Allen Ginsberg: A Biography, imisebenzi, ncomo

Allen Ginsberg waphakanyiswa yinkcubeko yaseMelika emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Nguye ngomnye wababhali ezininzi ohlonitshwayo le Beat kunye imbongi ezaziwayo-kakuhle ezingenamandla ze nesizukulwana sakhe.

Allen Ginsberg: A Biography

Wazalwa ngo-1926 e Newark (NJ) kwintsapho abasuka yamaYuda. Wakhulela molukufutshane Paterson. Uyise Louis Ginsberg wafundisa IsiNgesi nonina UNahomi-ntsapho kunye ngumququzeleli we Communist Party USA. Allen Ginsberg ebutsheni bakhe babona iingxaki zakhe zengqondo, xa Vol. H. Inani luvo breakdowns ngokuxhomekeka kwizizathu zokuba yokoyika intshutshiso ngenxa imisebenzi yayo yasekuhlaleni.

Qala bit of intshukumo

Allen Ginsberg and Lyusen Karr badibana ngo-1943 ngelixa befunda e University Columbia. Last zanciphisa abafundi kunyaka wokuqala-ne William Burroughs noJack Kerouac. Kamva, abahlobo bazibiza ngokuba amanani ezingundoqo intshukumo Beat. Eyaziwa ngokuba izimvo zabo engaqhelekanga kunye nokuziphatha nochuku, Allen kunye nabahlobo bakhe baye bazama iziyobisi.

Ginsberg kanye wasebenzisa egumbini lakhe dorm college ukugcina iimpahla ezibiweyo zathengwa kwabazana. Njengoko ejongene notshutshiso, wagqiba ukuba azenze ngumsindo, waza wachitha iinyanga eziliqela kwisibhedlele sabagula ngengqondo.

Emva kokuphumelela, Allen wahlala eNew York yaye enze imisebenzi ezahlukeneyo. Ngowe-1954, Noko ke, wafudukela eSan Francisco, apho bit-movement ubemelwe iimbongi uKenneth Rexroth kunye uLawrence Ferlinghetti.

Ukhalile impucuko

Allen Ginsberg kuqala weza ingqalelo zoluntu ngowe-1956, emva kokupapashwa ethi "Bhombolozani kunye Ezinye Imihobe." Lo mbongo isithethe Walt Whitman yi ikukukhalisa umsindo lithemba ngqo noluntu entshabalalo, ngokungenabuntu. Kevin O'Sullivan ebizwa Newsmakers isebenza ngumsindo, zesondo lyrics waza wongezelela ukuba, ngokoluvo abaninzi, kuba sisiganeko sokulwela kwisihobe American. Sam Allen Ginsberg "Bhombolozani" sichazwa "Bard yamaYuda-melvillianskoe umoya."

Fresh, ukunyaniseka umbongo ulwimi ndiqhiphuke abagxekayo ezininzi zecawa. Dzheyms Diki, umzekelo, wachaza "Bhombolozani" ngokuthi "imeko ezibhityileyo nemincili" waza wagqiba kwelokuba "akwanelanga ukuba babhale imibongo." Ezinye abagxeki baye basabela kahle. Richard Eberhart, ezifana nemveliso ebizwa ngokuba "ukusebenza, iqhuma ngengqiqo onamandla ... Kuyinto ubukhala yonke impucuko yethu esebenza ngomatshini ubabulalayo umoya ... amandla akhe esihle amandla avela ngamandla wokukhulula uthando." Pol Kerroll umbongo ebizwa ngokuba "omnye besizukulwana milestones." Ukuhlola impembelelo "uqhwithela", Pol Tsveyg waphawula ukuba umbhali we "phantse single-handedly indawo izibongo traditionalist ka-1950."

inkqubo

Ukongeza abagxeki wothuka, "Bhombolozani" Ndothuka iSebe zamapolisa San Francisco. Ngenxa incwadi umbongo ulwimi ngokwesondo graphic wathi okungamanyala, kunye ngumvakalisi imbongi Ferlinghetti wabanjwa. Abameli ezilandelayo kwatsala ingqalelo eli lizwe kunye amanani abadumileyo zoncwadi: ". Bhombolozani" Marko Shorer, Kennet Reksrot kunye noWalter Van Tilberg Clark waziphendulela Shorer wangqina ukuba "Ginsberg usebenzisa amagama kunye izingqisho zentetho zesiqhelo. Lo mbongo onyanzelwayo ukuba nokusebenzisa ulwimi ubukrwada. " Clark ebizwa "Bhombolozani" umsebenzi ngokunyaniseka kakhulu wembongi, naye ngumntu onobuchule kakhulu. ekugqibeleni amaNgqina waqiniseka uMgwebi Clayton Horn isigqibo sokuba imveliso ayikho engcolileyo.

