Atha- yokufakelwa yosasazeko - lo ngokukhutshelwa pathogen ngokusebenzisa izixhobo zonyango parenteral kunye okubi zonyango noxilongo

Ke kaloku iyeza kwabonakala ubugcisa kungekuphela nje kwakuhle ngegama. Kubonakala, nxamnye yangasemva ngqondi yezonyango lungenakundidumela ukufa nomonde ngenxa zokungathotyelwa kwemimiselo zempilo esibhedlele ukuba sezilityelwe. Kutheni indlela ngumntu yosulelo na ixesha ikhula yethu ikhuselekile? Kutheni ezibhedlela kunye nezibhedlele maternity nangoku "ukuhamba" lwesikhumba, hepatitis, i-HIV? manani Dry ithi rhoqo kuphela izifo izilonda kwizibhedlele landa nge-20%, lo gama umyinge 22% kumasebe labagula kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kutyando kwi-22%, xa nomchamo kwe-32%, xa G-12% kwizibhedlele ( 33%).

Cacisa, indlela yokwenziwa yosasazeko - oku ekuthiwa-usuleleko ngumntu wabantu kwizibhedlele ikakhulu ngenxa iinkqubo ezonakalisayo. Njani na ukuba abantu ulaliswe esibhedlele ukunyanga isifo, ukongeza abagulayo kwabanye?

usuleleko yemvelo

Ekubeni zonke iindidi amathuba ukubamba usuleleko, indlela ukudluliselwa eziphilayo ezivela yomguli sempilweni nje ezimbini:

1. Natural kuxhomekeke lokungathobeli imigaqo ngamnye kunye nemithetho yezempilo.

2. An ngumntu okanye kwezonyango i imo ngumntu yokosulela. Le ndlela phantse baxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo ukuthotyelwa kwemisebenzi yazo abasebenzi bezonyango.

Kunye nokuqaliswa ngendlela yemvelo iintsholongwane kunokwenzeka kukudibana nento okusingqongileyo yabantu izifo. Iindlela zosulelo:

-Air-nowiso, okt nokuthimla, ukukhohlela, bethetha (influenza, tuberculosis);

-fekalno-orali, ngamanye amazwi, ngezandla ezimdaka, amanzi kunye nokutya (iphecana zesisu isifo esosulelayo);

Isixhobo-pin (olubanzi kakhulu zizifo kuquka neegcushuwa, ulusu, helminthiasis, ifiva, isifo somqala omhlophe, yaye kusekho ngabanye).

Okumangalisayo kukuba, nje ngoko ukubamba nasiphi na isifo, wavuma ukuba unyango esibhedlele.

usuleleko sokwenziwa

Kumaziko onyango, kukho iindlela ezimbini eziphambili osulelo yezigulane, ebonakala njengoko imo ngumntu yokosulela. Zezi:

1.Parenteralny, ehambisana wokunyhashwa yesigulana ihlanganisa esikhumbeni.

2.Enteralny, amandla kwiintlobo ezithile iimviwo yezigulane, ngokunjalo neenkqubo ezithile zonyango.

Ukongeza, isibhedlele liyakhula kwaye indlela efanayo zothumelo zendalo ngokuphindaphindiweyo mandundu imeko kwizigulane. Ngoko ke, uyakwazi ukufumana i usulelo ngexesha iinkqubo zonyango oogqirha kunye nabongikazi, kwakunye nje ukuba esibhedlele.

Oonobangela ezigulane usulelo kwizibonelelo zempilo

Apho kukho iimeko kwizibhedlele izigulane abosulelwe ngendlela yemvelo, nendlela kuchaphazela indlela yokwenziwa yokosulela usulelo. Ezi zizathu zilandelayo:

1. Ngo izibhedlele kusoloko abantu abaninzi abosulelwe. Ukongeza, malunga ne-38% yabantu, kuquka abasebenzi bezempilo, inaso kwamagciwane ezahlukeneyo, kodwa abantu bazi ukuba abathwali.

2.Uvelichenie inani lezigulane (abantu abadala, abantwana) abaye base- kakhulu kweelana emnyango eziphilayo.

3.Obedinenie kakhulu izibhedlela ezizodwa kwizakhiwo ezinkulu, apho ngabom okanye engaqondanga umisela imeko ethile eziphilayo.

Kwezinye iimeko, kukho usuleleko sokwenziwa ze isigulane xa utshintsho yokuxhela, ukuba Umongikazi umphathi ngokungenzi umsebenzi wakhe imaski zokuzikhusela iiglavu. Kwelinye icala, umntu ezingasosulela umsebenzi wezempilo ukuba liqhuba zazo zonyango (isampulu yegazi, amazinyo, njl) ngaphandle imaski yokhuselo, iiglavu, iiglasi ezizodwa.

