Zobunjineli Mechanical e Ukraine: kushishino kunye ezenzeka ngoku

Mechanical Engineering of Ukraine sele babeshiywe ingqalelo icandelo ephambili kunye kaloliwe koqoqosho. Apha bebekelwa ezinkulu amashishini abaxhakaxhaka neemoto moya lobunjineli, yokunyibilikisa isinyithi, amandla, ishishini zokhuselo kunye nezinye iinkalo.

Imbali Uphuhliso kushishino

Iqala ibali obunjineli boomatshini Ukraine ngenkulungwane XIX. Uphuhliso iidipozithi amalahle enkulu kwi Donets Basin kunye nophuhliso yokunyibilikisa isinyithi efunekayo ukusetyenziswa koomatshini mveliso, izixhobo, metal. Kuba kwezolimo, oko kufuneka izixhobo ezingcono kunye zoomatshini buso.

Lo mzi-mveliso yokuqala koomatshini zezolimo yavulwa ngo-1840 e-Mlieve. amashishini amakhulu Alexandrovsky Plant e Ekaterinoslav (ngoku Dnepropetrovsk), Isityalo Hughes seDonetsk plant "Dnipro" kwi Kamensky (ngoku Dnipropetrovsk), iivenkile zikaloliwe eKharkov kunye Lugansk. Phambi kokuba revolution kwi lilonke imveliso industrial uBukhosi Russian, isabelo Ukraine yaba-25%.

New Breath oomatshini Ukraine ndizuze nokufika kwamandla Soviet. Kule ndawo eninzi imali sele imali kulwakhiwo kwamashishini amakhulu. .. Ngokukodwa, i-eKharkov yomsinga (1929), i-eKharkov Tractor Plant (1930), Dnepropetrovsk Electric kaloliwe Plant (1934), Kiev sisityalo transport (1935), njl Emva kwemfazwe, inkqubela enkulu iye amashishini zobunjineli eliphezulu-zobugcisa: eyama rocket isithuba, ngomatshini, ishishini yokuzikhusela, ubunjineli enzima, ukwenza isixhobo kunye nabanye.

iimpawu ngokubanzi

Oku yophuhliso obunjineli boomatshini Ukraine sithetha utshintsho olukhulu kunye ngokuhlanganisa isakhiwo yonke shishino. Sizoku lwisana ubudlelwane ne-Russia (eyayisakubizwa ngokuba noongqo) kunye nokwandiswa amathuba ukuthumela kumazwe angaphandle ukuya eYurophu evela kumashishini amakhulu kuvela iingxaki kunye kumazwe angaphandle iimveliso lwemveli, kunye amanye amathuba of iyantlukwano yemveliso kwixesha elizayo.

Ukuze lo mbuzo "Chaza kwicandelo lobunjineli lwesakhiwo Ukraine" unayo impendulo ngqo. Machine-kwezakhiwo of Ukraine kuquka amasebe ngaphezulu kwama-20 ezizodwa, 58 sub-amasebe. Eneneni, kweli lizwe amelwe zonke iintlobo ezikhoyo zobunjineli. Ngokutsho kwamanani asemthethweni, iinkampani 11.267 ebhaliswe isakhiwo 146 apho inkulu, 1834 - avareji, kwaye 9287 - encinane. Isakhiwo liqesha malunga ne-1,5 million abasebenzi.

analysis output

Ngokutsho manani State Committee, imveliso yomatshini-kwezakhiwo ngo-2011-2013, kwimvelaphi yonke le imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo (jonga itheyibhile.)

Ngokutsho manani, ngaphambi kokuba ingxaki ngo-2014 kwakukho ukuhla imithamo yemveliso kwecandelo 10 ukuya kwi 8.7%. Xa sithelekisa obunjineli boomatshini ka Ukraine kunye nehlabathi, ngokwemiqathango yentengiso (njengepesenti yoshishino iyonke) manani zahlukile kakhulu - lo mlinganiselo uphantsi kakhulu kumazwe phambili. Le ntsingiselo luphawulwa kuphuhliso umbhodamo bomashini-kwezakhiwo.

Uhlalutyo ezithumela kwamanye amazwe

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ekuthunyelweni kwemveliso yoshishino noomatshini ngokuyintloko accounted for kumazwe ico, ingakumbi i-Russian Federation kunye Kazakhstan. Ukwehla kwi Umsebenzi lotyalo-mali kwiimarike ezinkulu kwakhokelela ekuncipheni imveliso kushishino kumazwe angaphandle.

