Zomculo iimpawu, iisimboli kunye nezixhobo. Umculo edlalwa sibingelela

Ukususela kwixesha lakudala, ngokusebenzisa ubugcisa abantu eziqulathwe iimvakalelo zabo, iingcamango kunye namava. Abanye zaveza obukhulu yokudweba, obonisa izinto yeNkosi eyayicace, yobomi bemihla ngemihla, kwakunye nechibi kukhunjulwa iziqephu ngobomi bakhe. Abanye baye bakha iintlobo ezahlukeneyo izakhiwo kunye ezikhumbuzo, abanike intsingiselo ethile yokomfuziselo. Eyona ebalaseleyo kuwo ngokuba nemimangaliso zehlabathi. Ukusuka phantsi kwezandla zalowo yesithathu emveni esinye siphuma bephepha imibongo elizayo, iinoveli, epics, apho ixesha ngalinye ibali uthathwe phezulu strong, efanelekileyo, ngokokubona ilizwi yombhali.

Noko ke, kwakukho abo bafumana ukhanyidelo kwisandi. Bona wadala izixhobo ezikhethekileyo ukuvakalisa iimvakalelo mabubagubungele. Aba bantu kuthiwa kunye neemvumi.

Yintoni umculo?

Namhlanje, ingqikelelo "mculo" unikwa isixa esikhulu zineenkcazelo. Kodwa ukuba uthetha nangengqwalasela enkulu, yinto uhlobo lobugcisa, isifundo engundoqo iyileyo kuvakala ethile.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba uninzi iilwimi zamandulo eli gama lithetha "imisebenzi yena."

Isazinzulu eSoviet Arnold Sochor, yena, wayekholelwa ukuba umculo ngokukodwa ibonisa leyinene, kwakunye nokubonelela sesichengeni koluntu ubude imibutho ngendlela enentsingiselo nezizodwa, yaye ngokuhamba kwexesha ngokulandelelana isandi, enye yezinto ezibalulekileyo apho ezi neethowuni.

Imbali Emfutshane Umculo

Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, abantu ethanda umculo. Ngomhla kummandla Afrika yamandulo ngokusebenzisa ezininzi iingoma eziyinxalenye izithethe, wazama ukuba uqhagamshelane oomoya, oothixo. E Egypt, umculo efanayo isetyenziswa ikakhulu ngenxa neengoma zonqulo. Kwakukho amagama afana "uthando," yaye "misetrii" kulingana uhlobo. Imisebenzi edume eYiputa "Book of Abafileyo" yaye "bayawa Iitekisi", ichaza "inkanuko" uthixo Egyptian Osiris. AmaGrike amandulo baba ngabantu bokuqala kweli hlabathi yabo bakwazi ukufikelela ibinzana ephezulu umculo. Iyafuna ukudibanisa apha nento ukuba okwesihlandlo sokuqala wabona ubukho uhlobo njalo phakathi amaxabiso zemathematika kunye izandi.

Ekubeni umculo zazivelela yaphuhliswa ngokuhamba kwexesha. Loo nto yaqala ukuma ngaphandle kwiindawo ezininzi ezingundoqo.

Ngokutsho ingcamango yamandulo, ngenkulungwane IX emhlabeni kwakukho ezi ntlobo zilandelayo umculo: isimbonono Gregorian (iintlobo okt ezahlukeneyo zomculo ibandla, ezinkonzweni), Bard ingoma kunye nomculo wezwe (umzekelo ocacileyo yale uhlobo - umhobe). Xa inkqubo yentsebenziswano phakathi kwabantu, aba genres ngcembe ugalelwe enye kwenye, nto leyo emenza abe entsha, ngokungafaniyo engaphambili. Ngoko, xa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX kwakukho wejazz, nto leyo eyaba ngukhokho neentlobo ezininzi mihla.

Ziziphi iimpawu zomculo kunye neesimboli?

Kwenzeka njani ukuba kurekhodwe izandi? Zomculo notation zomculo - na imizobo ezinemiqathango, ezo zimi kwi kwiinowuthsi. Owona msebenzi wabo ukonyulwa ephakamileyo kunye ixesha zokunxulumene yesandi. Yinto akukho mfihlakalo ukuba notation somculo sisiseko eluncedo umculo. Noko ke, bona bengakuphiwanga bonke. Funda imiqondiso zomculo - kakhulu yinkqubo ethatha ixesha elide, iziqhamo apho baya kukwazi ukwenza kukungcamla kuphela kakhulu umguli kunye ngenkuthalo.

Xa siqala ukuba sijonge iinkalo ngokwe mihla, ngoko eli nqaku liza kuba makayixhome ngokuzolileyo, inkulu kunene. Ukuze wenze oku, kufuneka ubhale i eyahlukileyo, umsebenzi kakhulu siphathelele iimpawu zomculo kunye neesimboli. Omnye wabalinganiswa idumileyo, Kakade ke, "clef treble". Ngaphambi kwayo liye laba uphawu umculo.

Yintoni na izixhobo zomculo yaye yintoni na ke?

Izinto ezinika ukukwazi ukufumana iintlobo ezahlukeneyo izandi afunwayo ukwenza imveliso, eyaziwa ngokuba izixhobo zomculo. Izixhobo ezikhoyo namhlanje, ngokungqinelana kunye nobuchule babo, injongo, umgangatho isandi yohlulwe amaqela ezininzi eziphambili: keyboard, zezihlokomiso, umoya, umtya layingcongolo.

Kukho okunye ukuhlelwa ezininzi (njenge umzekelo eliqaqambileyo Hornbostelya Sachs-system).

