Adat - yintoni na le nto? Kwenkcazo yegama

Adat - i (Jawi: عادت) - ligama, abolekwe kulwimi Arabic ukuchaza iintlobo loluntu Muslim ziqhutywa North eCaucasus, amasiko zasekuhlaleni kunye nezithethe e Central and South-East Asia. Nangona imvelaphi yayo Arabic, igama elithi "adat" yandile kulo umiswa mpuma Asia, apho ngenxa impembelelo yobukoloniyali wasetyenziswa ngendlela ezahlukeneyo zoluntu non-Muslim. Kweli xesha pre-amaSilamsi imbali, kwakukho amalungiselelo amaninzi omthetho eyayilawula ubomi ekuhlaleni, kwaye omnye wabo lo adat. Intsingiselo yegama elithi "adat" lidla uthelekiswa nomthetho elifuna

Eli adat

Endle yomthetho, adat - wesiko imithetho, imigaqo, imiqathango kunye nemigaqo kulawulo ukuziphatha bomntu njengelungu benkolo yamaSilamsi kunye izohlwayo ngenxa yazo. Kananjalo uhlobo unyango amacandelo ahlukeneyo abantu apho le yemithetho. Abasakwazi endala kunye engqongqo. Adat nayo ibandakanya isethi imithetho yemveli, iinkqubo imbambano zokuhlala, apho kuluntu ikhona kangangeenkulungwane.

Adat e North Caucasus and Central Asia

Phambi kokuvela Islam, kwizizwana North Caucasus and Central Asia wayesele kudala kwasekwa imimiselo yomthetho lolwaphulomthetho nolwembambano, leyo "adat" yaziwa ngexesha Islamic. Kuluntu yemveli Central Asia oko lusekiwe kwaye songanyelwe amalungu elihle oluntu, njengoko umthetho, iBhodi abadala. Oku kusekelwe ikhowudi yezizwe yokuziphatha kunye kangangeenkulungwane amava nokusonjululwa iingxabano phakathi kwabantu, uluntu kunye nezizwe. E North Caucasus, ngokubhekiselele kwiinqobo ezisemgangathweni emveli eli adat ikhowudi yathi teip (clan) - le benchmark esingundoqo ukunyaniseka, nembeko, ihlazo kunye noxanduva oludibeneyo.

Ulawulo lobukoloniyali yoBukhosi baseRashiya abazange ukuphazamisa wobugqwetha yaye onikwe ulawulo kwinqanaba loluntu lwengingqi kumabhunga abadala, namadoda aziinkulu zezindlu. Ngoko wenza kwiBolsheviks kwiminyaka yokuqala revolution 1917. Adat ezenziwa phakathi kwabemi Central Asia neCaucasus de ekuqaleni 1930, de urhulumente waseSoviet zavalwa ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwaye kwafakwa umthetho wobukhaya.

Adat e mpuma Asia

Ngo-mpuma Asia, ingcamango "adat" nokubaluleka yayo kuqala mawuqulunqwe Islamicize Malay-othetha ihlabathi. Kuyabonakala ukuba, oku kwenziwa ukwahlula phakathi izithethe zakwaNtu Islamic. Kwinkulungwane XV malakkaysky Sultanate lenze ikhowudi yomthetho ngamazwe yolwandle, kwakunye Civil and Commercial Codes, nto leyo yaba nempembelelo ecacileyo mthetho obizwa "elifuna". Adat nabo bachaphazeleka kakhulu idatha ye amaxwebhu asemthethweni. kamva Ezi iikhowudi saa kuwo wonke loo mmandla waba umthombo ngokupheleleyo-epheleleyo yomthetho for umkhuba zasekuhlaleni xa sultanates ezinjalo ezinkulu zengingqi, ezifana Brunei, Johor, Pattani kunye Aceh.

Adat e East Indies kunye nokufunda yayo

Kumashumi eminyaka yokuqala zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini kwi-Dutch East Indies ukuba bafunde adat kuvelile njengentsimi ezizodwa zokufunda. Nangona ke inxulumene neemfuno kolawulo lobukoloniyali, Noko ke, unike eyakhokelela ekubeni kwenziwe uqeqesho uphando esebenzayo ebandakanya iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo uthelekiso adat kumazwe awahlukeneyo. Phakathi abaphengululi abalaseleyo benza ekufundeni adat, ivela umDatshi Van Vallenhoven, uTer Haar kunye Snoke Hungronhe. Uninzi amagama angundoqo, ezo nangoku kusetyenziswa namhlanje njengenxalenye komthetho wesiNtu ezikhona Indonesia mihla. Ziquka i "umthetho adat", "umthetho kuluntu adat ',' amalungelo umhlaba odityanelweyo okanye ukusetyenziswa" kunye "nomthetho ekuhlaleni." umthetho Adat eyasetyenziswa ngurhulumente yobukoloniyali lisebenza kwezomthetho ukuba libhekisela umthetho olumisiweyo, owasiwa ukuya kwicala lomthetho oluzimeleyo, ukongeza umthetho ncwadi. imithetho namasiko onke amaqela eentlanga, kuquka non-amaSilamsi, ziye ngokudibeneyo luchazwa ngegama elithi "adat" - igama waba intsingiselo yomthetho. nemithetho yayo kanye imigaqo ukuyifunda amaxwebhu asemthethweni bala mazwe, njengoko elo kuqaliswa ezininzi zomthetho kummandla we-East Indies. Ngokutsho eli cebo, ngokusekelwe kwiinkqubo adat ngokuhlelwa zombini zenkcubeko neendawo iyunithi, yonke yahlulwe Dutch East Indies ubuncinane ezilishumi elinethoba kwimimandla zomthetho.

