Ziziphi izityela ezivela kwizityalo zasendulo? Amaminerali amakhulu

Enye yemithombo ebalulekileyo yamandla kwi-industry yehlabathi njengamanzi amachibi angatshatyalaliswayo. Ubuntu ngaphandle kwabo akunakukwazi ukulawula. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, uDmitri Ivanovich Mendeleyev, omnye udidi, wathi: "Kunokwenzeka ukucima amanqaku ebhanki". Inzululwazi ithetha ukuba ezi zixhobo ziza kuba luncedo ngakumbi ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezifunwa ngumntu.

Inzululwazi yanamhlanje iqinisekisa rhoqo ukuchaneka kwayo. Okumangalisa ngokwaneleyo, kodwa kwiindawo ezininzi kwezo butyebi eziphantsi komhlaba, sinesihlomelo samandulo. Kwakuyi-ferns kunye nemithi yasendulo eyakhiweyo ngokuhamba kwexesha ezininzi izibonelelo ezincedo. Ngendlela, luhlobo luni lwamaminerali olwakhiwa kwizityalo zasendulo? Ewe, makhe sifumane!

Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zityalo zefosil

Zonke ezi ntlobo zombane ziqulethe ixabiso elikhulu lekhabhoni. Zonke zenziwe kwiindawo zokungcola kwezityalo, ezenza izigidi zeminyaka zineengcinezelo ezinyuliweyo kunye nobushushu obuphezulu. Ubudala bezinye iintlobo zezityalo zamandulo zityalo zigqithise kakhulu ngaphezu kweempawu eziyi-650 yezigidi. Phantse i-80% yale fossi yenziwa kwixesha eliphakamileyo. Kulo maxesha ukuba sinyanzelekile ukuba izibonelelo zamaminerali zisasinika yonke into efunekayo.

Into ebalulekileyo yokubunjwa kwayo kufuneka icatshangelwe into yokuba ngaloo mihla kwakukho i-oxygen encinci kwiplanethi, ngoku ngokukhawuleza ikhupha i-organic matter, kodwa i-carbon eninzi kunye namaqumrhu asekelwe kuyo. Iinqwelo ze-Sedimentary zigcinwe ngokukhawuleza zigcinwe zizinto ezininzi emhlabeni.

Ukuze ube nolwazi olungcono kulo mbandela, silungiselele itafile. Imithombo yamaminerali ayinakufumaneka ngokufanelekileyo kwiibilini zomhlaba.

Nangona kunjalo, phakathi kwezinye izazi zenzululwazi, imfundiso yendalo ye-biogenic yezinto ezininzi ze-fossil zithandwa, ezichaza ukuvela kwazo ngokudibeneyo kwezinto ezikhokelela ekubonakaleni kwezinto ezinobunzima bekhabhoni ezivela kwizinto ezingaqhelekanga.

Le ngcamango inelungelo lobomi, kodwa ezininzi izazinzulu zisenokwenyaniso ukuba uninzi lweentlawulo zinobulo bendalo. Ewe, luhlobo luni lwamaminerali oluvela kwizityalo zasendulo? Siza kuthi ngoku ngoku.

Kubaluleka kumashishini nakumntu

Njengoko sithe satsho, ezininzi zezi zinto zindawo yokugcina yangempela kwimveliso yamachiza yamanje. Ilahle elifanayo liqukethe amaninzi amaninzi, apho kwezinye iimeko zingatholakala kuphela ngenxa yezinto ezinzima kunye nezindleko. Ngokomzekelo, i-acids ye-humic, engabonakaliyo ngokwemvelo kwindalo kwaye kunzima kakhulu ukuhlanganiswa kokufakelwa, ifunyenwe ngokugqithiseleyo kwi-charali eshibhile kwaye isasazeka.

Ngokomgaqo, i- geography yezoqoqosho izakuxelela konke oku . Amaminerali adlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwenzeni uqoqosho oluqhelekileyo lwemveliso yeliphi na ilizwe.

Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba ukusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo kwezibonelelo ezininzi zezityalo ezivela kwimvelaphi kunokwenzeka kuphela ukuba umntu uyazi imimiselo yemfundo yabo kakuhle. Okokuqala, siya kuqwalasela amalahle achazwe ngaphezu kweyodwa, kuba inkqubo yokubunjwa kwawo iyathakazelisa. Amalahle, njengamanye amaminerali asisiseko semvelaphi yemifuno, ayakhelwe yizityalo ezahlukahlukeneyo kwinkqubo yabo.