Ngenxa yoko, Allen Ginsberg, ogama nokubuyekezwa umgangatho mbongo ngexesha lokuthethwa kwetyala zande, waba yimbangi IManifesto Beat intshukumo boncwadi. Novelists ezifana uJack Kerouac kunye Uilyam Berrouz kunye imbongi uGregory Corso, Maykl Makklyur, Umva Snayder kunye Ginsberg kwi zihloko ngaphambili abangafuniyo nokubhala non-zoncwadi ngolwimi esitratweni. Iingcinga kunye nobugcisa bit-flow kuyakhathaza nempembelelo ezithandwayo nenkcubeko United States kwi 1950-1960 kaThixo.

imithandazo abafileyo

Ngowe-1961, Ginsberg epapashwe "Kaddish kunye Ezinye Imihobe." Lo mbongo yinto efanayo isimbo, ifomu "Bhombolozani," yaye, ngokusekelwe zemveli umthandazo yomngcwabo yamaYuda, isixelela ngobomi ngunina. iimvakalelo Complex ukuba imbongi kwafuneka ukuba waziqaba imizabalazo yakhe nesifo sengqondo, nto kujoliswe kuyo ngokukhulu lo msebenzi. Kucingwa enye indalo ilungileyo Allen Thomas Merrill wayibiza ngokuba "Ginsberg kwi ecocekileyo wayo, kwaye mhlawumbi ukutyhileka ilungileyo", noLouis Simpson - "a wobugcisa."

Le nto!

Allen Ginsberg, ogama zaye kakhulu zaphenjelelwa William Carlos Williams imisebenzi, ukhumbula achaza ngayo esikolweni njengoko "hick angenzi ontlakantlaka evela New Jersey," kodwa emva ukuthetha kuye, "Mna ngequbuliso ndaqonda ukuba imbongi wamphulaphula ngobuthathaka" ze "ezindlebeni." Sound, isandi ecocekileyo kunye nesingqisho, ngoko yintoni athi ngaye, yaye wazama ukuqhelana izingqisho zabo echaza le kwincoko wokwenene weva kunokuba ngaphezu Metronome okanye uncuthu iincwadi lwakudala.

Ngokutsho imbongi, emva kokuba kwempefumlelo ngesiquphe, wenza ngoko nangoko. Allen Ginsberg ucaphula iprozi yabucala ngohlobo ngamaqhekeza amancinci zibe imigca-4 okanye 5 ezihambelana kanye umntu intetho-iingcinga uphosa ngokwendlela uphefumla kakuhle kufuneka zingasasazwa njani xa kufuneka avakalise kubo, waza wabathuma Williams . Yena phantse nangoko wathumela kuye inqaku lisithi: "Lo nto! Usenalo nto? "

Kerouac nabanye

Enye nempembelelo enkulu kwi Ginsberg ukuba umhlobo wakhe Kerouac wabhala kwinoveli kwi indlela "iprozi ezizenzekelayo", nto leyo bayinqule Allen uze uyamkele umsebenzi wakho. Kerouac wabhala ezinye iincwadi zakhe, wokuchwetheza ezibiza umqulu iphepha elimhlophe kunye noshicilelo i "umsinga osezingqondweni" ngokuqhubekayo in. Allen Ginsberg waqalisa ukubhala imibongo ayikho, njengokuba yena uthi: "abasebenza kuzo iziqwenga ezincinane iziqwenga ngamaxesha awohlukeneyo, kodwa ukugcina ingcamango intloko yam, nokurekhodisha endaweni, kwaye awugqibe kubo khona."

