Amahlathi Mixed eRussia. Izityalo kunye nezilwanyana zehlathi ezahlukeneyo. Soil ixubene amahlathi

Broadleaf kunye namahlathi mixed zenza ipesenti encinci kakhulu ommandla wehlathi of Russia, ngaphezu hlathi coniferous. ESiberia, bona bengekho ngokupheleleyo. Broadleaf kunye namahlathi ezixubeneyo okufana inxalenye yaseYurophu eRashiya kunye nommandla Far Eastern. ifomu yabo ezimnandi kunye nemithi coniferous. Bathi nje ukuba sisincoko olungumxube nqwelo ehlathini, kodwa ke iintlobo zasendle ezahlukeneyo, ukuxhathisa impembelelo engentle yokusingqongileyo, isakhiwo kaMosisi.

Iintlobo kunye Ukufikisa kwamahlathi exutyiweyo

Kukho amahlathi amancinci-zodonga kunye coniferous kunye mixed avuthulukayo. Okokuqala ukukhula ikakhulu kwiindawo zwekazi. Mixed Amahlathi ebonakala ngokucacileyo emva komnye (utshintsho ekwakhiweni enezityalo, ngokuxhomekeke ukuphakama). Le tier liphezulu - nespruce eliphezulu, pine, oki. Kancinci ezisezantsi ekhula ezinde, maples, nemiterebhinti, lindens, imithi emibhaka kunye apple zasendle, oakery abaselula kunye nabanye. Ngapha koko kukho imithi asezantsi: rowan, viburnum njl ifomu senani Okulandelayo ezihlabayo: .. Viburnum, uHazel, hawthorn, asendle wavuka ematyholweni, rasberries kunye nabanye abaninzi. Emva koko kwetyholo. Kumphantsi kakhulu ikhulela imifuno, ulele kunye ubulembu.

Iifom esiPhakathi kunye zemveli kwamahlathi coniferous-amancinci-zodonga

Into umdla kukuba kwimiboniso elingumxube-zodonga zithathwa ukuba ibe kwinqanaba eliphakathi kuphela ukuyilwa ihlathi coniferous. Noko ke, beza zomthonyama: lens ezinde ngamatye (ena), nooAshera ezinde ehlathini, imithi Aspen kunye alder engumgxobhozo (ezantsi inxalenye yaseYurophu of Russia). uhlobo ihlathi amancinci-zodonga eliqaqambileyo kakhulu. Kukhuthaza ukukhula onabileyo ye-inshorensi ingca kunye neyantlukwano yayo. ihlathi Coniferous mixed udidi broadleaf, ngokuchaseneyo, unxulumene ezakhiwe ozinzileyo yendalo. Oku kusiwa kwindawo lenguqu phakathi kweentlobo boreal kunye avuthulukayo. Coniferous-avuthulukayo amahlathi kukhula kumathafa kwaye ummandla entabeni elisezantsi kunye neemeko zemozulu wobulali yaye kufumile.

Zone zize avuthulukayo amahlathi

Coniferous-avuthulukayo amahlathi ezikhula ezifudumeleyo kommandla ziingcathu. Bona yohlulwe ezahlukeneyo kunye nobutyebi inshorensi ingca leyo. Khula iziqwenga ngakanye aseYurophu Russia ukuya eMpuma Ekude. ubume babo kakuhle abantu. Ukuya emazantsi hlathi endaweni ka zamahlathi exutyiweyo. ukuba zawutwabulula phezu kwendawo iphela East European Plain kunye Urals (ukuya kummandla Amur). Musa awakhi ummandla oluqhubekayo.

Est yaseYurophu umda inxenye broadleaf kunye namahlathi oluxubeneyo entla amanga 57 ° c. w. Ngaphezu iyalahleka phantse ngokupheleleyo oki (omnye umthi key). South phantse ochukumisa umda ongasentla emathafeni ehlathini, apho nespruce liyalahleka ngokupheleleyo. Le ndawo aninasabelo imilo unxantathu, eziphezulu ezimbini kuzo eRashiya (Ekaterinburg, eSt Petersburg), kwaye eyesithathu - e Ukraine (Kiev). Oko kukuthi, njengokuba umgama ukusuka kwindawo yokuqala ukuya broadleaf emantla kunye namahlathi oluxubeneyo kancane kancane ephuma kwimimandla yamanzi. Bakhetha ezifudumeleyo ayakhuselwa imimoya enomkhenkce esihlambo lomlambo kunye ukufikelela kumphezulu zeengxondorha carbonate. Ngokutsho kwakhe ihlathi uhlobo avuthulukayo egalelwe amaqoqo ezincinane ngcembe ukufikelela hlathi.

