Yintoni yokucolwa eziphilayo: definition

Yimeko inyanzelekile ukuba ngobukho nayiphi esiphilayo na ubonelelo rhoqo izondlo kunye nokususwa iimveliso ukubola lokugqibela.

Yintoni nethe eziphilayo

Ukutya, okanye ukutya - iseti eyodwa ekudibaneni kwemichiza ezenzeka na esiphilayo ukugcina ukusebenza kwayo nobomi. reactions ezinjalo banikela umzimba ithuba lokuphuhlisa, ukhule, nande kwasala isakhiwo sayo kunye nokuphendula nokushukunyiswa indawo yokusingqongileyo.

Nethe lungahlulwa-hlulwa zibe ngamanqanaba amabini: catabolism kunye anabolism. Inxaxheba kwinqanaba lokuqala zonke izinto ezintsonkothileyo ezidiliziweyo kwaye babe ilula kakhulu. Yesibini, kunye iindleko amandla kuhlelwe nucleic, lipids kunye neeproteni.

Indima ubalulekileyo nethe idlala enzayim ezisebenzayo ehlanganisa eziphilayo. Bona bayakwazi ukunciphisa amandla okanye ipoti ye-abasabela emzimbeni nokulawula indlela metabolic.

iziphaluka umzimba kunye macandelo twatse ukuba iintlobo ezininzi, nto leyo kububungqina ubunye imvelaphi zonke izidalwa eziphilayo. Le ukufana kubonisa isahlakalo yokuqala ngokwentelekiso ngendaleko kwimbali kuphuhliso eziphilayo.

uhlobo Ukwahlukanisa ukutya

Yintoni yokucolwa eziphilayo, ichazwe ngokwenkcukacha kweli nqaku. Zonke izinto eziphilayo ezikhoyo kule uMhlaba lungahlulwa-hlulwa ibe ngamaqela ezisibhozo, ijikwa ngomthi umthombo carbon, amandla kunye zeendawana oxidized.

Eziphilayo njengomthombo wamandla angasebenzisa amandla ekudibaneni kwemichiza, okanye ukukhanya. Njengoko zeendawana oxidizable kunokuba zombini organic kunye nezinto ezingaphiliyo. Umthombo ikhabhoni carbon dioxide okanye organic.

Kukho Cya ukuba, ukuba kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo bobukho, sebenzisa iintlobo ngeentlobo ukutya. Kuxhomekeke ukufuma, ukukhanyisa kunye nezinye izinto.

eziphilayo Multicellular ingachazwa kuloo omnye umzimba ofanayo iiseli oluneentlobo ezahlukeneyo lweenkqubo metabolic.

catabolism

Biology, ukutya kunye namandla ngokuqwalasela into efana "catabolism". Eli binzana ubizwa iinkqubo pathways ngexesha apho amasuntswana amakhulu amafutha, acid kunye carbohydrate baphuke phantsi. Ngexesha catabolism kuvela molekyuli ezilula inxaxheba reactions biosynthesis. Kuyinto ngokusebenzisa ezi nkqubo umzimba akwazi ukulungiselela amandla, walenza laba ifomu ekhoyo.

Eziphilayo ezihlala iphotosynthesis (izityalo kunye icyanobacteria), transfer electron reactions musa amandla kwaye oluhlala ngenxa yelanga.

Izilwanyana catabolic complex asabela enxulumene lokwahlukana lweziqalelo elula. Ezi zinto nitrate neoksijini.

Catabolism izilwanyana yahlulwe yaba ngamanqanaba amathathu:

1. Cleavage kwezinto ezinzima kubantu elula.
2. Cleavage kweemolekyuli elula ilula.
3. ukukhululwa amandla.

anabolism

Lokugaya (biology grade 8 iqwalasela ingqiqo) kunye anabolism lubonakala - ingqokelela yeenkqubo pathways of biosynthesis ngenkcitho amandla. molekyuli Complex ukuba isiseko amandla kwezakhiwo cellular bayazibhijabhija nangendlela ecwangciswe kakuhle ngokulandelelana ukusuka uhlobo kakhulu elula.