Ngokutsho manani State Committee of Ukraine, ngo-2011-2013, i-kwiriphabliki athunyelwe ngaphezu kwesiqingatha imveliso kwamanye amazwe. Nangona kunjalo, ukwanda yangaphambili kwemfuneko kwiimveliso Ukrainian kwi kwimarike yehlabathi kunye nokuqhelaniswa ukuthunyelwa komatshini we-zakhiwo kweli lizwe ngo-2015 wanikela indlela yokudodobala kolu shishino.

iimveliso zobunjineli Ukraine, apho elizweni amaqabane angaphandle (2014):

• Motors kunye iimpompo (iyonke ingeniso - $ 3 billion).
• izixhobo zombane ($ 2.7 billion).
• W / ukuthutha d ($ 0.8 billion).
• izithuthi Road ($ 0.3 billion).
• zokuhamba Air ($ 0.2 billion).
• Instrument ($ 0.2 billion).
• Court ($ 0.1 billion).

amaziko zobunjineli Ukraine

Ngokwemveli, uninzi shishino kubekwe kwi Umbindi kunye nempuma yeli lizwe. Ithambekele megacities kunye Donbass mmandla mveliso. izihloko zobunjineli zomzimba Kiev, eKharkov kunye Dnepropetrovskiy.

imisebenzi zobunjineli ezinkulu (Ukraine):

• Irula kunye nesithuba kunye kushishino lweenqwelo: Kiev ( "isemoyeni"), Zaporozhye ( "Motor isinxibelelanisi"), Dnipropetrovsk ( "Pivdenmash").
• Automotive: Zaporozhye (ZAZ, "IVECO-Motor isinxibelelanisi"), Kremenchug (KraZ), Cherkasy ( "melly"), Lutsk (LuAZ), Kiev ( "UkrAvto").
• engineering Transport: eKharkov (HZTM Malyshev, HTZ Ordzhonikidze ..).
• Imikhumbi: Nikolaev ( "Ocean" Plant ogama emva 61 Communards.), Kherson (Kherson zalapho).
• oomatshini ezinzima: Mariupol ( "Azovmash"), Kramatorsk (Novokramatorsky Machine Works), IDonetsk (NPK "oomatshini imigodi"), Sumy (. Sumy Frunze), eKharkov ( "Electrotyazhmash", "Turboatom"), Kiev ( "yamaBolshevik" ), Dnipropetrovsk ( "Dneprotyazhmash").
• F / A Transport: Ball ( "Dneprovagonmash"), Kremenchug (Krukiv), Lugansk ( "Luganskteplovoz").
• Electrical and isixhobo engineering: Zaporozhye ( "ZTR"), Odessa ( "Telecard-isixhobo").
• Imishini ekhaya: IDonetsk ( "Nord").
• Ngensimbi: eKharkov (UHadi).

ushishino lweemoto

Kuye linembali zobunjineli ngomatshini eUkraine. Ishishini lenza uluhlu olupheleleyo iimveliso yomkhosi emkhosini. Igubungela uluhlu olubanzi imibutho ethatha inxaxheba kuphuhliso, ukwenziwa kunye nokuthengiswa kwezithuthi, iimoto umkhweli kunye neelori zorhwebo, iibhasi, ezirhuqwayo, izithuthuthu, ezincane, abaza kuzisebenzisa kunye nezincedisi.

Ngokutsho ingqikelelo uphuhliso kushishino lweemoto ngo-2015 kulindeleke ukuba avelise ukuya iimoto 500,000, ukuya iilori 45,000, 20,000 iibhasi. Ukuziqhelisa, isabelo shishini kwimveliso kwimizi kwiminyaka yakutshanje yi 0,8-0,6 kuphela%, kunye nokudalwa wonyaka imveliso yasekhaya yesizwe - ngaphantsi kwe 0.4-0.3%. zobunjineli Automotive e Ukraine luphawulwa njengoko ngokwaneleyo, kunye negalelo layo ukuya azinamsebenzi kuqoqosho lwesizwe. Xa isakhiwo usebenzisa ngaphantsi kwe 0.1% yabo bonke abasebenza kweli lizwe.