East European Plain becala ezisezantsi zogqunyelelwe kwaye iflethi namageduka, kodwa maxa wambi kukho ezindulini. Nazi ezi imvelaphi, kumachibi okudada watersheds yemilambo inkulu Russian: i Dnieper, iVolga, Western Dvina. zizandyondyo amadlelo awo Zinokuxutywa amahlathi kunye namadlelo. Kwezinye iingingqi, emathafeni, ngenxa kufuphi aphantsi komhlaba, kwakunye flow eliqingqiweyo, maxa wambi mgxobhozo kakhulu. Kukho kwakhona iindawo kwimihlaba oyisanti, ezimila amahlathi pine. Le migxobhozo kunye clearings kukhula amatyholo berry kunye nengca. Le ndawo afanelekile kakhulu amahlathi coniferous-avuthulukayo.

okubangelwa abantu

Broadleaf kunye namahlathi ezixubeneyo kangangexesha elide baboniswa kwiimpembelelo ezahlukeneyo ebantwini. Ngoko ke, ma ezininzi ziye zatshintsha kakhulu: izityalo olukhulu nokuba zitshatyalaliswe ngokupheleleyo okanye zithathelwe indawo ngokungaphelelanga okanye ngokupheleleyo ematyeni eziziisekondari. Ngoku ke yokutyiwa zeentlobo ehlathini avuthulukayo eziye yasinda phantsi kwengcinezelo enzima anthropogenic, kufuneka utshintsho izakhiwo izihluma ezahlukeneyo. Ezinye iintlobo balahlekelwa indawo yabo uluntu lwemveli ezikhula kwiindawo anthropogenically zokuphazamiseka okanye ahlala isikhundla intrazonal.

sezulu

Imozulu kwamahlathi mixed kunokuba eliqhelekileyo. Lubonakala yi eshushu noko ebusika (in-avareji ukusukela-0 ukuya -16 °) kunye elide kwehlobo (16-24 ° C) xa kuthelekiswa zone hlathi. I-avareji imvula yonyaka - 500-1000 mm. Yaziwa ngokubanzi ngaphaya komphunga, nto leyo inkalo ecaciswe wolawulo wokuhlamba amanzi. Mixed Amahlathi Upohawu iimpawu ngumphakamo eliphezulu inshorensi ingca leyo. zokubasa lwabo kwi-avareji 2-3 amawaka kg / ha. Amanqanaba zokubasa inkunkuma nayo ngaphaya hlathi, Noko ke, ngenxa yokuba umsebenzi eliphezulu kwala magciwane, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto eziphilayo iya kakhulu ngokukhawuleza. Ngako oko amahlathi mixed abe ubukhulu zibencinane kwaye inqanaba enkulu yokubola inkunkuma ngaphezu hlathi conifer.

Imihlaba amahlathi ingxubevange

Umhlaba ugalelwe amahlathi zahlukahlukene. Nesigubungelo isakhiwo noko motley. Ngomhla kummandla East European Plain olona hlobo luqhelekileyo lomhlaba bazipheka-podzolic. It is a hlobo imihlaba Classic emazantsi podsolic kwaye luqokelelane kuphela phambi yamawa umzali uhlobo obambe. Umhlaba isoyi-podzolic na isakhiwo elifanayo yabucala kunye nesakhiwo efanayo. Yohluka ukusuka podsolic kwi inkunkuma massiveness (5 cm) kunye namandla ngakumbi onke lawo. Kwaye akukho umahluko kuphela. Ezingcwalisiweyo bazipheka Imihlaba podsolic ezi wamatye ucaca ngakumbi kunina A1, nto leyo ibekwe phantsi inkunkuma. ukubonakala kwakhe ihlukile umaleko kwimihlaba podzolic. Indawo yayo ephezulu iqulethe rhizomes sward kunye neefom kwesoyi. Horizon uyakwazi ezinemibala nombala ezahlukeneyo ongwevu, kwaye isakhiwo evakalala. Power layer - 5-20 cm, wamatye ngokulingana - ukuya kwi-4%. Inxalenye engentla umhlaba yabucala idatha asidi. Ngenxa kukuqiniswa kwayo iba kakhulu.

