Yokubopha amandla ngumongo atom: Formula, kunye definition ixabiso

Ngalinye eziba atomic ngokupheleleyo nayiphi na into imichiza ibandakanya isethi ethile protons kunye neutron. Bona zibanjwa kunye yi kukuba amasuntswana phambi ngaphakathi amandla yokucheba ngumongo atomic.

A phawu uphawu imikhosi zenyukliya yomtsalane ngamandla awo aphezulu kakhulu kumgama omncinane (malunga 10 ^-13 cm). Ngenxa yokwanda umgama phakathi kweengqakumbana kunye nomkhosi yomtsalane ukuba buthathaka ngaphakathi atom.

Intetho kwi amandla iyabophelela kwi nucleus

Ukuba simele sicinge ukuba kukho ndlela ukwahlula enye kwenye ukusuka ngumongo, protons kunye neutron atom, uzibeke kumgama yokuba amandla yokucheba ngumongo atom yaphela ukusebenza, kufuneka ibe ngumsebenzi onzima kakhulu. Ukuze ndikhuphe kernel of amalungu atomic, simele sizame ukoyisa imikhosi intra-atomic. Ezi nzame ziya kuphuma ukwahlula i-atom kwi nucleons eziqulathwe kuyo. Ngoko ke kusenokwenzeka ukuba kugweba ukuba amandla ngumongo atom lingaphantsi kwe amandla amasuntswana ngawo iqulathe.

Kuyinto ilingane ubunzima eathom isuntswana ubunzima ye atom?

Ngowe-1919, abaphandi bafunda ukulinganisa ubunzima ngumongo atomic. Kaninzi ukuba "ubekwe" ngokusebenzisa izixhobo ezizodwa zobugcisa, ezo zibizwa ngokuba spectrometers abaninzi. Umgaqo nokusebenza kwezixhobo ezinjalo ukuba uthelekisa iimpawu isindululo kwamasuntswana ezinobunzima obahlukeneyo. Ukongeza, ezi amasuntswana kufuneka intlawulo elifanayo zombane. Izibalo zibonisa ukuba abo amasuntswana banayo amazinga ahlukeneyo mass ihamba kunye trajectories ezahlukeneyo.

izazinzulu Modern ziye zafumanisa ngokuchanileyo olukhulu inyambalala zonke nuclei kunye protons zabo wabavoti woluntu kunye neutron. Ukuba thelekisa ubunzima i kernel ethile kunye udibaniso inyambalala amasuntswana equlethwe kuwo, kuvela ukuba kwimeko nganye ubunzima undoqo mkhulu ubunzima protons ngamnye kunye neutron. Lo mahluko kwe-1% ye kwemichiza nganye. Ngako oko kunokwenziwa isigqibo sokuba amandla yokucheba ngumongo atom - yi-1% ye-eneji yoxolo yakhe.

Iimpawu imikhosi zenyukliya

Le neutron ezingaphakathi ngumongo, ukubuyiselana yimikhosi Coulomb. Kodwa i-atom efanayo Ongathanga awe ngaphandle. Oku kwenziwa phambi imikhosi enomtsalane phakathi amasuntswana kwi-atom. La mandla, ekubeni uhlobo olwahlukileyo ukusuka emandleni, ebizwa nuclear. Kwaye impefumlelwano neutron kunye protons ekuthiwa intsebenziswano olomeleleyo.

Ngokufutshane, iimpawu amandla enyukliya zezi zilandelayo:

• Le ukuzimela kwentlawulo;
• ukusebenza kuphela imigama emifutshane;
• kanye saturation, nto leyo iqondwa ukugcinwa kufutshane omnye kuphela inani elithile nucleons.

Ngokutsho komthetho zolondolozo amandla, ngexesha xa amasuntswana zenyukliya oxhulumene, kukho ukukhululwa amandla ngohlobo radiation.

Yokubopha amandla nuclei atomic: ifomula

Kuba izibalo ezikhankanywe ngokusebenzisa indlela eqhelekileyo:

E _{b = (Z · m p + (} AZ) · m n -M _i) · c²

Apha E _ezibophelele libhekisela amandla yokucheba isiqalo; c - Velocity ukukhanya; Z linani protons; (AZ) - inani neutron; m _p ibonisa ubunzima Proton; kunye m _n - ubunzima neutron. M _i yi ubunzima ngumongo atomic.