Xa ingxenye "zingaphezu" iintlobo akhoyo ikakhulu SKD amazwe abakumgangatho ophakathi (C, B) kunye kwinqanaba elisezantsi ukuthengwa kunye ixabiso wadalwa kwi kummandla Ukraine. Ngokubanzi, ishishini Ukrainian jikelele iye iinkampani malunga ne-100, kunayo iyile:

• Cjsc ZAZ.
• KrASZ LLC.
• "Eurocar" Cjsc.
• "Melly" Corporation.

koomatshini abanzima Ukraine

Le yenye amacandelwana ahambele phambili kweli lizwe, iphawulwa linani elikhulu kwamashishini, ubukho i "esomeleleyo" sikolo zobunjineli, izithethe mveliso. Uvuma ukuba bathenge iimveliso phesheya njengokuba namaqabane empuma nasentshona. Velisani: ukumbiwa, bayifakwa, neenkamba, sikuyo, converters, self tamping, ukubhola, Tunneling, Foundries, oomatshini indlela, bekwilift, iiyunithi ngenxa besila, nomgangatho, besila, machining, ukuxuba somhlaba, nezentsimbi ekrwada, ilitye kunye nezinye izinto kwezimbiwa.

imboni moya

Ishishini iquka imibutho ngaphezulu kwama-60, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ikota bonke abasebenzi yobunjineli kazwelonke. Isiseko iinkampani ezintlanu ezinkulu. Isakhono kushishino lweenqwelo le yenza kube lula ukwandisa umthamo wophuhliso kunye nokuveliswa moya, ngokukodwa:

• umkhweli zengingqi kunye moya zothutho;
• iinjini moya kunye namacandelo;
• avionics, swi nga ukusetyenziswa woqhakamshelwano yesatellite, lwamaqosha yokucupha;
• ntaka-moya encinane moya, ku yaqonda ethile.

Uphuhliso ezithembisayo ziquka:

• Aircraft "INTO" zokuguqulwa ezahlukeneyo.
• Ukuveliswa iinjini moya.
• Ntaka.

namanye amashishini

Machine-isixhobo ivumela uphuhliso onke amasebe ubunjineli, ukuveliswa inkcubeko kunye nobugcisa. Machine-Isixhobo Plant (oomatshini ukujika kunye oomatshini okuzenzelekayo, oomatshini nekalikedo-uyadika) ibekwe eKharkov, eLvov, Kiev, Berdichev, Odessa, Cherkassy, Dnepropetrovsk. isityalo Machine Heavy isebenza Kramatorsk (umgca ezenzekelayo).

Isixhobo ludlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhawuleziseni inkqubela yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe. Eziya namashishini ukwenza ubugcisa ngekhompyutha kweli lizwe kukuba umbutho production "ngokwentshukumisa" Severodonetsk and "Electronmash" eyayiseKiev. Uluhlu olubanzi izixhobo zombane kunye nezinye eveliswa eKiev, eKharkov, Ivano-Frankivsk, eLviv, Sumy, Cherkasy, Zhytomyr, Lutsk.

zobunjineli kwezolimo ngomatshini of Ukraine inika amafama izixhobo eziyimfuneko. Amashishini eli candelo ibekwe iindawo zokusela yemveliso ugqibile. iitrektara enamandla silwenza eKharkov Tractor Plant. factory Kirovograd "Red Star" uvelisa kombiwa kuyo. Beet izakhiwo isakhiwo Dnipropetrovsk kunye Ternopil, ukudibanisa abavuni - Kherson ( "Slavutich") kunye Alexandria ( "LAN"), Corn - e Kherson, oomatshini ez - e Odessa, Kiev, Berdyansk, Slavyansk. zobunjineli Mechanical ukuze imveliso imfuyo ezidla buzinze neendawo zokwakha, Novograd Volyn, kwisixeko samandulo ezintle, Coloma, i-White Church.

Imikhumbi e Ukraine buzinze ezinkulu zolwandle (Black Sea, uLwandle Azov) kunye emlanjeni (p. Dnipro) namachweba. iimpahla Marine eyakhiwa Nikolayev kunye Kherson, emlanjeni naselwandle - eyayiseKiev. Shipyards asebenza e Odessa, Mariupol.

oomatshini Izithuthi silwenza zikaloliwe iinqwelo. Zomphakathi Lugansk kaloliwe, eKharkov (zikaloliwe), Dnipropetrovsk; isakhiwo imoto - Stakhanov, Dnipropetrovsk, Kremenchug. iimoto Freight itanki kaloliwe ezenziwa e Mariupol. Kaloliwe yokulungisa Plant iqeshe izixeko zothutho enkulu.

obunjineli boomatshini iimeko Ukuhlanganiswa yaseYurophu

Iingcali ziye kwangaphambili njani bytmashinostroenie Ukraine ukuya Ukuhlanganiswa yaseYurophu. Ukusayinwa kwesiVumelwano Association phakathi Ukraine ne-European Union libonelela lula lokumpompoza yorhwebo phakathi kwamazwe, ukususela ngoJanuwari 1, 2016. Kwaye ukusukela ngo-Epreli 2014 ukuqaliswa kwe-EU iinketho zorhwebo ngomoya omnye for Ukraine sele negalelo ukwanda ukuthunyelwa kweemveliso zobunjineli kunye nokuncitshiswa eseleyo elibi namanye amazwe kunye namazwe ngeemveliso yaseYurophu obunjineli boomatshini.