Williams kunye nombhali Kerouac wagxininisa iimvakalelo kunye ngendlela yemvelo yokuthetha xa kuthelekiswa kwizakhiwo zemveli zoncwadi. Ginsberg wabhekisela kufumaneka sembali yale mbono imisebenzi wembongi Walt Whitman, umbhali Herman Melville kunye ababhali Genri Devida Thoreau kunye uRalph Waldo Emerson.

yezopolitiko Libertarian

Lo mxholo yobomi kunye nobuchule Ginsberg lo mgaqo-nkqubo. Kennet Reksrot wabiza le nkalo Allen kaThixo "ngobuwena phantse ogqibeleleyo populist isithethe Whitman ende zentlalo revolution kwisihobe American." Kwezinye mibongo Ginsberg ukhankanya umzabalazo zemanyano zabasebenzi ka-1930, amanani ezithandwayo ngokugqibeleleyo, ukuzingelwa Red McCarthy kunye nezinye yayiba intshukumo ekhohlo. E Wichita umsinga Sutra yena uzama ukuphelisa imfazwe eVietnam yi uhlobo imilingo. In "Plutonovoy ode" yahlola ukwamkelwa efanayo - umoya omlingo imbongi lususa amandla atom evela iimpawu zayo yingozi. Ezinye Imibongo ezifana "Bhombolozani", nangona ezopolitiko ngokulwa, Noko ke, ngokutsho nabagxeki ezininzi, ibe ukugxekwa ukuncokola kakhulu.

Amandla imibala

imisebenzi Ginsberg ezopolitiko ababalulwa ngamandla Libertarian, usamile ukhetho zakhe echaza yokuvakalisa ngamnye kwifom yemveli. Ngeminyaka yee-1960, oko ngokusondeleyo ezinxulumene counterculture kunye nentshukumo nempi. Uye wadala kwaye zikhuselwe yesu 'amandla intyatyambo ", xa demonstrators impi zikhuthazwe ukuba amaxabiso alungayo, ezifana uxolo nothando ukulinganisa inkcaso babo ekufeni kunye intshabalalo olwabangelwa imfazwe e Vietnam.

Ukusetyenziswa imibala, iintsimbi, unkabi kunye mantras (iingoma ezingcwele) ixesha elithile iye yaba zizinto eziqhelekileyo phakathi demonstrators. Ngowe-1967, Ginsberg waye kumququzeleli we "Intlanganisela izizwe yobukho bomntu" - isiganeko lwaqhutywa kwi umfuziselo ngumbhiyozo wenkolo yamaHindu. Yaba sibali-zenkcubeko umthendeleko yokuqala, nto leyo eye yaba likhuthaze amawaka abanye. Ngowe-1969, xa abanye nempi ntliziyo abaqalise "Nonhlanhla of the ntlanu," eQonce wabhala mantra kuye. Kwakhona yaba bubungqina ukuba ukuziphendulela kwi kwetyala, "Chicago ezisixhenxe", apho amatshantliziyo anti-imfazwe atyholwa "iyelenqe ukweqa imigca karhulumente ukuze ucwangcise zaqalwa."

abaqhankqalazi

Maxa wambi umsebenzi lezopolitiko Ginsberg wabangela usabela-arhente zokunyanzeliswa komthetho. Wabanjwa kule umboniso anti-imfazwe eNew York ngo-1967 kwaye saa kunye igesi iinyembezi kwi-Democratic National Convention eChicago ngo-1968. Ngowe-1972 waba entolongweni ngenxa inxaxheba kwimiboniso nxamnye ngoko-President Richarda Niksona kwi Republican National Convention e Miami. Ngowe-1978, yena elide iqabane lakhe Peter Orlovsky babanjwa ekuvaleni imizila kaloliwe ukumisa uloliwe kunye inkunkuma eqhumayo evela kwisityalo "Rocky Flats" ukuvelisa izixhobo-grade neplutoniyam in eColorado.

King May

imisebenzi Ginsberg ezopolitiko wamnika ingxaki kwamanye amazwe. Ngowe-1965 wayetyelele Cuba njengoko othile for Evergreen Review. Emva wakhalaza malunga nonyango lwe amafanasini kwi-University of Havana, urhulumente waya Ginsberg kunye nesicelo ukuze ashiye ilizwe. Kwakuloo nyaka mnye, le imbongi waya eCzechoslovakia, apho wonyulwa "uKumkani May" yi amawaka abemi Czech. Ngosuku olulandelayo, urhulumente Czech wambuza ukuba aphume ngenxa yokuba 'imdaka bawa. " Ginsberg ngokwakhe wachaza ukugxothwa kwakhe ngenxa yokuba amapolisa Czech imfihlelo ndandididekile ngenkoliseko jikelele, "the American screwy iintsomi Imbongi elineentshebe".