Isiseko emzimbeni wayo nayiphi na isixhobo evelisa iithowuni zomculo (ngaphandle izixhobo zombane), a resonator. Njengoko kunokuba umtya, ebizwa ngokuba yi-wesekethe oscillation, ikholam womoya (kwi isixa esithile), okanye nayiphi na enye into yokuba unalo ithuba ukugcina amandla edluliselwe ngohlobo intlokoma.

Le rhoqo resonant yeeseti overtone lokuqala (ngamanye amagama, ithowuni esisiseko) isandi ethe yaveliswa ngalo mzuzu.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba isixhobo uyakwazi ngaxeshanye ukudlala izandi, lingana ne ukuya kwinani resonators ezisetyenziswayo. Uyilo singabandakanya inani eyahlukileyo kubo. Luthathe audio iqala kwi mzuzu xa lweHo- zenyuse amandla. Ukuba yimvumi kuyimfuneko ukumisa isandi qho enyanzelekileyo, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukubhenela isiphumo enjalo, njengoko damping. Kwimeko ezinye izixhobo kunokwenzeka ukuba Ukutshintsha amaza ekuvakaleni kwelizwi. Kwezinye izixhobo, ekuthi kwezo nto kuphume izandi non-zomculo (ezifana - amadrum), esi sixhobo singasetyenziswa.

Yintoni umculo yaye yintoni na ke?

Xa obanzi zomculo, okanye, njengoko kuthiwa, íOpus - nawuphi na umdlalo, improvisation, ingoma yesintu. Ngamanye amazwi, phantse yonke into ibe ayihambi ngokusebenzisa intlokoma izandi odwa. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iphawulwa ephelele lwangaphakathi ezithile, ukudityaniswa zemali (ngokusebenzisa imiqondiso zomculo, amanqaku njalo njalo. D.), Amanye hlobo ezixhasayo. Enye into ebalulekileyo ukhetheke, nto leyo ethetha ukuba, njengokuba umthetho, imizwa kunye namava umbhali, ukuba wayenqwenela ukuba bammise phambi abalaleli umsebenzi wakhe.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba igama elithi "umculo" njengengqiqo esekwe kakuhle bubonakala isigaba lwezobugcisa esanda (umhla ngqo ayaziwa, kodwa ethile kummandla lwekhulu XVIII-XIX). Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ke indawo ngandlela zonke.

Umzekelo, Vilgelm Gumboldt kunye uJohann umalusi endaweni lo gama wasebenzisa igama elithi "imisebenzi". Xa ixesha isihloko avant-garde ithathwa yi "isiganeko", "isabelo", "uhlobo vula". Okwangoku, kukho ezininzi umculo ezahlukeneyo. Sicebisa ukuba siqwalasele abantu abaziwayo, umdla kunye engaqhelekanga.

I. Iingoma ezipheleleyo (okanye ingoma)

Ngengoma - enye alula, kodwa eziqhelekileyo, amaqhosha zomculo, apho okubhaliweyo zemibongo sikhatshwa yi elula uncuthu kuba lula ukukhumbula.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba le ngoma yenye yeendawo ezininzi kuphuhliswa ngengqiqo ukuba kungoku nje inani elikhulu ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo yayo, iintlobo, njalo-njalo. D.

II. symphony

Symphony (in Greek - "ngokuvumelana, ayive, ngokuvumelana") wabhekisela iqhekeza umculo, nto leyo ikakhulu yenzelwe ukusebenza iokhestra, nto leyo kuba umoya, umtya, egumbini exutyiweyo. Kwezinye iimeko, ethengisela zinokuqukwa vocals okanye ngoma.

Rhoqo lo msebenzi kuzisa kunye nezinye iintlobo, ngaloo ndlela bakha uhlobo engumxube (umz, Symphony Suite, Symphony-Umbongo, Symphony Fantasy kunye ezifana. D.)

III. Sani and Fugue

Isandulela (ukusuka kwisiLatini iQela - «ezayo» kunye ludus - «Game") - ngumsebenzi encinane, ngokungafaniyo nabanye, akukho uhlobo engqongqo.

Ikakhulu preludes kunye fugues zenzelwe izixhobo ezifana harpsichord, iziko, ipiyano

Ekuqaleni, ezi mveliso ezazijoliswe wenzela iimvumi nethuba 'warm "ngaphambi kwindawo engundoqo ye yokusebenza. Noko ke, kamva ke sele bekela zombini ezimeleyo imveliso yokuqala.

IV. ikhule

Olu hlobo nalo kakhulu umdla, kuba inikwe ingqalelo kakhulu. Touche - (French for "isitshixo", "entry") yeyona umculo edlalwe yokubingelela. Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala eli gama sele usebenzisa phakathi kwenkulungwane XVIII eJamani.

Eyona njongo iphambili yalo msebenzi kukuba ukutsala umdla wabaphulaphuli ukuba kwenzeka ntoni, kwakunye ukuqaliswa imibala ezifanelekileyo ngokweemvakalelo kwimeko apho (idla iintlobo kwinjoli). Ngokuqhelekileyo, umsebenzi umculo sibingelela kuthatha ubhedu band. Ngokuqinisekileyo wonke akukuva izidumbu, leyo lwenziwa ngexesha kwamabhaso, njalo-njalo. N.

Xa nqaku namhlanje wethu, siye saxubusha yintoni na izixhobo zomculo, imiqondiso, isebenza. Ngethemba lokuba kuya kuba luncedo kwaye ulwazi kubafundi.