Ngokwe-manani ukusuka manani State Service of Ukraine, isabelo ngezobunjineli ngo-2014 zenza i-18.3% yabo kumazwe angaphandle kunye 23.8% of zorhwebo impahla, yaye kwiinyanga ezintandathu zokuqala zika-2015, ngokulandelelana, 11.7% kunye 20.8%. Ngowe-2015 lo mkhuba yokunciphisa ukujika shishino. Kwangaxeshanye, lilonke kumazwe angaphandle iimveliso zobunjineli isabelo-EU wakhula ukusuka 30.4 (2014) kwi 43,4% (isiqingatha sokuqala 2015).

Manani kwakunye nezinto

Isiqhelo yophuhliso obunjineli boomatshini Ukraine ibonisa ukuba asingawo onke amashishini bebeziqhelanisa zenene ezintsha kwezoqoqosho. Kwiimarike zangaphandle le boilers mkhulu imfuno, oomatshini, izixhobo zombane, zamandla zenyukliya. isabelo sawo zizonke ubume ezithunyelwa shishino EU yi-40%. Phakathi abangenisa ezinkulu kuvela (2014):

• Hungary (in inani $ 270,6 million).
• Germany ($ 239.8 yezigidi).
• Poland ($ 207.9).
• Czech Republic ($ 80 million).

amathuba

Ukraine, apho engineering aphuhliswe ngokwaneleyo, kodwa bafuna abaxhakaxhaka oomatshini, izixhobo kunye icandelo iindawo kwemveliso kumazwe angaphandle. Ukunyuka zorhwebo iimoto, iitrektara, ukudibanisa abavuni, izixhobo zombane zasekhaya, oomatshini enzima. Imiqulu inkulu kwemveliso ingeniswe kwi:

• Germany (in inani $ 577,9 million).
• Poland ($ 255.1 yezigidi).
• Italy ($ 160.9 yezigidi).
• Czech Republic ($ 116.8 yezigidi).
• France ($ 101.4 yezigidi).

Practice ibonisa ukuba kutyikitywe isiVumelwano Association libonelela ngeenzuzo ngaphezu iingozi. Uphuhliso olulolunye ixhomekeke ababeqondisa ngokukhawuleza kangakanani Ukraine zizakucima zilayite ukusuka isihloko kumathuba nesihloko lomngcipheko.

ubungozi

A umqobo ebalulekileyo ukwandisa umthamo nokuphucula isakhiwo ingeniso zorhwebo mutual kushishino lobunjineli bubukho izithintelo zobugcisa ukurhweba phakathi Ukraine kunye namaqabane angaphandle. Imingcipheko enxulumene ithuba ukulahleka kwenxalenye kushishino lomatshini ngamnye, ubukhulu becala ukusebenza kwimarike Russian kunye nemimiselo zabo zobugcisa. Abasengozini baba kushishino eliphezulu-zobugcisa: in eyama kushishino yokuzikhusela, imikhumbi, ukuhambahamba esibhakabhakeni.

amashishini Industrial, iimveliso eziye eliphezulu yongeze ixabiso, kufuneka ukuba ukuphuhlisa ukukwazi ukuphendula ngokukhawuleza kwiinguqu kwindawo zangaphandle, ukudala iimveliso, iimfuno kusekude ukuba umthengi. Oku igalelo kwinguqu kwezoshishino imodeli, kwinguqu esa inkqubo imodeli yokusombulula ingxaki yolawulo. Kuba uninzi iinkampani luphawulwa imodeli eguqukayo idibanisa iinkqubo eziphambili: ulawulo wobomi ngemveliso, uphuhliso lwemveliso ezintsha, ulawulo ulwalamano umxhasi, ukuthengiswa kunye nolawulo odolo kunye neenkqubo ezixhasayo. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, Ukraine Engineering utshintsho olukhulu. Oko baya kuba - ixesha liya kukuxelela.