Iimpawu zokubunjwa kwamalahle omhlaba

Kwixesha elide elidlulileyo, xa ama-dinosaurs amakhulu amakhulu ajikeleza umhlaba, amahlathi amaninzi amahlathi atyhula ngokubanzi. Ngenxa yokukhula nokuphuhliswa kwazo, iimeko zazizilungelelaniso: kukho inkalo ebalulekileyo yomhlaba, kunye necarbon dioxide ekhoyo emoyeni. Nangona kunjalo, le miqathango efanayo yabangela ukuba izityalo zifa ngokukhawuleza. Iindawo zazo zawa phantsi, apho ziphosa ngokukhawuleza, njengoko zazingakhuselekanga kwizenzo zokuxhamla emoyeni.

Ukudibaniswa kwazo zonke ezi zinto kubangele ukutshabalalisa ngokukhawuleza kwe-cellulose. Iziqhamo ezinkulu zityalo ziphendulela "i-cocktail" yangempela yezinto ezinomdaka, zihlanjululwa ngexabiso elingabalulekiyo lokungcola kwama-resin, ama-wax nama-parafini. Nangona kunjalo, lo bunzima bunqabile ngokutsha ngokuchithwa ngama-microorganisms, ngoko ke kwakungabikho ukuqokelela ngokukhawuleza kwimiba engumntu ngaleso sikhathi. Iindawo zokugcina iimithombo zamaminerali zavela kamva.

Ngoko amalahle ayenziwe njani ngokuthe ngqo?

Indlela echazwe ngentla yenziwe yinto yokwakha i-peat eyomileyo, ekhoyo ngexesha langoku kwi-planethi yethu yanele. Njengomthetho, akukho mveliso ehamba phambili nayo eyenzekayo, njengoko kwakudla ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunye nomqolo wesanti kunye nomhlaba, ngokulondolozwa ngokuthembekileyo kwizinto eziphilayo ezisuka kwimiphumo ye-oksijini kunye nezilwanyana ezincinci. Ubunzima obunjalo beplastiki enkulu, kwaye ngoko ke uhlobo oluthile lokuqhafaza okanye ukuxuba aluzange kwenzeke kamva.

Ekubeni kwakunomxholo omncinci wezinto eziphilayo kwi-peat, kwakungekho nezinye iinkqubo zokubola. Ngaloo ndlela, iqondo lokushisa kwi-strata lalihlala likwinqanaba elifanayo.

Uxinzelelo kunye nexesha ...

Nangona kunjalo, ngokuhamba kwexesha, izalathisi zancipha kancane ngenxa yokucima. Kancinci, ii-acids ze-humic zaguqulwa zibe ngama-humites, ii-resins zafakwa kwinkqubo ye-decarboxylation, kwaye iindlwana kuphela zahlala zingatshintshi iminyaka eyi-millennium. Yile ndlela eyenziwa ngayo amalahle omdaka omnyama. Ngokukodwa kukho ezininzi kwiKrasnoyarsk Territory. Lawa awona manzi asemacinci (kunye nomthombo obalulekileyo wengeniso, okwenyani).

Ngaphantsi kwefuthe lobuninzi beemeko zokusingqongileyo, i-metamorphosis ehamba phambili, eyenza ukuveliswa kwamalahle e-humus ngamatye. Indima ephambili kule nkqubo yinkxalabo ephezulu kunye nobushushu obuphezulu. Ngaphantsi kwezi meko, i-acidic acids yaqala ukubola ngokugqithiseleyo, i-resin kunye ne-wax zenziwa nge-polymerization yemvelo.

Konke oku kwakhokelela ekuhlanganisweni kwezinto ezingenakunyakaziswa, ezikhoyo ezingenasifo. Kubulela kubo ukuba olu hlobo lwamalahle luye lwasinda nanamhla. Ikhole ekungqineni okuphantsi, kwaye ngoko ke, inikezele ezinye izinto ezinokwenyama kunye neekhemikhali, ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kuhlanjwa. Yaye yintoni iimbumba ezenziwe kwizityalo zasendulo, ngaphezu kwengubo yama-humic echazwe ngasentla?

