Amandla yangaphakathi igesi

Njengoko yaziwa, wonke umzimba isakhiwo yaso eyodwa obugqitywa nokubunjwa kwayo iikhemikhali kunye nesakhiwo. Ngenxa yoko, amasuntswana ziquka isakhiwo zeselula, ukuba basebenzisane nabanye kwaye ke ngoko kufuneka umlinganiselo othile wamandla lwangaphakathi. Le eziqinileyo Amasuntswana lonxibelelwano ukuba zenze isakhiwo umzimba, namandla, ngoko intsebenziswano yazo amasuntswana ezakha isakhiwo neminye imibutho, ezintsonkothileyo.

Ngendlela eyahlukileyo, oko Inyondla ulwelo okanye igesi, apho iibhondi emolekyuli ndibuthathaka, kodwa kuba molekyuli Ungasa ngokukhululekileyo ngokwaneleyo ukuze basebenzisane amasuntswana kunye nezinye izinto. Kulo mzekelo, umzekelo, ubonisa impahla ukunyibilika.

Ngenxa yoko, i-eneji lwangaphakathi le gas parameter olumisela imeko igesi, ngamanye amandla thermal microparticles intshukumo ezo izinto molekyuli athom, nuclei kunye ezifana. D. Ukongeza, lo mbono uchaza amandla kunye ngokuzibandakanya kwabo.

Xa ukusuka zinemoletyhule ukusuka kwimo enye ukuya kwenye amandla yangaphakathi irhasi ogama ifomula - WU = DQ - dA - ibonisa kuphela inkqubo ukutshintsha mandla lwangaphakathi. Oku kuba okunene kubonakala kwifomula, usoloko luphawulwa umahluko phakathi ixabiso layo ekuqaleni nasekupheleni inguqu kwemolekyuli ukusuka kwimo enye ukuya kwenye. Umendo inguqu ngexesha elinye, oko kukuthi, ixabiso layo akunamsebenzi. Le ngxoxo kulandela kwisigqibo lisisiseko oluphawula le nto - amandla lwangaphakathi yalerhasi kumiselwa kuphela kwisalathisi lobushushu igesi kunye komntu akuxhomekekanga ekuzithandeleni imilinganiselo umthamo wayo. Kuba ukuxhomekeka kolungiso ngayo eso sigqibo kubalulekile kuba ukulinganisa ngqo ubukhulu amandla lwangaphakathi akwenzeki, kwaye sizimisele ngokusebenzisa zemathematika ukuba zingenise utshintsho yayo kuphela (oko kwagxininiswa bubukho ifomula umlinganiswa - W).

Ngokuba izinto ebonakalayo amandla lwangaphakathi ubethwa ezinamandla (ukutshintsha) kuphela xa intsebenziswano ezi imizimba kunye neminye imibutho. Kulo mzekelo, kukho iindlela ezimbini eziziintloko ukutshintsha: umsebenzi (xa yenziwe yi ukukhuhlana, impembelelo, ucinezelo kunye ezifana) kunye nokudluliselwa nobushushu. Le ndlela yokugqibela - ubushushu transfer -otrazhaet Dynamics utshintsho amandla lwangaphakathi kwezi meko apho umsebenzi lo wenziwa, kwaye amandla ethunyelwayo, umz, amaqumrhu kunye namaqumrhu lobushushu eliphezulu ezincani ixabiso layo.

Kulo mzekelo, bahlule phakathi kwezi ntlobo wenziwe bubushushu:

• conductivity thermal (amasuntswana exchange amandla ngqo enze isindululo random);
• පිළිතුරු iimpendulo (Intsalela igesi lwangaphakathi-eneji ikhutshelwa);
• radiation (amandla idluliselwa ngendlela amaza).

Zonke ezi nkqubo zibonakaliswa ngomthetho zolondolozo amandla. Ukuba lo mthetho ngazo ngokunxulumene neenkqubo thermodynamic zisenzeka bayo, oko kwenziwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: i-eneji lwangaphakathi igesi yokwenene, - gxebe, lutshintsho, imela isixa ubushushu ukuba edluliselwe evela kwimithombo ngaphandle nokubuya emsebenzini, nto leyo elenzeka gesi.

Xa siqwalasela lo mthetho (umthetho wokuqala obizwa) ukuba kukho irhasi ofanelekileyo, sinako ukubona ipateni elandelayo. Kule nkqubo, ubushushu ihlala rhoqo (inkqubo isothermal), amandla lwangaphakathi nalo njalo njalo.

Kwisithuba inkqubo isobaric, apho utshintsho uphawu kwamaqondo obushushu esisi, nande, ukuncipha, kukhokelela ngokulandelelana ukuya ukwanda okanye ukuhla kwe-eneji lwangaphakathi kwaye enze umsebenzi negesi. Le meko, umzekelo, kubonisa ukwanda igesi phezu Ukutshisa kunye nesakhono igesi enjalo ukuqhuba le lokubolekwa zomphunga.

Xa kuqwalaselwa inkqubo isochoric, apho parameter of umthamo wayo ihlala rhoqo, i-eneji lwangaphakathi igesi batshintshwa kuphela phantsi kwempembelelo imali ubushushu zesini.

Kukho yinkqubo adiabatic leyo eziziimpawu yokungabikho kunaniselwano igesi kunye kwimithombo yangaphandle. Kulo mzekelo, ixabiso amandla alo lwangaphakathi lifinyele, kungoko - igesi buyehla.