Amandla - lo ... amandla kunye entshukumo namandla. Yintoni amandla yemvelo?

Amandla - oku ukuba akukho bomi kuphela emhlabeni yethu, kodwa kwindalo iphela. Ngelo xesha ngayo yahluke kakhulu. Umzekelo, ubushushu, isandi, ukukhanya, umbane, iimayikhroweyivi, calories ezi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-eneji. Ngokuba zonke iinkqubo eyenzekayo emhlabeni, oko kuyimfuneko le nto. Uninzi lwe-eneji zonke izinto kwi-Earth lifumana ukusuka elangeni, kodwa ke kukho eminye imithombo kuyo. Ilanga uthumela iiplanethi njengoko iya kuphuhliswa ngexesha elifanayo 100 million ngamandla kakhulu ezinamandla.

Yintoni amandla?

Ithiyori abeke phambili Albertom Eynshteynom, sifunda ulwalamano lomba namandla. Le Isazinzulu enkulu wakwazi ukubonisa ukukwazi ukutshintsha into omnye komnye. Ndafumanisa ukuba amandla yeyona nto ibalulekileyo ubukho imizimba, yaye lo mbandela ezizisekondari.

Amandla - kukuthi, ngokubanzi, ukukwazi ukwenza umsebenzi othile. Yaba yena umi emva ingqiqo umkhosi ekwaziyo uhambisa umzimba okanye uyinike iipropati ezintsha. Ntoni igama elithi "amandla"? Physics - yinto inzululwazi esisiseko, ayezinikele ubomi bakhe, izazinzulu ezininzi ukusuka zaphawula namazwe ohlukeneyo. Aristotle wasebenzisa igama elithi "amandla" ukubhekisela kwimisebenzi yabantu. Iguqulwe kwi yesiGrike "amandla" - oku "umsebenzi", "amandla", "action", "amandla". Ixesha lokuqala eli gama livela kwi ama ngayo umphengululi yamaGrike ebizwa ngokuba "Physics".

Ngengqiqo eqhelekileyo, ke ngoku eli gama sele yavela yamachiza IsiNgesi Thomas Young. Esi siganeko senzeke kwi kude 1807. In-imi- 50 lwekhulu XIX. injineli IsiNgesi Uilyam Tomson kuqala wasebenzisa igama elithi "engergiya entshukumo", yaye ngowe-1853 yamachiza Scottish Uilyam Renkin eyaqamba ibinzana elithi "yamandla".

Namhlanje, oku ubuninzi scalar ekhoyo kuzo zonke iinkalo physics. Kuyinto ngumlinganiselo eliqhelekileyo yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo intshukumo kunye nentsebenziswano lomba. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba kukho umlinganiselo uguqulo kwesinye isimo ukuya kwesinye.

Kweeyunithi kunye neempawu

Umlinganiselo wamandla ulinganiswa ziijowule (J). Le yunithi ezizodwa, ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwamandla kunokuba izihionipho ezahlukeneyo, ezifana:

• W - eneji iyonke le nkqubo.
• Q - ubushushu.
• U - isakhono.

iintlobo zamandla

Kwindalo, kukho iintlobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ze-eneji. Ezona ziphambili zezi:

• mechanical;
• kagesi;
• electric;
• chemical;
• thermal;
• nuclear (atomic).

Kukho ezinye iintlobo ze-eneji: ukukhanya, isandi, ngemagnethi. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, liyanda inani zesayensi, izazinzulu batyekele hypothesis lwe ubukho ekuthiwa-eneji 'emnyama'. Nganye kwezi ntlobo zingentla weli uneempawu zawo. Umzekelo, i-eneji isandi uyakwazi nokunikezelwa ngendlela ngamaza. Eziphuhlisa ngayo isenzeko kokukona indlebe endlebeni abantu kunye nezilwanyana, apho uyakwazi ukuva izandi. Iikhosi reactions ezahlukeneyo yamachiza ndinikhululele eneji efunekayo ukuze ubomi zonke izinto. Nokuba sesiphi na isibaso, iimveliso zokutya, iibhetri, iibhetri ezi yokugcina mandla.

ukukhanya kwethu unika amandla ihlabathi ngokohlobo amaza. Ekuphela kwendlela yena singoyisa nobukhulu bendawo yonke. Ngenxa yeteknoloji ekhoyo, ezifana iiphaneli zesola, singakwazi ukusebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo. amandla ngokugqithiseleyo elingasetyenziswanga ligcinwa energohranilischah ekhethekileyo. Kunye iintlobo ngasentla zamandla adla ngokusetyenziswa imithombo thermal, imilambo, amaza yolwandle, biofuels.

amandla

Olu hlobo amandla ifundwa isebe ebizwa ngokuba "ukusetyenziswa" physics. It luchazwa yileta womlinganiselo E. Its oluqhutywa ziijowule (J). Yintoni na le mandla? izifundo Physics ubucukubhede motion lwemizimba kunye nentsebenziswano yawo kunye namanye okanye kunye namasimi bangaphandle. Amandla ngenxa isindululo ngemizimba, ekuthiwa ekinetiki (zibonakaliswe Ek), kunye namandla ngenxa intsebenziswano ngemizimba okanye amasimi angaphandle, ngokuba amandla (E). Isixa intshukumo kunye nentsebenziswano ke amandla iyonke zomatshini le nkqubo.