Imisebenzi abaphethwe

izigulane kakhulu osulelekileyo kuxhomekeke umsebenzi abasebenzi junior. Iinkcukacha-manani ithi eRashiya kuphela nosocomial usulelo shingellezom lenyuka ukuya kwi-26%, amakhalane ezingenelelayo kwi-18%, 40% of salmonella!

Zeziphi kulo mzekelo edala indlela ngumntu yokosulela? Oku ikakhulu ukunqongophala ukuthobela ngokupheleleyo kunye nemigangatho yezempilo. Ukuhlolwa Spot wabonisa ukuba abongikazi kwizibhedlele ezininzi egumbini ecocekileyo, yokuphatha, yaye zisebenza kakuhle. Oko kukuthi, zonke iindawo baphathwa izisombululo magciwane ngelaphu enye nokucoca ulungiselela ingqalelo ongaphantsi kwe kufunwa nemigangatho ofisi kunye nezindlu akwenziwanga processing ngu izibane zwi, nangona ukufumaneka zazo kwaye imeko elungileyo.

Ingakumbi elusizi ityala kwizibhedlele. oomama abosulelwe Orthotopic okanye iziqhamo, umz, usulelo suppurative yokubolisa kunokwenzeka ngenxa ukugxojwa imithetho ekusetyenzweni ebulala imfesane yosana, xa nokubeleka kunye nolondolozo elizayo. Isizathu inokuba ukungabikho iimaski nezakhiwo phezu kobuso umongikazi okanye nabahlengikazi abathwali kwamagciwane, ndingasathethi kakubi zintsholongwane izixhobo, amanabukeni njalo njalo.

antibiotics

Njengoko sele kutshiwo ngentla apha, kaninzi esibhedlele ifumana abantu kwesifo ncam. Isigulane emiselweyo iimvavanyo elebhu, kwakunye neendlela zale mihla zokuxilonga, sebenzisa apho indlela enteral (ngomlomo) kweloo emzimbeni izixhobo kwisisu. Xa ulungiselela iziphumo zovavanyo, kwisenzo esekwe ukuba amisele antibiotics kunye kuluhlu olubanzi amanyathelo. Le yinxalenye encinane iziphumo ezincumisayo, kodwa izinto ezinkulu ukuthi zidalwe ngaphakathi Ngeentlobo esibhedlele iintsholongwane, hayi kanjani kuzo nxamnye (kwamagciwane, kvartsevanie, unyango ngamachiza). Ngenxa umendo andise zendalo, ezi strains ekubhalela esibhedlele. ukusetyenziswa ngokungenabulungisa imithi yabonwa ngo-72% yezigulane. Ngowe-42% amatyala kwaba lilize. In lonke ilizwe ngenxa ngokungenabulungisa zintsholongwane izinga losuleleko unyango kwizibhedlele sele ifikelele 13%.

Isifo kwaye afumane unyango

Ibiya kuthetha ukuba iindlela ezintsha uphethwe kufuneka kunceda ngokukhawuleza nangendlela eyiyo ukuchonga zonke izigulo. Kuyinyaniso, kodwa loo nto ayizange yenzeke usuleleko ngumntu zezigulane, izixhobo diagnostic kufuneka zisingathwe ngokuchanekileyo. Hi xikombiso, le bronchoscope emva kokuba isigulane ngasinye ngokungqinelana nemigangatho kufuneka decontaminated ¾ iiyure. Uhlolo lubonise ukuba le incinane wayehlonelwa apho, kuba oogqirha kufuneka ahlole izigulane ngesantya 5-8, kwaye 10-15 kuluhlu. Kucacile ukuba ixesha akwanelanga ukuba balunqhele izixhobo kubo. Kukwasebenza kwanjalo kuyo i gastroscopy, colonoscopy, catheter yokufaka, ethatha okuhlatywa, nezixhobo inhalation iimviwo.

Kodwa kunciphisa izinga losulelo indlela enteral yolawulo iziyobisi. Kukho isoyikiso kuphela indlela duodenal, xa ichiza ilawulwa nge uphenyo ngqo duodenum. Kodwa (amayeza Ukwamkelwa iipilisi ngomlomo, acudisiweyo okanye amanzi okusela) ngomlomo, sublingually (ngaphantsi kolwimi) kunye buccal (bhanya lib zoxubo ethile mucosal itshungama nezidlele) nesele ekhuselekileyo.