Soil ugalelwe amahlathi ebanzi-zodonga

Imihlaba ehlathini Gray ugalelwe amahlathi avuthulukayo akhiwa kwimimandla kwelizwe. ERashiya, zisasazwe ukusuka inxalenye yaseYurophu ku Transbaikalia. Xa neetyuwa zomhlaba enjalo ukungena ku anzongonzongo kakhulu. Noko ke, iitafile zamanzi basoloko nzulu kakhulu. Ngoko ke, ilele umhlaba ukuba inqanaba labo ekuso kuphela kwiindawo kakhulu utyebile.

Imihlaba ehlathini Ukuxuba izinto kangcono ulimo ngaphezu substrates hlathi. Kwimimandla esemazantsi inxalenye yaseYurophu Russia umhlaba olimekayo kwenza i-45% yendawo. Bekuyintsika ngasentla kunye hlathi share umhlaba olimekayo ebegqwese lifinyele. Ulimo kule mimandla kunzima ngenxa yokuphikisa leaching, zokuxinana kwamanzi kunye nomhlaba zavalunennosti. Ukuze ufumane izivuno ezilungileyo kufuna okuninzi isichumiso.

iimpawu Jikelele izilwanyana nezityalo

Izityalo kunye nezilwanyana zehlathi elingumxube nto zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Ukuqhama kweentlobo enezityalo nezilwanyana iyalingana kuphela kumahlathi ashinyeneyo kwaye likhaya ezizingelayo ezininzi ezidla. Apha phezu kwemithi eziphakamileyo iingcambu nomatse kunye nezinye izilwanyana, phezu izithsaba zakha iindlwane iintaka kwi iingcambu emseleni ixhobisa imivundla kunye iimpungutye, hayi kude ukusuka iilynx emlanjeni ubomi. Species diversity zone mixed likhulu kakhulu. Emva koko bakhululeke njengoko abemi hlathi kunye namahlathi zamaxesha athile ngonyaka, yaye ihlathi-nabahlali. Abanye aphengela kulo nyaka, yaye elinye ikhompyutha ungayicimi ebusika. Izityalo kunye nezilwanyana kwamahlathi elingumxube abe nolwalamano bokubambisana. ezidla abaninzi zitya amaqunube ezahlukeneyo, nto leyo amahlathi mixed kakhulu kunene.

Imithi ingxubevange

amahlathi elinezakhiwo-zodonga malunga 90% luqulathe imithi coniferous kunye nohlobo amancinci-zodonga. iintlobo Broadleaf azikho kangako. Kunye nemithi ngcu bekhula Aspen, ezinde, alder, willow, yebhalsam. Birch yakhiwa amaqoqo olu hlobo kakhulu. Ngenxa umthetho, ukuba aphakamileyo - elinywayo kwi emililweni ihlathi, clearings kunye glades, umhlaba omdala ongasetyenziswanga olimekayo. Kwiindawo ezivulekileyo, loo Amahlathi kuqaliswe kakuhle kule minyaka yokuqala likhula ngokukhawuleza. Ukwandisa kwimimandla yabo kunegalelo nemisebenzi yabantu.

Coniferous-avuthulukayo amahlathi luqulathe ngokuyintloko imithi nemisipres, lindens, pine, mioki, nemiterebhinti, nemiterebhinti, maples, kwaye kwimimandla kumzantsi-ntshona we-Russian Federation - beech, uthuthu kunye hornbeam. Le mithi efanayo, kodwa iintlobo bendawo bekhula kwiMpuma Ekude, kunye iidiliya, Anut Manchurian kunye izidiliya. Kwiinkalo ezininzi, ubume kunye nolwakhiwo olukhulayo ndingowenzala amahlathi uhlobo coniferous-avuthulukayo kuxhomekeke kwiimeko zemozulu, isimo, umhlaba kunye ulawulo ezinamanzi ze kummandla othile. E North Caucasus esilawulwa oki, pine, maple, fir kunye nezinye iintlobo. Kodwa ezahlukeneyo kakhulu kumafa unguye Far Eastern amahlathi uhlobo coniferous-avuthulukayo. Bona akhiwa nompleyini umsedare, Khingan msipres, nespruce ayyanskoy, eziliqela iintlobo maple, ash Manchurian, oki Mongolian, Amur Linden kunye iintlobo zikhankanywe lokuzalwa kotyani.