Kuba ekubaleni zombini iintlobo kukho ulawulo jikelele. Ukuze ubone umlinganiselo wamandla afunekayo ukubala umsebenzi efunekayo ukuze kuguqulelwe umzimba ukusuka kurhulumente kwiqanda ukuya ekhona. Okuya uba mkhulu umsebenzi, amandla kokukhona kuya kuba umzimba kule meko.

Wokohlula kweempawu ezahlukeneyo

Kukho iindidi eziliqela sisahlula amandla. Ngezizathu ezahlukeneyo yahlulahlulwe yaba: lwangaphandle (agciniweyo kunye) kunye nabantu abangaphakathi (mechanical, thermal, umoya, inyukliya, amandla). amandla magnetic uukuba yahlulwe Imagnethi yomhlaba kunye nombane yenyukliya - unxibelelwano amandla buthathaka kwaye womelele.

kinetic

Nayiphi na umzimba ihamba azakubalulwa ubukho kumandla entshukumo. Idla ngokuba - uqhuba. amandla omzimba enambuzelayo, ilahlekileyo xa kuyehla. Ngoko ke, lo ngokukhawuleza isantya, amandla entshukumo ngakumbi.

Phezu contact komzimba ukufudukela kwenye into emileyo ezidluliselwa inxalenye yokugqibela kumandla entshukumo, kwaye sikhokelela oko motion. Ifomula amandla ekinetiki ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• E _ku = MV ^2: 2,
  apho m - ubunzima umzimba, v - Isantya intshukumo yomzimba.

Xa amazwi le fomyula lungabonakaliswa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: amandla agciniweyo le into elingana isiqingatha imveliso ubunzima balo kunye sikwere Velocity yayo.

ezinokubakho

Olu hlobo amandla abe umzimba, leyo kuyo nayiphi inkalo amandla. Ngenxa yoko, i-magnetic kuvela xa injongosenzi uphantsi kweempembelelo endle ngemagnethi. Zonke imizimba emhlabeni, babe yamandla omxhuzulane.

Kuxhomekeka ukufunda iimpawu zezinto ukuze iintlobo ezahlukeneyo yamandla. Ngenxa yoko, umzimba abanenzondelelo elastic leyo bayakwazi luya kuba amandla amandla elastic okanye akhululeke. Nawuphi na umzimba abawayo, nto leyo eye esisigxina ngaphambili, ulahlekelwa amandla kwaye uzuza amandla entshukumo. Ixabiso kwezi ntlobo zimbini ziya kuba ilingane. Entsimini olungumgubo omxhuzulane iplanethi yethu kumandla enokwenzeka iza kuba ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• E _n = mhg,
  apho m - ubunzima bomzimba; h - ukuphakama kumbindi ubunzima bomzimba ngaphezu kwenqanaba zero; g - ukukhawulezisa womxhuzulane.

Xa amazwi le fomyula lungabonakaliswa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: i-amandla okukwazi ukwenza into esinxibelelana Umhlaba, na imveliso ubunzima balo, unikezelo ngenxa womxhuzulane ukuphakama apho emi kuyo.

Le ubungakanani scalar luphawu izinto energy reserve point (body), ibekwe intsimi anokubakho amandla kunye nokunabisa ukufumana amandla entshukumo ngomsebenzi yasendle amandla. Ngamanye amaxesha kuthiwa ngumsebenzi zilungelelanise, oko kukuthi ixesha kwinkqubo langranzhiane (आयडेंटीफिकेशन iSazisi inkqubo umsebenzi onamandla). Le nkqubo ichaza intsebenziswano yabo.

I-eneji ezinokubakho ulinganiswa ku zero ezinye Ukuvavanywa imizimba ilahlwa kwisithuba. Kuyaqwalaseleka wazimisela kube lula izibalo ngakumbi yaye ubizwa ngokuba 'kuqheleke okunamandla amandla. "

Umthetho nokulondolozwa kwamandla

Enye iinkolelo ezininzi ezisisiseko physics umthetho zolondolozo amandla. Ngokutsho kwakhe, amandla asivelanga esithubeni kwaye zithi shwaka. It rhoqo ushukumisa ukusuka kwesinye isimo ukuya kwesinye. Ngamanye amazwi, kwenzeka kuphela amandla utshintsho. Ngokomzekelo, amandla eekhemikhali layita ibhetri iguqulelwa amandla ombane, kwaye kuwo - ukukhanya nobushushu. izixhobo zombane ezahlukeneyo eziguqulelwe kwi ukukhanya, ubushushu okanye isandi. Kwiimeko ezininzi, nokuphela kwako tshintsho ubushushu nokukhanya. Emva koko, amandla iya ezithile.

Act Energy uyakwazi ukuchaza ezininzi ophathekayo. Izazinzulu zithi ukuba ngumthamo opheleleyo njalo yayo iphela lihlala rhoqo. Akukho mntu unako ukudala okanye ukutshabalalisa amandla kwakhona. Linye ngeentlobo yayo, abantu basebenzisa amandla amafutha amanzi esiwa, i-atom. Ngoko enye ngohlobo lwayo iguqulelwa kwenye.

Ngowe-1918, oosonzululwazi baye bakwazi ukubonisa ukuba umthetho yolondolozo wamandla yoko yemathematika yolingano translational ixesha - amaxabiso amandla zikhwela iimazi. Ngamanye amazwi, amandla zilondolozwe kuba imithetho physics musa ziyahluka ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo.

Iimpawu energy

Amandla - Amandla umzimba ukuba benze lo msebenzi. Kwiinkqubo avaliwe emzimbeni kubhaliwe kulo lonke ixesha (de inkqubo ivaliwe) kwaye umele omnye integrals ezintathu additive motion ukulondoloza ixabiso xa uqhuba. Ezi ziquka: amandla, isantya, amandla. Ukuqaliswa ingcamango "amandla" kuluncedo xa le nkqubo ebonakalayo yohlobo olunye ngexesha.

I-eneji yangaphakathi imizimba

Umele udibaniso amandla Uthethathethwano eziphilayo isiphakamiso oshushu ngayo iimolekyuli akha ngayo. Yinto akalinganiswa ngqo, kuba ngumsebenzi eyodwa kwinkqubo karhulumente. Nanini na nkqubo kule meko, amandla alo langaphakathi ixabiso semvelo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba imbali le nkqubo. Utshintsho kumandla lwangaphakathi inguqu ukusuka kwimo enye ngokwasemzimbeni kwenye kusoloko lilingane umahluko phakathi amaxabiso kumazwe ngasemaphethelweni yaye ekuqaleni.

Amandla yangaphakathi igesi

Ukongeza eziqinileyo, iigesi kunye eneji. Yeyona amandla agciniweyo yobushushu (random) kwesindululo amasuntswana kule nkqubo, ezibandakanya athom, iimolekyuli, elektroni, ngumongo. I-eneji yangaphakathi yegesi efanelekileyo (model lweMathematika irhasi) yi udibaniso amandla agciniweyo amasuntswana yayo. Oku kuthatha ingqalelo inani izidanga yenkululeko, oko kukuthi inani eziguquguqukayo ezizimeleyo, leyo iza kucacisa ukuma iimolekyuli esithubeni.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-eneji

Nyaka ngamnye, abantu isebenzisa amandla ngakumbi nangakumbi. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukuba afumane amandla ukukhanyisa kunye nokuzifudumeza amakhaya ethu, izithuthi kunye nokusebenza iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo, hydrocarbon eziphili kusetyenziswa ezifana amalahle, i-oyile negesi. Yokuba imithombo yobutyebi engahlaziyekiyo.

Ngelishwa, kuphela inxalenye encinane amandla kuveliswa umhlaba ngokusebenzisa ezibubutyebi belizwe ezinokuhlaziyeka ezifana namanzi, umoya kunye ilanga. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, isabelo sawo ngamandla yi-5% kuphela. Enye-3% yabantu bafumana ngohlobo lwamandla enyukliya eziveliswa izityalo ngamandla enyukliya.

Amajelo angenakuhlaziyeka kufuneka esitokisini ilandelayo (in ziijowule)

• nuclear eneji - 2 x ^{24 Oktobha;}
• amandla gesi kunye neoli - 2 × 10 ^23;
• ukufudumeza ngaphakathi planethi - 5 x ^{20 Oktobha.}

Ixabiso lonyaka kwezibonelelo elingahlaziywayo Umhlaba:

• solar energy - 2 x ^{24 Oktobha;}
• Wind - 6 x ^{21 Oktobha;}
• River - 6.5 × 10 ^19;
• tide - 2.5 x ^{23 Oktobha.}

Kuphela utshintsho ngexesha evela amandla ayo non-engahlaziyekiyo lobuntu ehlaziyekayo umhlaba unalo ithuba ubomi obude obonwabisayo kwi iplanethi yethu. Ukuphumeza uphuhliso elichubekileyo izazinzulu ehlabathini lonke kuqhubeka ukufunda ngenyameko iimpawu ezahlukeneyo zamandla.