Modern Impembelelo adat

Adat isasetyenziswa nangoku kwiinkundla Brunei, Malaysia kunye Indonesia (kumazwe apho unqulo karhulumente Islam) njengoko umthetho yoluntu kwezinye iinkalo. E Malaysia,-siseko zonke zikarhulumente, kukho abameli eligunyazisiweyo urhulumente malayan, ezifana intloko Islam kunye namasiko Malay. Council of States, eyaziwa ngokuba Majlis Kantulo Islam dan Adat (Council of Islam kunye namasiko Malay) iya kuba noxanduva ngokucebisa iinkokeli karhulumente, kwakunye nolawulo leMicimbi Islamic kunye adat.

ulawulo Trial sprov usebenzisa wesintu

Litigation kwimicimbi enxulumene kwimicimbi Islam kunye adat (umzekelo, amatyala phantsi ubunini odibeneyo amaqabane nabantwana babo kunye) zenziwa kwi- elifuna enkundleni. Umthetho adat - kukuba kwiimeko ezininzi kulawulwa ngumthetho yoluntu kobudlelwane Muslim mpuma Asia. Xa United of Sarawak kunye Sabah isethi adat uluntu nemalayskoy Malaysian Abantu zemveli ziye ngokusemthethweni ngokudala yeenkundla ezizodwa eyaziwa ngokuba Bumiputra Mahkamaha kunye Mahkamov Anak Negeri. Kukho kwakhona nenkqubo enxuseneyo ngenxa yobuhlanga Malays, ekuthiwa Mahkamov, kodwa ezinolawulo oluncinane kakhulu.

Umthetho adat Indonesian nangoku imeeet nokubaluleka enkulu zomthetho kwezinye iindawo, ingakumbi xa uninzi kwiilali yamaHindu e Bali, Tenger kummandla kunye Sultanate of Yogyakarta kunye Surakarta.

Adat kwisithuba post-Soviet

Emva kokuwa yokusebenza eSoviet Union ngayo adat e Central Asia baqalisa ukuvuselela kwi-1990 phakathi koluntu Muslim kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni. Oku kubangelwe ubukhulu becala ekuweni amaziko zonyanzeliso lomthetho kunye nomthetho kwiingingqi ezininzi kummandla Central Asia. Ukuvela siseko ezintsha republic kwakhona luye lwanegalelo kule nkqubo, njengoko engandiswanga izakhono ezithile amaziko emveli ezifana kumabhunga abadala (yabadala), ezinye abasemagunyeni olawulo nazo ngokufuthi kulawulwa yi kwemimiselo ka adat.

adat abaseAfrika kunye Chechen

E North Caucasus kangangeenkulungwane kwabakho inkqubo clan yemveli yoluntu self-government. Chechen adats nengxabano kunye Shamil. igama "Adat", le nkcazo kunye nokuguqula elibhekisela ingqiqo ka "isiko okanye mkhwa," idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwizizwana North abaseAfrika. Emva kwexesha Stalin kaThixo, waphinda waqala ukwenza emfihlekweni (ngo-1950 ngenkulungwane dvadtsatogogo). Kuba Chechens adat - imithetho olungagungqiyo yokuziphatha intsapho kunye noluntu. Nayiphi usapho Chechen endilisekileyo ubonisa intlonipho kunye nokukhathalela isizukulwana abadala, ingakumbi abazali. abazali abalupheleyo baqhubeka nomnye woonyana bakhe. Ngenxa izazi zocindezelo ebudeni beminyaka Stalin, adat, obe kweChechnya Dagestan, phantse akazange iimpawu zocalu-mthetho Islamic. Ngoku, ke, liyanda inani Abaphengululi Muslim, eyapapashwa adat Collection, izinto ezo zisetyenziswe ekwenzeni izigqibo ezibalulekileyo kwibhunga lali kunye zezithili namaziko olawulo.