Indlela parenteral yokosulela

Le indlela ukudluliswa phambili ukusasazeka kwe-AIDS kunye kwesibindi. Oku kuthetha indlela peranteralny - kusulelo igazi, nokunyhashwa ukuthembakala inwebu yangaphakathi, isikhumba. Xa bume esibhedlele ukuba oko kunokwenzeka kwiimeko ezinjalo:

igazi -perelivanie / plasma;

-zarazhenie nge ngesirinji ngexesha emigodini;

ungenelelo -hirurgicheskoe;

Ekuqhubeni iinkqubo zonyango.

Amaxesha amaninzi usuleleko sokwenziwa kwenzeka kwiiklinikhi zamazinyo notyelelo ukuya ugqirha ngenxa yokuba oogqirha basebenzise ukuhlola uxakaxa izigulane zabo unyangwe ngokufanelekileyo sixhobo, kananjalo nangenxa yokuba umsebenzi oogqirha iiglavu ezingezo-abawaziyo.

izitofu

Olu hlobo uthomalaliso kusetyenziswa ixesha elide. Xa iisirinji aba ngebhegi, ukuba phantsi enyanzelekileyo phambi kokuba isicelo nzala. Ukuziqhelisa, ngelishwa ke zikhokelele usulelo lezigulane izifo eziyingozi, kuquka AIDS, ngenxa yokungakhathali kakhulu oogqirha. Ngoku nangenxa unyango (efakwa kunye iinaliti intramuscular), kunye neesampuli igazi zisetyenziswa kuphela iisirinji ezilahlwayo, ngoko ingozi sisifo ngumntu ngoko nangoko kubekanye. Zisebenzi kufuneka phambi kokuba inkqubo ukukhangela yobunzima yempahla isirinji naphantsi kwazo naziphi na iimeko musa ukusisebenzisa okanye inaliti kwakhona ukuze zisetyenziswe ngakumbi. Le meko yahlukile izixhobo ukuya mbhobho (iinaliti, iinaliti biopsy kunye nezinye), ezo ngokubanzi awusingathwanga ngokubonakalayo. Eyona, antywiliselwa nje kumxube magciwane.

imisebenzi

Izinga eliphezulu losulelo lwenzeka ngexesha utyando. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba sharing-1941-1945 eyayibhalwe-8% usulelo kwabangxwelerhiweyo, kwaye ngexesha lethu, intsebenzo postoperative zamangenelela yokubolisa lenyuka kwi-15%. Oku kungenxa yokuba:

-Sebenzisa ngexesha utyando okanye emva zokubopha kabi inzalo;

inzalo -nedostatochnaya ukunciphisa okanye non-ukusika;

-wide sebenzisa nokufakelwa ezahlukeneyo (e amathambo, xa bamazinyo, xa zentliziyo). amagciwane abaninzi bekwazi ekhoyo kwezi zakhiwo, bagqubuthele nabo zokuphepha umboniso ekhethekileyo ngokwayo, awenze ingafikeleleki-antibiotics.

Yokubulala kufuneka kwenziwe ngendlela ekhethekileyo Bix, autoclaves okanye eziyenza kuxhomekeke indlela nzala. Isebenza ngoku uzama ukusebenzisa amaphepha ezilahlwayo engenazintsholongwane ibhedi, impahla, oogqirha kunye nezigulane, nekufuneka ukunciphisa usuleleko sokwenziwa. Ukuze ukuphelisa usulelo nge implants, izigulane bachitha postoperatively unyango zenziwa antibacterial.

igazi labanye

Kukholelwa ukuba ukutofelwa igazi inokucholwa negcushuwa kuphela, AIDS kunye nentsholongwane B hepatitis ezimbini, B no-C Kungenxa ezi kwamagciwane isheke banikela igazi amanqaku isampulu. Kodwa amava ebonisa ukuba usebenzisa iisirinji ezilahlwayo kuphela, ukutofelwa igazi kunye ukukwazi amagciwane, ihepatitis D, G, TTV, toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus, listeria kunye nezinye izifo. Zonke kubaxhasi ekunikezelweni igazi, oogqirha kufuneka ukukhangela ubukho ezi zifo. Eneneni, ngokufuthi kucalulo abanalo ixesha okanye ukungakhathali nje avunyelwe. Ngoko ke, kufuneka nakanjani isheke kususwa ngenyameko igazi. Kodwa oku akusoloko kunjalo nanamhla, nkqu kwiikliniki ze eMoscow amatyala osulelo kwezigulane lutofelo zenzeke. Ingxaki yesibini kukuba kukho ezininzi Ngeentlobo mutated ukuba nkqu iinkqubo zovavanyo lwakutsha musa ukubona. Le meko efanayo usuleleko kunye yotyando abanikelayo imizimba.