Zeziphi kwithala leencwadi: ngembali imvelaphi, iintlobo kunye nohlolo

abantu Okumangalisayo kukudala le ncwadi kunye kwithala leencwadi - yinxalenye inkcubeko yelizwe ngalinye. Likhachev nguDmitry Sergeyevich kanye kufanele ukuthi xa watshisa izitha lokuhlela, ngoko ngokwenene ukuvuselela inkcubeko, nokuba izikolo ziya shwaka. ukuqonda Kodwa asingabo bonke abantu yintoni na amathala ezifunekayo.

isidingo sokuba amathala eencwadi

Kumaxesha amandulo amathala kwakukho koovimba-ngqangi, kwaye emva kokuba kumaxesha amandulo, ukuba similise kumaziko oluntu, ezibe ukukhuthaza ulwazi. Russia akubabona okokuqala kwindawo ethile kwi XI-XII iinkulungwane.

Namhlanje kule ndawo uyakwazi ukufumana incwadi eyahlukileyo kakhulu ukusuka kwindawo ezinqwenelekayo emsebenzini, ukufunda kunye kumnandi nje. Ngoko ke kutheni kufuneka sibe amathala?

Eyona njongo kwamathala - umbutho lokuqokelelwa, ukugcinwa kunye nokusetyenziswa nakwintlalo iincwadi kunye nezinye iincwadi. Ekuqaleni, lo ezifunekayo kumathala eencwadi ukuze ukufunda nokufumana ulwazi. Kufuneka yonke: abantwana kokuya esikolweni, isikolo abantwana, abafundi, abadla umhlala-phantsi kunye nabaphengululi.

Izazinzulu ababonise ukuba ubuchopho bomntu lunokumanyanisa iinkcukacha ngaphezu Library of Congress of America. Noko ke, uluntu wabadlali ukusebenzisa onke amathuba lobuchopho, ngoko ivenkile ncwadi aziyi kupheliswa kwaye iza kufuneka. Ngoku wonke umntu uyazi ukuba yintoni na amathala ezifunekayo.

Ilayibrari lokuqala

Emva ngemihla endala Asia ubumbe ekuthiwa ilayibrari. In Nippur nesikhungu unique amacwecwe odongwe zifunyenwe (2500 BC), ekuthiwa incwadi elinguvimba kwakudala. Kwakuba mzuzwana, kamva iphiramidi kaFaro wafumana lemibhalo.

Xa BC ngenkulungwane yesine Neqhawe wayivula wokuqala ekuthiwa-vula zethala Greece kaThixo. Xa BC ngenkulungwane yesithathu wasungula Alexandria indawo yokugcina iincwadi, apho kufanele kuthathwa njengeziko omkhulu iincwadi zamandulo. Ithala iquka astroobservatorii, Botany kunye neegadi ngezilwanyana, amagumbi ubomi kunye ukufundwa zeencwadi. Emva kwethutyana ke eyaguqukayo yaba imyuziyam, nto leyo uzaliswe izilwanyana abotshwe, imifanekiso kunye izincedisi ukuba amayeza kunye neenkwenkwezi. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba izibonelelo ezifana zakhiwa kule ezingcwele. Ngaba ithala leencwadi kufuneka? Ngaloo mihla, lo mbuzo ayizange wabuza. Abantu babhala phantsi ulwazi lwabo ngobuchule ukuze adlulisele nakwizizukulwana ezizayo.

yesandla ezibaluleke

KumaXesha Aphakathi kwilayibrari emishini Russian abasebenza ezivenkileni ukuba ubhale imibhalo-ngqangi. Kudla ukopishe edition ibandla. ngqangi Ukwenza kwakunzima kakhulu ixesha elide, kodwa ngenxa yokuba le ncwadi inani eliphezulu. Kungenxa yoko le nto ezindaweni ezikhethekileyo kokuba alibotshiwe.

Xa epapasha zindlu kukho, amathala eencwadi, ubomi litshintshile kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba abasekho zisebenze logcino. zobunikazi mali ziye ngokukhawuleza kakhulu. Efaneleke kakhulu ukuba babe lakufika ixesha prisovokupleniem yokunikana lokufunda nokubhala. Ingaba kufuneka sibe ithala kwinkulungwane yama-21, kunzima ukuphendula. Abantu abaninzi bakhetha amajelo enkcazelo, kodwa ke khange libekhona ngaphandle iincwadi eyiyo.

iintlobo

Amathala eencwadi ingaba:

• kazwelonke;
• lwengingqi;
• zoluntu;
• okhethekileyo;
• kuba iimfama;
• eyunivesithi;
• esikolweni;
• usapho.