oyinqaba

Enye ingxaki, lokubonakala kwisihobe Ginsberg yakhe, yaba ugxininiso kwi yokomoya eyimfihlakalo. Umdla wakhe kule miba zaphenjelelwa uthotho imibono, awathi watyelela ukufunda kwisihobe William Blake. wamkhumbula Allen Ginsberg "ilizwi nzulu kakhulu sepulchral kwelo gumbi," ngoko nangoko, ngaphandle yokucinga, wathabatha ilizwi Blake. Wongeze ngelithi "njengesandi ethile into angalibalekiyo, ngokuba yayikhangeleka ngokungathi uThixo ngezwi lomntu wonke isisa ngamadoda obungenasiphelo umthwalo ofayo uMdali ophilileyo, ajike unyana wakhe." Ezo imibono ziye yavusa umdla nobugqi, nto leyo eyakhokelela imbongi ukuya eksperimenti okwexeshana kunye iziyobisi ezahlukeneyo. kamva ke uthi Allen Ginsberg, "Bhombolozani" wabhala phantsi kwempembelelo ipeyote, "Kaddish" - ngenxa iiamphetamines kunye "Wales - ndwendwela" - ngoncedo lwe LSD.

Emva kokuhamba eNdiya ngo-1962, ngexesha apho wadibana Ukucamngca yoga, Ginsberg watshintsha isimo sakhe kwiziyobisi. Wayeqinisekile ukuba Ukucamngca kunye yoga kakhulu ngcono ukwazisa imeko; kodwa bakholwa hallucinogens luncedo ukubhala umbongo. Psychedelics, wathi, ngaba eyongeziweyo lobeko lwe yoga neendlela uphando sezingqondweni.

Ukuguqulwa ku Buddhism

Ginsberg ukufunda zaseMpumalanga yaqala emva kokuba kuvulwe mantras zabo, iivesi ezinesingqi esetyenziswa kwizenzo zokomoya. ukusebenzisa kwabo kwesingqisho, zokuphefumla izandi esisiseko kwabonakala kuye uhlobo izibongo. Kwezinye imibongo wafaka kwi kokubhaliweyo mantra, ajike umsebenzi zibe uhlobo lomthandazo. ufundo Imibongo, ngokufuthi iqala ukuphindaphindwa mantras, ukudala isimo ekunene. Umdla wakhe kwiicawa eMpuma ekugqibeleni bamsa seal Chogyam Trungpa, omnye umphathi dha evela Tibet, apho waba nempembelelo enkulu ubuchule ka eQonce. Xa ebutsheni boo-1970, imbongi izifundo kwiziko Trungpa eColorado, kananjalo bafunda umbongo. Ngo-1972, Allen eQonce wanika Bodhisattva izibhambathiso ngokusesikweni yamkelwa nobuBhuda.

Inkalo ephambili uqeqesho Trungpa luhlobo ukucamngca, ekuthiwa shamatha, leyo ingqalelo ukuphefumla yakho. Ngokutsho Ginsberg, oko kukhokelela ukubazolisa engqondweni, ukuveliswa ngoomatshini banga nabacinga-iifomu; Oku kukhokelela i exacerbation kwabo ulwazi ingqalelo. Incwadi "Breath engqiqo ', sizinikele Trungpa, iqulethe imibongo emininzi ebhaliweyo ngoncedo shamatha ukucamngca.

Ukususela amadlavu ngobutyebi

Ngowe-1974, Allen Ginsberg nogxa wakhe, Enn Valdman waseka kwisikolo poetics nemizimba Jack Kerouac njengesebe le Institute of Naropa. Ngokwekhalenda ukuba imbongi, ultimate ingcamango yayikukumisela esisigxina yobugcisa kwanokholeji Tibetan kwizithethe, apho kukho ootitshala kunye nabafundi ubomi elinye isakhiwo, eya kusebenza kangangamakhulu eminyaka. Zokufundisa kunye neengxoxo esikolweni Ginsberg utsale ababhali abadumileyo ezifana Diane di Prima, uRon Padgett kunye Uilyam Berrouz. Correlating Imibongo yakhe umdla yokomoya, kanye Ginsberg wathi nokongeza imibongo luhlobo self-nolwazi self-ukuphucula, likhulula ezingqondweni ngokwayo, apho wena na. Kuyinto oluthile aphalaze indalo yakhe kunye nobuwena, okanye ego wakhe, kwakunye nokuqonda oko yinxalenye wena ivela kuyo.