Kwinkqubo yokwenziwa kohlobo oluxubekileyo lwamalahle

Kufuneka kuphawulwe ukuba ngokwemvelo ukubunjwa kweempawu ezicocekileyo ze-humic kwakunqabile kakhulu. Ngokuqhelekileyo kwakukho inkqubo edibeneyo. Iingcali zenzululwazi zibonisa ukuba wahamba ngokukhawuleza. Njengomthetho, konke oku kwenzekayo phantsi kweemithombo zamandulo, kwindawo apho idiphozithi zentsimbi zikhoyo khona.

Izinto ezincinci zazingeniswa kancane kunye namanzi emvula kwaye ngokukhawuleza, phezu kweenkulungwane, zahlala phantsi. IPlankton, eyayiqhutywe ngokukhawuleza ngezobuninzi zezinto eziphilayo, ngokuthe ngcembe yayixutywe nalo lonke ubunzima. Kodwa yonke into ingafani.

Emva kweziphepho ezinamandla kunye neemvula ezinqabileyo ezithintela ilizwe, ubuninzi bezinto ezinobisi kunye neendidi ezahlukeneyo zamaminerali zangena emagodini. Ekuqaleni, amaminerali anzima ahlala phantsi, kunye nama-acids e-humic asebenza kuzo njengama-oxidants enamandla. Kancinci, lonke lo bunzima lucetyiswa. Ekubeni kwakukho ncinane oksijeni phantsi kweendawo zamanzi, izinto ekugqibeleni zachaphazelekayo kwinkqubo yokudambisa amanzi. Yileyo ndlela amalahle ahlanganiswe ngayo.

Ezi zimbiwa zaseRussia ziqheleke kakhulu kwicandelo lethu lempuma.

Kwi-chemical composition of charals

Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukubunjwa kwabo akukodwa ngokukodwa: i-carbon, i-hydrogen, i-oxygen, i-nitrogen nesulfure. Ukwahlukana kuphela kwiqhezu elikhulu lezo zinto, kuba ipesenti zazo ukuba sinokuqiniseka ngokuthethileyo nje kuphela uhlobo lwamafutha omhlaba, kodwa kwanommandla wemvelaphi kunye nemveliso. Ukuba ubuncinane ubuncamango beli ngxaki, makhe sihlolisise ukubunjwa kwelahle lomdaka omninzi.

Ukwabiwa kwezinto ezenza amalahle

Izinto eziqhelekileyo ezenzayo nayiphi na iindidi zayo zibizwa ngokuba yi-agent-forming agents. Nantsi uluhlu lwabo olupheleleyo:

• Okumangalisayo kukuba, iiprotheni. Kwi-hydrolysis yamalahle, izazinzulu ziye zabonisa ingqalelo ukuba kumxube ophumela kuyo kukho inani elithile le-amino acid. Ukufumana ezi zinto ngobunzima be-fossil strata kungachazwa ngokucacileyo: ezi zi-protozoans ezigcinwe kumaxesha amandulo, kwakunye neendawo eziseleyo eziphilayo. Kwimeko nayiphi na, ezininzi iifomiti zamaminerali zihlala ziqhayisa iqoqo elifanelekileyo elifanelekileyo lembali yolondolozo lwembali.
• Kakade, i-cellulose. I-carbohydrate eyinkimbinkimbi, eyona nto ibalulekileyo yokwakha nayiphi na ifom yobomi bezityalo, iyingxenye enkulu yamashanga omlilo kunye namafutha atshabayo (siya kuthetha ngabo ngezantsi).
• Imijelo, esiyikhankanyileyo ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Ziyi-esters zezinye i-carboxylic acids kunye ne-alcool aliphatic.
• IiRinins. Lo mxube onzima kakhulu kuwo onke ama-acids carboxylic acids, kunye ne-saponific kunye nezinto ezingenakuhlawuleka. Kwezinye iimeko ezithile, kulula ukwenza i-decarboxylate kwaye ipholisise ngokukhawuleza. Zihlobo "lwekhonkco" lwamalahle, njengoko zixhamla iinkalo zayo kwinkqubo yokuqhayisa.