Amandla lwangaphakathi eziba kwezinto ezahlukeneyo

Ukuze ubone amandla ka esibophelelayo enyukliya, kusetyenziswa indlela efanayo. Ibalwa ifomula yokubopha amandla njengoko kubonisiwe ngaphambili, oko akukho ngaphezu kwe-1% ye-eneji iyonke atom okanye amandla lokuphumla. Noko ke, xa sihlolisisa kwenzeka ukuba eli nani gqitha kuyahlukana kwi inguqu ngeempahla ukuya kweziyobisi. Ukuba uzama ukumisela imilinganiselo yayo ngqo, baya kwahluka ngokukodwa ukusuka eziba ukukhanya ekuthiwa-.

Umzekelo, besibopha amandla ngaphakathi atom hydrogen zero, ngenxa yokuba kukho mnye kuphela Proton. Amandla yokucheba nuclei helium iya kuba 0,74%. Xa ongundoqo into ekuthiwa eziFihliweyo, eli nani iya kulingana 0.27%. In umoya - 0.85%. Xa isiqalo, leyo malunga amathandathu nucleons amandla atom esibophelelayo bekuya kuba malunga 0,92%. Kuba nuclei kunye nobunzima kakhulu, eli nani kuya kuncipha kwi 0.78%.

Ukuze ubone amandla enyukliya olubophelelayo helium, eziFihliweyo, ioksijini, okanye nayiphi na enye into kusetyenziswa indlela efanayo.

Iintlobo protons kunye neutron

Iimbangi ezingundoqo mahluko zingachazwa. Abaphandi bafumanise ukuba zonke nucleons, ezo ikwesi ngaphakathi ngumongo, yahlulwe iindidi ezimbini: komhlaba kunye nezo ziphuma ngaphakathi. nucleons lwangaphakathi - zezo singqongwe ngamanye protons kunye neutron kuvela macalana onke. Umphezulu singqongwe ngabo kuphela ngaphakathi.

Yokubopha Amandla ngumongo atom - amandla obubonakaliswa ngakumbi kule nucleons zangaphakathi. kwenzeka into ngendlela efanayo, yaye xa imeko komhlaba ulwelo ezahlukeneyo.

obekwe Zingaphi nucleons kwi nucleus

Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba inani nucleons lwangaphakathi ingakumbi eliphantsi eziba ekukhanyeni ekuthiwa-. Abo ke bamanywe kudidi ukukhanya, phantse zonke ezo nucleons zithathwa ezibalulekile. Kukholelwa ukuba amandla yokucheba ngumongo atom - sisixa ekufuneka zikhule kunye nenani protons kunye neutron. Kodwa enje ukukhula ayikwazi kuqhubeka ngonaphakade. Xa inani elithile nucleons - kwaye ukusukela-50 ukuya kuma-60 - uqalisa ukusebenza namanye amandla - isizathu zabo zombane. Oku kwenzeka kude kungakhathaliseki nokuba amandla iyabophelela kwi ngumongo.

Yokubopha amandla ngumongo atom kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ezisetyenziswa zizazinzulu ukwenzela ukuba amandla enyukliya.

izazinzulu ezininzi zisoloko enomdla lo mbuzo: phi amandla xa eziba lula ukuxuba zibe nzima? Enyanisweni, le meko iyafana ngokucandeka atomic. Xa inkqubo ngxubevange nuclei ukukhanya, kanye njengoko eyenzeka cleavage abantu eziba enzima kusoloko kwasekwa uhlobo ngamandla. Ukuba 'sivuke' evela nuclei ukukhanya zonke nucleons zinto, kufuneka ukusebenzisa amandla ngaphantsi kunalowo edulusele ngaphandle xa zidityanisiwe. Ingxelo ukuxoxa yinyaniso. Enyanisweni, lo kuyondelelaniswe lwamandla oluba iyunithi ethile ubunzima, kusenokuba ngakumbi ethile amandla ngokucandeka.

Izazinzulu ziye bafunda iinkqubo ngokucandeka

Inkqubo ye ngokucandeka yenyukliya yafunyanwa ngama zizazinzulu Hahn kunye Shtrasmanom kunyaka 1938. Phakathi ezindongeni Berlin University of abaphandi imichiza wafumanisa ukuba inkqubo uranium bombardment omnye neutron, oko iguqulelwa izinto lula, simi phakathi lwezakhi.

A igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso eli candelo lwazi wenze kwaye Liza Meytner, ogama Gang kanye ecetywayo ukufunda yemisebe kunye. Hahn Meitner bavunyelwe ukusebenza kuphela kwi imeko ukuba uza kuqhuba uphando lwabo kwigumbi elingaphantsi yaye akusayi ekhwela imigangatho ephezulu, nto leyo eyenzekayo calulo. Noko ke, oku akuzange kumthintele ekufezekiseni inkqubela ebonakalayo kwizifundo ngumongo atomic.