Kubalulekile ukuba sihlolisise, yintoni ofuna yohlobo ngalunye kwithala leencwadi.

igumbi lokufundela National eyenzelwe ukugcina siqinisekiso ukufikelela kuziphi ukuba iincwadi eprintiweyo ekhutshwa ngurhulumente. Kuba wemvula, amanye amazwe balandele imithetho sample eyimfuneko.

Library Regional - iCandelo amaziko akhankanywe apha ngasentla, apho kuyimfuneko ehlala kude abahlali basezidolophini. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba izitha enjalo nayo yonke banelungelo lokufumana isampuli mandatory.

Abasebenzisi bamathala eencwadi oluntu banelungelo ukuba siqhelane uncwadi kakhulu efanelekileyo nezaziwayo. Ngaba ithala leencwadi kufuneka kwi yobudala yedijithali? Lo mbuzo uye wabuza ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Kodwa ngenxa yokuba ungagcina iilayibrari ilifa ihlabathi liphela yenzululwazi kunye noncwadi.

incwadi elinguvimba ekhethekile

Kumathala eencwadi ezizodwa egcinwe yopapasho injongo ekhethekileyo, ezifana amalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza, imigangatho karhulumente okanye umculo sheet. Amaxesha amaninzi, la magumbi ukufunda adalwe imfuneko ukugcina iincwadi phantsi kweemeko ezithile.

Library kuba iimfama ivumela imfama kunye abafundi abazibona kakuhle, ukuphonononga ulwazi. Xa lwezithuba zamaziko agcinwe iincwadi lomsindo iincwadi ezibhaliweyo ifonti okhethekileyo. Library State for the Blind ithathwa le inkulu eRashiya, kuba ngaphandle iincwadi Akayomizekelo enkulu leyo iimfama uqhelane kunye ukubonakala ezahlukeneyo izinto.

Iincwadi - lolu lwazi!

Izikolo neelayibrari kwiiyunivesithi ukunika abafundi uncwadi. peculiarity wabo ukuba bakhonze isangqa nemxinwa abasebenzisi. Noko ke, unako ukumelana igumbi ukufunda eyunivesithi kunye ukufikelela simahla. Ingaba kukho ikamva zeelayibrari? Lo mbuzo wabuzwa ukuba abafundi mihla. Abaninzi bathi akukho - ke kufana iincwadi digital kunye neencwadi odiyo.

Hayi kudala, kumathala eencwadi, kwithuba elilkunyeelayo - ithala leencwadi yenyani. Nasiphi na umsebenzisi ne ukufikelela kwi-intanethi uyakwazi ukukhuphela nayiphi na incwadi esuka kumanxuwa zizodwa. Isizukulwana esitsha iikhomenti ngokuthanda zokufaka incwadi elektroniki. Kodwa abantu abadala bakhetha ethi "live".

amathala eencwadi structured

Inqwaba abasebenzisi ancedwe iifom ezimbini. Kwimeko yokuqala, umfundi uzuza yokubhalisa. Ngale lokuphumelela zingafumaneka ukusetyenziswa kwalo naluphi ncwadi kangangexesha elithile. Ezinye uhlobo nkonzo egumbini lokufundela: apha umsebenzisi unako ukufunda iincwadi zakho kuphela kwithala leencwadi.

Uphawu ebalulekileyo kumagumbi zokufunda kunye nemali zezakhiwo. Inxalenye iimpapasho abafundi phakathi ezingxamisekileyo, lisoloko kuwonke-wonke, apho undwendwe unalo ithuba lokwenza impinda ngoko nangoko kuzo. Zonke ezinye editions zigcinwa yokugcina, kwaye umfundi Ungazifumana yi kwikhathalogu.

iintlelo ezidilikileyo ezinqabileyo, kwakunye iincwadi, leyo igcinwe imfihlelo karhulumente ngokubaluleka, zikhutshwa kuphela kwi-yokwamkelwa okhethekileyo.

Ungafumana kwakhona & nbsp iiyunithi yeselula amathala eencwadi lula ukufikelela labantu abavela kwiindawo ezikude ukuba iincwadi kunye intanethi. Olu uhlobo lwenkonzo esetyenziswa ngabantu abakhubazekileyo, kwakunye kubahlali kumakhaya abalupheleyo.

Namhlanje yala maxesha amathala eencwadi kunye nengqokelela babo nje kuphela iincwadi, kodwa microfilms, izilayidi, amaxwebhu zikwifomathi yekhompyutha eprintiweyo. Sele akukho ilayibrari umntu akakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle ikhompyutha, ngoko kuya kuba imfuno isizukulwana endala nje kuphela, kodwa besikolo mihla kunye nabafundi.

Ngoku uyazi into efunekayo nokuba kwithala akakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwabo.