A karhulumente federal - le fomu ngokupheleleyo ngurhulumente

Urhulumente federal yeyona ndlela eyamkelekileyo isakhiwo karhulumente-sendawo ithi ezinkulu okanye ithi apho labemi obekwe kwi kuzwelonke.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, izazinzulu musa ukunika ingcaciso olunye lwemo federal, nangona kunjalo, kuhlalutywa iindawo ezininzi, kukho uhlobo karhulumente inokuchazwa njenge karhulumente nzima-federal, ezibandakanya kummandla ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu yolawulo, umanyaniswe liziko efanayo ngokwesiseko-siseko. Njengomgaqo, kwimeko enjalo luphawulwa iimpawu ezithile:

1. Ukusasazwa amandla - i "iziko" kunye nezifundo ze-Federation kumiswe-siseko nobuchule babo yokujongana nemiba yoluntu;
2. kwisahlulo kwenkqubo yezomthetho kwi federal (kunyanzelekile ukuba bonke abemi beli lizwe) kunye nezifundo kwenkqubo Federation (sisebenza kuphela ummandla wesifundo umfelandawonye);
3. ulawulo kwenkqubo engundoqo yomthetho kwenkqubo yesifundo federal;
4. bikameralizm - komdla abalawulwa imbumba zimelwe endlwini eliphezulu bepalamente;
5. ukungabikho amaqumrhu asemthethweni le imbumba ukuba secede ukusuka nakwiimanyano ezichaphazelekileyo;
6. umgaqo ngabemi ezimbini - lokuba ngabemi i Federation kunye sifundo.

Urhulumente federal namhlanje uphawu ngenxa kumazwe ayi-24, kuquka eSwitzerland, i-USA, Brazil, Canada naseRashiya. Bonke bephela sidalwe ngeendlela ezintathu eziphambili: inguqu ukusuka Confederation ukuya umanyano ngemvumelwano, okanye utshintsho ukusuka umbuso owodwa ukuba umanyano.

umbuso owodwa nokazwelonke.

Ingxoxo-mpikiswano malunga nokuba yintoni na uhlobo lwesakhiwo lolawulo-ndawo luhlala ngaphezu konyaka phakathi bewenza. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ngalinye izazinzulu thaca iingxoxo zabo wakhetha omnye okanye olunye uhlobo. umbuso owodwa - yindlela owamkelekileyo ithi ezincinane apho omnye uhlanga ubomi. Intsimi kule meko yahlulelwe kwii ariya eziphantsi kolawulo lomthetho esekwe ngurhulumente kazwelonke. Amava ithi mihla kubonisa ukuba le fom unitary ezifanelekileyo ithi multi-national apho abasemagunyeni uluntu ukunika umanyano lwabo.

Urhulumente federal lithi apho manyano lwenzeka kwi kazwelonke, zendawo okanye kumdla kwezoqoqosho. Kulo mzekelo, iziko federal ulungelelanisa imiba yoluntu jikelele ngokubonelela ngabalawulwa nakwiimanyano ukusombulula imiba ethile ezivelayo kule khosi kulawulo isifundo esithile nakwiimanyano ezichaphazelekileyo. Urhulumente federal inokuba isisombululo ukhetho zilungele ukuba ithi ukuba ecalanye kwaye zikwimeko of "ungquzulwano ekhenkcezisiweyo". Noko ke, kule meko kuyafuneka kwangaphambili ukuba ukujonga uhlobo umanyano - i ndawonye (embindini - nkqi, isihloko - nekumgangatho osezantsi) okanye asasaziweyo (iziko sichaza ingqikelelo jikelele zophuhliso, isifundo elisombulula zonke ezinye izinto).

Ecalanye kunye federal karhulumente namhlanje zezona ntlobo zixhaphakileyo karhulumente yolawulo. Le meko kakhulu iyaqondakala, ekubeni ezi ntlobo zimbini karhulumente efanelekileyo ekwakheni umbuso ngokusemthethweni.

Russia - urhulumente federal.

Kuba imigca ezahlukeneyo zoqoqosho nobuhlanga efana uhlobo Russian federal yelizwe lwesakhiwo karhulumente-ndawo yeyona ndlela ilungileyo.

Formation of naseRussia njengohlobo mfelandawonye ngenxa yenkqubo yophuhliso zembali. Nangona kunjalo, indima ephambili kule nkqubo ngoku udlalwa nge 1993 siseko, apho mthetho wathabatha amava ababengaphambi ingqalelo yaye abalawulwa Federation lwamalungelo kunokuba kakhulu. Ngoko ke, ngokutsho isicatshulwa sokuqala-siseko Russian Federation iye zokwabela abaphantsi amagunya. Kodwa kule minyaka-10 edlulileyo ngokucacileyo intsingiselo ebonakalayo malunga umanyano kwindawo enye. Olu tshintsho lu dityanisiwe kwintsimi enkulu kunye nokwakheka multi-nobuhlanga labemi belizwe, ulawulo leyo ibangelwa kwiimfuno zokulungisa iinkqubo kusungulwe kwimbonakalo yabo theoretical component kwi kummandla Russia. karhulumente Federal oyithengileyo yothuba elithile sexesha uyahlangabezana neemfuneko Russian Federation, ekusebenzeni eqhelekileyo kokubini emthethweni kunye iingongoma zoqoqosho nezentlalo umbono.