Archaisms, historicism, neologisms: inkcazelo, imizekelo yokusetyenziswa kolwimi Russian

Ulwimi IsiRashiya isigama esebenzayo kwisixando sokwenziwa. Eyokuqala ibandakanya amazwi, ngamnye kuthi isebenzisa phantse yonke imihla, iqela lesibini akuvamanga zisetyenziswa entetho yegama. Oku kuquka archaisms, historicism, neologisms. uphando lwabo lwenzeka kwi "Isigama kunye lexicology."

isigama esebenzayo neyokwenziwa

Isigama ulwimi Russian kwi kwizigidi kwamagama. Iingcali zeelwimi uwahlule onke amazwi ulwimi Russian ibe ngamaqela amabini - isigama iyasebenza kwisixando sokwenziwa.

Kuba isigama nje iquka amagama aqhelekileyo kumntu okanye zingabonakali kubo, kodwa kunqabile kusetyenziswa. Nantsi archaisms ekwanti, historicism, neologisms.

Kuba isigama esebenzayo la ke amazwi, ukuba sisebenzise kaninzi. Ezi ziquka ubuhlobo kunye nezimelabizo, la amazwi, owosindiswa ngawo sithetha olujongwayo lubonwe. Eli ligama ifanitshala, isinxibo, ukutya, amagama ukuchaza ubudlelwane, kwimisebenzi, izihloko, kunye nezinye iimvakalelo ezininzi.

umntu lwangoku kwaye wesixando ngasinye ngamnye kwaye kuxhomekeke ubudala, indawo yokuhlala, izinto zasemsebenzini. Ngexesha yonke yobomi bethu iyatshintsha umthamo wayo kuyo naliphi icala, kuxhomekeka eziliqela.

isigama UMSI

Kuba isigama nje amazwi lixesha kwaye amatsha.

Phakathi amagama akudala bahlule amaqela amabini eziphambili: archaisms kunye historicism. Phezu kwabo ukuba iya kuphendulwa kwindawo yokuqala, cinga inkcazelo lwemisebenzi enze archaisms kunye historicism, imizekelo amagama aqhelekileyo.

amagama amatsha leyo ezenza inxenye encinci eludinini angenzi ulwimi zibizwa ngokuba neologisms. Okulandelayo, siza kuhlolisisa yabo noonobangela zentetho.

archaisms

Ukuze uqale ibattery amagama eziphelelwe - archaisms kunye historicism. Archaisms - amagama lixesha, yaso endala okwangoku. Eli ligama omdala okanye amagama bezinto zale mihla. Ngokufuthi ukubuyisela archaisms Ngamanye amazwi ebayalela iingqiqo efanayo nezinto ukuba igama lixesha. ngalinye Zinelungelo elingana mihla, ngamanye amazwi, isifanokuthi ilizwi.

Kuxhomekeka kwindlela wemfundo, kukho archaisms:

1. Lungelelanisa, leyo indawo amagama ineengcambu ezahlukeneyo. La magama kunzima ukuqonda ngaphandle kokwazi translation okanye ixabiso lokuqala. Ezi ziquka amagama afana emlonyeni - imilebe, umnwe - umnwe, itoliki - umguquleli.
2. ukubunjwa lungelelanisa-lizwi. Kulo meko, esidala kunye nenguqulelo mihla kufuneka ingcambu efanayo, kodwa zahluke morphemes ngelizwi-ukubunjwa. Ngokomzekelo, umntu omaziyo - umhlobo, abalobi - weentlanzi.
3. Lungelelanisa ne phonetic - ezahlukeneyo ukusuka kuguqulelo mihla design phonetic. Ngokomzekelo, imbongi - imbongi, gistoriya - imbali, cipher - inani.
4. Lungelelanisa-esemantiki. Oku kuquka archaisms ukuba nangoku ezisebenza ngolwimi, nakubeni intsingiselo eyahlukileyo. Umzekelo, eli hlazo igama ngaphambili kwakuthetha njengomboniso namhlanje - ihlazo okanye okuziintloni.