Ntlobo zezilo

Ukususela Azityi enkulu mixed amahlathi iielk, inyathi, iihagu, ixhama kunye Sika amaxhama (amazwe naphaya form). Ukusuka ibuzi iiproteni ehlathini langoku marten, ermine, beaver, chipmunks, otter, iimpuku, iimbila, ngoboya, ferrets abamnyama. Mixed kugcwele amahlathi kunye iintlobo ezininzi zeentaka. Nantsi into eninzi kuwo, kodwa hayi bonke: oriole, nuthatch, siskin, fieldfare, goshawk, nezom icula, bullfinch, ecula, nengabangaba, hoopoe, Indwe ezingwevu, goldfinches, kwagcwala, icula, lwezi ntaka. Ngaphezulu okanye eziyingozi ngaphantsi enkulu thaca iingcuka, lynx kunye iimpungutye. Mixed mahlathi likhaya imivundla (imivundla kunye imivundla), amacilikishe, neencanda, iinyoka, amasele neebhere brown.

Awafanele kanye berry

Amaqunube inikezwe blueberry, raspberry, cranberry, cranberry, BlackBerry, icherry, istrawberry, equnubeni, elderberry, rowan, cranberry, rosehips, hawthorn. Emahlathini elolu hlobo Amakhowa ezininzi ezityiwayo: Aspen, isikhondo emhlophe, chanterelles, russula, amakhowa, amakhowa, amakhowa ibhotolo, volnushki blewits ezahlukeneyo, boletus, Mokhovikov, amakhowa kunye nabanye. Enye neenkowane kakhulu yingozi enobuhlungu macromycetes kunye okona luthuthu.

nezihlahla

amahlathi Russian mixed niphuphuma iinto kwetyholo. Mbili undergrowth kuphuhliswa ngendlela engaqhelekanga. Kuba oki eqinileyo luphawulwa ubukho amangile, umthi yokuluka, ingcuka Laka, imithi Weeks, yaye kummandla osemantla - alder sihlahla. Emiphethweni kunye nakumahlathi ezivulekileyo ikhula rosehips. Emahlathini yohlobo nazo izityalo lianoobraznye coniferous yaye ububanzi-namasango angabi nakuvalwa: Calystegia sepium, galo lisanyuka, olubuhlungu.

imifuno

A iyantlukwano enkulu kweentlobo, kwakunye isakhiwo oluntsonkothileyo nkqo kuba ingca amahlathi ezahlukeneyo (ingakumbi coniferous kunye uhlobo olubanzi-zodonga). Uhlobo ziqhelekileyo kwaye ngokubanzi zimelwe - isityalo mesophilic kakubi. Phakathi kwazo ngabameli oakwood. It sisityalo ipleyiti omagqabi na ububanzi eninzi. Ezi ziquka: Mercurialis perennis, umdala emhlabeni, Lungwort, inyibiba bentili, European Wild Ginger, sedge engubo ixhonti, Zelenchuk tyheli, chickweed lanceolate, sochevnik (Mnyama nasentlakohlaza), nemisonto emangalisayo. Okuziinkozo zimelwe Ashera bluegrass, fescue omkhulu, ehlathini yayingcongolo ingca, Brachypodium pinnatum, boron kunye nezinye wokusasaza. Amagqabi data Flat ngezityalo ukhetho ukuqhelana amahlathi ezithile coniferous-avuthulukayo fitosrede.

Ukongeza kwezi ntlobo ingaphelelwayo kwi iiseti zeenkcukacha ufumene ingca amaqela zexeshana. ixesha lwalo, ukuba zigqithiselwe kwixesha emthonjeni, xa izibane ubuninzi. Xa inyibilika ikhephu, ezizezi eqhubela ifomu kakuhle ephemeroids ikhaphethi of anemones yellow nezaphetha irhanisi hohlatok nemfusa bamantshontsho nemfusa-prolesok. Ezi zityalo zidlule kumjikelo ubomi eziliqela iiveki, kwaye xa amagqabi emithi okwentyatyambo, inxalenye yabo libonakale ekugqibeleni afe. ixesha sokulahlwa nazo phantsi umaleko womhlaba njengoko amatswele, iibhalbhu kunye rhizomes.