundoqo-level. Ukuba ishishini lidlala indima ephambili ebangela ukuba kusekwe iibhondi imichiza. Electron abandakanyeka kule nkqubo kuthiwa Valence. Kodwa ulwalamano kwemichiza - Valence. Xa p- kunye s-macandelo electron yangaphandle Valence in d-elements - zokugqibela (lwangaphandle) ongamphambi kokugqibela koKuhlala S- kunye d-electron. Kukho atom ngaphezulu okanye izinzile ngaphantsi. Le yokugqibela zibandakanya ezo zangaphandle enoku nani liphezulu elektroni (amabini anesibhozo). Lo mgangatho ingqalelo epheleleyo. amazinga Kugqityiwe luphawulwa ngamandla ephezulu. Bona luphawulwa atom zegesi amanene, ngokunxulumene ngayo phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo ngemeko yabo yigesi monatomic egalelwe.

Kuba kwezinye izinto atomic uphawu amanqanaba gqitywanga. Ekuhambeni kwe sokungamelani wemichiza kwenzeka amanqanaba ukugqitywa imilinganiselo yangaphandle. Ezi kufikelelwe okanye nefuthe, okanye ukongeza electron. amazinga abagqibayo kungabelwana nokwakha ngababini. Ezi ndlela negalelo lokusekwa iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili yonxibelelwano: ionic kunye covalent. Ekubunjweni kwemolekyuli, ngaloo ndlela, le athom bazama ukufumana electron iqokobhe zizinze (elingaphandle) okanye vosmielektronnuyu okanye electron-emibini. Le ndlela sisiseko kwengcamango ukuyilwa neentambo imichiza. ukubunjwa ngokuzalisa Valence lo maleko engaphandle kwi-atom ezichaphazelekayo siphelekwa nokukhululwa ubeka imali ebonakalayo amandla. Ukwenziwa ubuhlobo kwemichiza, ngamanye amazwi, usoloko uyaqhubeka exothermically, ngenxa yokuba ezo molekyuli kuvela (amasuntswana amatsha), apho kukho uzinzo olukhulu ngakumbi phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo.

Njengoko ngenye ibalulekileyo kucacisa uhlobo lonxibelelwano, izenzo electronegativity. Yeyona ukukwazi i-atom ukutsala electron ezinye atom. Electronegativity utshintsho kwenzeka ngokuthe ngcembe. Ngenxa yoko, ngexesha inkqubo ixabiso le index Ekwandeni ukusuka ekhohlo ukuya ekunene. Ukunciphisa izinto ezifanayo kwenzeka kumaqela ezantsi. Ngu covalent zihlanganisi sisixelela ngokwakha nomphetho (total) ngambini electron.

kukho imixokelelwane yemichiza ebuntsimbi emanzini, siqinile nesinyithi. Ngokutsho kwisikhundla kwinkqubo ngamaxesha athile, izinto ekuthethwa athom kuba imali encinane elektroni Valence (omnye ukuya kwemithathu). Ukongeza, Baphawula low amandla "electron looding" (ionization). Ngoko ke, bond sisinyithi - yinto uxhulumaniso obuthathaka. Electron e i-atom zibanjwa okwanamhlanje, yehla kakhulu lula, nakubeni ithuba lokuba umhlaba njengekristale. Iqhina sisinyithi ibandakanya atom ukufumaneka. Inxalenye electron Valence eyaziyo, umthamo intshukumo simahla phakathi yikristale emkhusaneni, kuyila "igesi electron". Ngoncedo lwe ibhondi ebuntsimbi kwakheka. Kukho na ngenxa yokuba "elihle kwezentlalo," electron Valence ye atom. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba umanyano metal uneempawu zawo. Ngoko ke, ukwakha electron yayo bayakwazi ukuya kulo element umthamo. Kulo mba, iintsimbi ukufumana inani lemisebenzi esemqoka isici. Ngokukodwa, ezi ziquka ayenechaphothi, conductivity elungileyo zombane, conductivity thermal, ductility, malleability, kunye nabanye. Metal izinto kunxibelelwano inika ukomelela eliphezulu.