Ekupheleni kweli nqaku siza sijonga indima archaisms kulwimi Russian, ingakumbi iincwadi. Archaisms ezibhalwe kwizichazi ebhalwe "lixesha '.

historicism

Historicism ebizwa amagama asetyenziswa ukubhekisela amagama izinto ezazikho ngaphambili, kodwa shwaka ebomini bethu. Historicism, imizekelo apho sidibana kakhulu kuncwadi - le ipolisa, lo wesikhululo, pud, kwaye ngaphezulu. La magama basebenza namhlanje kwiincwadi imbali yemicimbi yemihla, iincwadi ezindala kunye namaphephandaba.

Ngu historicism amagama ukuba athetha ngendlela kawonke yobomi, igama amaziko, amagosa kunye nezikhundla, inani emkhosini, izinto nezikhali, iiyunithi ubudala, imali, yaye izinto zasekhaya. Umzekelo: a yentselo, ingubo, iNtonga yeGunya, wabetha jackpot, lo lackey, usodolophu, gunner.

Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ukuba historicism ntonye. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukukhumbula, njengoko yenye linophawu historicism.

ILizwi-historicism kwakhona kwenziwa ukuba izichazi-magama apho oye ziphawulwe "lixesha", "akekho" ngaphantsi. Kwakhona iyafumaneka ezahlukeneyo izichazi historicism, apho ubona nje intsingiselo yegama, kodwa ukuze aqhelane ngokomfanekiso into omele le ngcamango.

Historicism kunye archaisms: umahluko ngokwalo

Lidla abafundi kunye nabafundi, kunye nabantu nje abo akazalani philology, umbuzo umbuzo: yintoni archaisms yahlukile historicism? Umahluko ophambili kukuba esidala - isikhundla eziphelelwe yento okanye imbono isekhona ebomini bethu. Historicism ibhekisa iingqiqo kunye izinto lixesha elide.

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, omnye isatifiketi sophawu lweemfanelo - archaisms ezi ntonye, historicism - akukho. Ngokusekelwe kwezi mpawu ezimbili, unako ngokulula bana phandle yeyiphi udidi igama elithile lixesha.

neologisms

Neologisms - amagama abhalwe ngenxa ezintsha okanye imiba. Ekuhambeni kwexesha lizwi a neologism, kamva kuba obscheupotreblyaemym kwaye engena isigama esebenzayo lwimi.

Neologisms nga zombini uvuke kuphuhliso lobugcisa, yaye ukuphuma ababhali ebuhlanti. Ngoko ke, umbhali yamagama 'athathe isihlalo umva "waba F. M. Dostoevsky, yaye igama" lemveliso "yaziswa kwi isigama N. M. Karamzin. Ngokusekelwe kolu khutsho oshicilelo neologisms zolwimi olufanayo.

Xa ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo neologisms amagama afana imoto, rocket, laptop, mail kunye nabanye abaninzi. Xa ukusetyenziswa neologisms ufikelela incopho yawo nentsingiselo yawo kucaca kuye wonke ubani, loo mazwi ngokuzenzekela ukuya luhlu obscheupotreblyaemyh.

Ukuba historicism kunye archaisms kubhaliwe kwidikshinari ngophawu ezizodwa, le neologisms ufake izichazi-magama kuphela emva kokuba inxalenye kwimpahla esebenzayo kwenkqubo yolwimi. Noko ke, kwiminyaka yakutshanje aqalile ukuba akhuphe izichazi akhethekileyo neologisms.

oonobangela

Thina zithathwa archaisms, historicism, neologisms. Ngoku amagama ambalwa malunga nezizathu kwazo.

Izizathu nokutshintshwa kwamagama ukusuka esebenzayo ukuya isigama kwisixando nangoku ayiqondwa ngokwenkcukacha. Ukuba historicism ingaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi iyaqondakala, ekubeni emva yokuduka isigama kokunyulwa ilizwi lakhe ingena kratya nje, ukusuka archaisms nto inzima kakhulu ngakumbi.