EQonce onamava wokubhala elingana okubizwa ngokuba "ukusuka amadlavu eengubo ngokobutyebi" - ukususela ekuqaleni "ezimdaka" umsebenzi, nto leyo Woyika begxeka elivisayo yokufakwa kule "yonk 'American iincwadi." Wayengomnye kwiimbongi anempembelelo esizukulwaneni sakhe yaye, ngokutsho uYakobi Mersmana, "inani elikhulu kwimbali kwimibongo."

kwiminyaka yakutshanje

Amaxwebhu bhanya Dzherri Aronsona "Ubomi Times of Allen Ginsberg" yakhululwa ngo-1994. Kulo nyaka, eStanford University wahlawula imbongi kwesigidi zeerandi ngenxa yokugcina kwakhe. imibongo ezintsha kunye ingqokelela imisebenzi zangaphambili Ginsberg waqhubeka kupapashwa rhoqo. Kwaye zakhe iincwadi, iimagazini kunye photos of the Beat-oogxa bakuvumele a fresh jonga kwi ngobomi nomsebenzi wembongi.

Ngentwasahlobo yowama-1997 izigulane enesifo seswekile sinwenwa kunye kohlobo Ginsberg kwafunyaniswa ukuba unomhlaza wesibindi. Emva kokufunda esi sifo, wakhawuleza wabhala umbongo omfutshane 12. Ngosuku olulandelayo, imbongi wahlaselwa sistroke waza wafa isiqaqa. Wafa kwiintsuku ezimbini kamva. I "New York Times" Ubhabhayisile kuye Uilyam Berrouz, lowo wambiza ngokuba 'umntu omkhulu kunye nempembelelo yehlabathi. "

Allen eQonce: Book

Ivesi kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, ubomi imbongi bakhe yaqokelelwa encwadini "Ukufa Uzuko:. Imibongo, 1993-1997" Lo mqulu iquka imisebenzi wadala nangoko emva Allen wafunda isigulo sakhe. Umkhangeli Abavakalisi Weekly wachaza ingqokelela ngokuthi "luvuthondaba ogqibeleleyo ubomi amanene." Ray Olson Dzhek Helberg, zokubhala lweencwadi, uthole imihobe eQonce kaThixo "olukhazimlisiweyo, ukuba akunjalo bamzama," yaye Rochelle Ratner kuvavanyo Library Journal iinowuthsi le "kakhulu ubungqina isisa nokhathalelo."

Enye incwadi Kubala of Ginsberg - "iprozi ngabom: Izincoko ezikhethiweyo, 1952-1995" - into izincoko ngaphezu kwe-150 ngomhla isihloko izixhobo zenyukliya, imfazwe eVietnam, ukuhluza, iimbongi ezifana Walt Whitman kwaye ukubetha Gregory Corso, kunye namanye amasiko adalwa, kuquka John Lennon kunye umfoti uRobert Frank. Umgxeki Abavakalisi Weekly uncome le ncwadi "ngamanye amaxesha elithozamisayo, maxa wambi zingakhathaliyo," yaye wongezelela ukuba i "ngokuqinisekileyo uya ibe uluhlu olubanzi abalandeli wembongi." Lweencwadi wafumana Ginsberg izincoko "ifikeleleke ngakumbi uninzi kwizibongo nemibongo yakhe."

A njengesipili ngexesha layo

Njengoko Ginsberg angathanda ukuba simkhumbule? Ngokutsho kwakhe, njengoko umntu isithethe American endala exabisekileyo ngokudlul, ukusuka esikolweni Gnostic endala Thoreau, Emerson, Whitman, oye waba kubo kwinkulungwane XX. Ginsberg wake wachaza ukuba onke ubuthathaka kuyiyo kakhulu ukumelana umsindo; ukuba abahlobo bakhe kuthakazelelwa kakhulu ukuzola nesisa ngokwesondo; yakhe ilungele umsebenzi omkhulu "nokuzicacisa iimvakalelo kule nkampani." "Kanye okanye hayi, akukho namnye ayibonisi ixesha lakhe uMnu Ginsberg", - waqukumbela lo mbhalo Economist. "Waye ibhulorho phakathi lemfundo avant-garde kunye nenkcubeko pop."