Kufana nokubunjwa okufana kwazo zonke iintlobo zepetroli ezithetha ngezityalo zawo kunye nenye yezilwanyana. Kubaxhasi bembonakalo ye-abiotic yeoli enye, akunakwenzeka ukufumana iingxabano ezaneleyo zokuphikisa ezi nkcukacha. Kukho nawuphi na, nayiphina imephu yamaminerali (i-organic) iya kubonisa ukuba idiphozithi zazo zifumaneka kwiindawo zasolwandle zasendulo ezicebile kwizinto eziphilayo.

Ulwazi oluyisiseko malunga nokumbiwa kwamalahle

Iimpawu kunye neendlela zenkqubo ezixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kubunzulu bokulala. Ukuba ayidluli kwiimitha ezilikhulu, ke indlela evulekileyo yendlela yokuphuhlisa inokwenzeka. Ngokuqhelekileyo kwenzeka ukuba ngokunyuka kwinqanaba lokunqunyulwa, indlela yezemigangatho iya kuba yimpumelelo ngakumbi kwezoqoqosho.

Kwintsimi yelizwe lethu inqanaba lomgodi ophantsi kakhulu malunga nama-1200 amitha. Nayiphina imephu yamaminerali eRashiya iya kubonisa ukuba abaninzi babo baseSiberia. Lo mmandla uqwalaselwa ngokufanelekileyo njengengqumbo yangempela, isitya sokutya sendalo.

Ezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba amaqoqo ezinto ezinexabiso elikhulu zorhwebo zifumaneka rhoqo kwiibhedi zamalahle. Ezi zibandakanya ezinye izityebhile ze-geological (i-marble, umzekelo), isixa esikhulu semethane, kunye nezinto ezinqabileyo, ezahlukileyo zeekhemikhali. Ngokomzekelo, ezinye iintlobo zelahle ezibomvu ziqulethe i-germanium eninzi, ngaphandle kweyiphi imboni yecomputer engokucabangekiyo, kuba isekelwe ukuba kukho iindidi ezininzi ze-semiconductors.

Ukusetyenziswa kwamalahle kumashishini anamhlanje

Ixesha elide liye lixesha apho lolu hlobo lweemaminerali lusetyenziselwa kuphela njengamafutha. Njengoko sele siqaphele, ezinye izakhi zamakhemikhali ezingabonakali zikhishwe kuyo, amalahle asebenza njengento eqingqiweyo yokuveliswa kweentlobo ezininzi zeplastiki. Ukususela kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBili, kwaziwa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukwenza i-petroli yokufakelwa kuyo.

Zizo ezo zimbiwa zaseRashiya eziye zaqinisekisa ukukhula okukhulu kweshishini emva kokuguqulwa. Baye bavumela ukuba kugcinwe uqoqosho kwizinga eliphezulu.

Shale engahlawulelwayo

Ingumthombo onamandla otshabalalayo wemvelaphi yemifuno evela kwiqela le-caustobioliths eqinile. Into ebalulekileyo ye-shale, eye yabanikezela ukuba bathandwa kakhulu kwiminyaka yamuva nje, i-resin eyingxenye yobunjwa bayo. Itholakala ngexesha lokuphunga izixhobo. Ixabiso lalo likho kwinto yokuba, ngokwemihlaba ye-physico-chemical properties, ifuphi kakhulu neoli, kodwa iindleko zecandelo layo liphantsi kakhulu kumashishini oyile.

Ukwakhiwa kokuhluka

Uhlobo oluphambili phakathi kwe-slate kunye nawo onke amalahle afanayo aqulethe amaminerali athile. Ingxenye yayo yendalo i-kerogen. Kuphela kwiimpawu zezinga eliphezulu, isabelo sawo sifinyelela kuma-70%, kanti kuzo zonke ezinye iimeko umxholo wezinto ezingekho ngaphezulu kwe-30%. I-Kerogen yintsimi yezinto ezindala ze-unicellular algae.

Leyo nxalenye yabo, eyamawaka eminyaka engazange ilahlekelwe imimandla yesakhiwo samaselula, iyintatha ye-thallomalginitis. Ngako oko, i- algae ye-unicellular ngokupheleleyo yayisithiwa yi-colloallinitis. Ukongezelela, kwimihlaba, kuninzi kunokwenzeka ukufumana ezinye iinxalenye zezityalo eziphezulu eziseplanethi yethu ngexesha elidlulileyo.

Nazi ezinye iiminerali ezisebenzayo ezivela kwizityalo zasendulo. Siyathemba ukuba kweli nqaku ufumene lonke ulwazi olukufunayo.