Kakhulu elikholisa ukubizwa ngokuba oonobangela zilandelayo archaisms: izmenija ezahlukeneyo zentlalo, yimiba yenkcubeko, izizathu ezahlukeneyo neelwimi - impembelelo kwezinye iilwimi, unxibelelwano zesimbo, guqula ulwimi.

Izizathu eziphambili ezibangela ukuvela neologisms ziquka:

- izmenemeniya ezahlukeneyo ebomini kwezentlalo;

- inkqubela zobugcisa, oko kukuthi, imbonakalo izinto ezintsha, lwengqiqo izenzakalo.

Namhlanje, inkoliso neologisms enxulumene nophuhliso intambo yekhompyutha nobunjineli computer.

ixabiso okuloba

A amagama ambalwa malunga nendima zobugcisa amazwi isigama angenzi ulwimi Russian. Iinkcukacha-lwazi ezininzi ezisetyenziswayo ngokuqhelekileyo zamagama xa uncwadi.

Ngaloo ndlela, ukusetyenziswa archaisms inceda lokuphinda ngokuchanekileyo ngakumbi umbhali ochazwe xesha lalidume zomlinganiswa ngoncedo intetho yakhe. Ngokuqinisekileyo Ndiye ndaphawula ukuba abathetha ngayo abanye abalinganiswa kwindawana nje isigama, umzekelo mihla ngakumbi, kwi enye intetho - enye, lixesha okanye ukubetha. Ngoko ke, umbhali itsalela lo mfanekiso yengqondo nezentlalo lomlinganiswa.

Sebenzisa kubo kwintetho kwimibongo ukunika, imveliso imibala sublime amisiweyo ngakumbi. Le archaisms uvuthondaba zisetyenziselwa ukwenza isiphumo kwinqakwana okanye satirical, enika ujijo.

Ukufunda esikolweni

Inxalenye archaisms, historicism, neologisms zezifundo esikolweni xa izifundo zolwimi Russian kunye noncwadi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, nolwazi neklasi gama livela kumabakala yesihlanu neyeshumi kuphononongo Radel "Lexicology". Abafundi bafunda bokwahlula amagama kubafumana izicatshulwa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo. Ukongeza, ukufunda ezakudala, sijamelene amagama angaqhelekanga kuthi, ngubani bezisoloko ngaphandle ukusetyenziswa, baqhelane intsingiselo yazo, imvelaphi.

Ukufunda eyunivesithi

A Intshayelelo eneenkcukacha ngakumbi isigama esebenzayo yaye angenzi ulwimi Russian iqala kwi kwiiyunivesithi kuphononongo yecandelo "Lexicology". Amaxesha amaninzi oku kunyaka wakhe wesibini kwi-Faculty of Philology. Abafundi bafundiswa ntoni archaisms ezahlukeneyo ukusuka historicism, njani yaye phi oko ukufumana intsingiselo yala magama, indlela mabazihlele ngako imvelaphi yazo, ukuba ukujonga umsebenzi iitekisi ezithile.

Abafundi bangakwazi ukwenza isigama zabo, funda ukufumana isigama isixando sokwenziwa kwizicatshulwa kwaye endaweni yayo, ukuhlalutya imvelaphi neologisms, izizathu yokuduka amagama izinto zemidiya esebenzayo ulwimi Russian zoncwadi.

iziphumo

Xa isigama angenzi ulwimi Russian ibandakanya ezi maqela alandelayo zeziliphu: archaisms - amagama lixesha yamagama nesigama, historicism - amagama ezinto ngezimanga, wemka izinto zethu, neologisms - amagama asetyenziswa ukuchaza izinto ezintsha.

amagama akudala asetyenziswa kwi uncwadi xa ubhala iitekisi zembali lokuphinda-gqaba ngexesha lokubhalwa kwimveliso.