Okokuqala kuhlelwe acid, nucleotides, monosaccharides. Ke ezi zinto iindlela ezisebenzayo zamandla ngenxa APR. Kwaye inyathelo lokugqibela zonke monomers eqhubayo ezidityanisiweyo izakhiwo entsonkothileyo ezifana iiprothini, lipids kunye polysaccharides.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba zonke izinto eziphilayo nokulungelelanisa iimolekyuli esebenzayo. Biology (nethe ichazwe ngokwenkcukacha kweli nqaku) yabela izinto ezifana autotrophs kunye heterotrophs chemotroph. Bafumana amandla azo kweminye imithombo.

I-eneji efumaneka kwelanga

Yintoni yokucolwa eziphilayo? Le yinkqubo apho zikho zonke izinto eziphilayo elizweni, kwaye iyayahlula eziphilayo engaphili.

Amandla kwelanga udle lenyama, izityalo kunye icyanobacteria. Kwezi abameli lokugaya kwenzeka iphotosynthesis - inkqubo ukufunxeka oksijini zigutyula carbon dioxide.

ekugayeni

molecule anjalo ezifana starch, iiprotheni neselulosi lwanamathela phambi kokuba usetyenziswa iiseli. Xa inkqubo ukwetyisa akuzi iienzymes ezizodwa ndoyidiliza iiproteni zibe acid kunye polysaccharides - to monosaccharides.

Izilwanyana ingakhupha enzayim kuphela kwiiseli ezizodwa. Kodwa amagciwane ezinjalo sisodwa kwisithuba ezingqongileyo. Zonke izinto, elingcamlisayo ngenxa iienzymes extracellular ukuba ufake umzimba nge "yothutho esebenzayo".

Control nemigomo

Yintoni yokucolwa eziphilayo, uyakwazi ukufunda kweli nqaku. homeostasis ephilayo ngalinye luphawulwa - rhoqo yokusingqongileyo lwangaphakathi. Ubukho iimeko ezinjalo ibaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yaso nasiphi na ephilayo. Ekubeni zonke kubo bume esoloko itshintsha ukuze kugcinwe iimeko kangangoko phakathi kwiiseli ze bonke abasabela pathways kufuneka ilawulwe ngokukuko nangokuchanekileyo. nethe Good kwenza eziphilayo bahlale kunye nendalo nokusabela utshintsho.

ulwazi zembali

Yintoni yokucolwa eziphilayo? Determination na ekuqaleni kweli nqaku. Ingqiqo "yokucolwa" okokuqala wasebenzisa Theodor Schwann kwi novalo kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba.

Isifundo emzimbeni, oosonzululwazi bekwi kwiinkulungwane eziliqela, yaye konke yaqala nemizamo ukufunda izilwanyana. Kodwa elithi "ukutya" lalisetyenziswa kuqala Ibn al-Nafis, ababekholelwa ukuba umzimba uphela usoloko kwimeko yokutya kunye ukubola, ngoko zibandakanya utshintsho rhoqo kuye.

Biology isifundo "yokucolwa" ukuvula kakuhle kombono uchaze imizekelo eza kunceda kwandisa ubunzulu bolwazi.

amava lokuqala ziphethwe ekufundeni ukutya Kwafunyanwa Santorio Isotoro ngo-1614. Wachaza imeko yakhe phambi nasemva nokutya, umsebenzi, amanzi othululwayo kunye nokulala. Yena waba ngowokuqala ukuba uqaphele ukuba uninzi zokusela ukutya walahleka ngexesha lenkqubo 'ngumphunga imperceptible ".

Izifundo ekuqaleni, abasabela yokucolwa Akufumanekanga, yaye izazinzulu babekholelwa ukuba izihlunu ophilileyo olawula amandla ebalulekileyo.

Kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, Eduard Buchner yaqalisa ingqiqo enqanda. Ukususela ngoko isifundo emzimbeni luqala ukufunda iiseli. Ngeli xesha, ngamachiza iye isayensi.

Yintoni yokucolwa eziphilayo? Ingcaciso bangalufumana kulandelayo - iseti eyodwa abasabela kwemichiza exhasa ubukho eziphilayo.

minerals

Nethe ye indima enkulu kakhulu edlalwa izinto ezingaphiliyo. Zonke organic luqulathe isixa esikhulu phosphorus, ioksijini, yekhabhoni nitrogen.

Uninzi iikhompawundi ezingaphiliyo uyakwazi ukulawula inqanaba ingcinezelo ngaphakathi kwiseli. Kwakhona, le ndzo kunempembelelo entle ekusebenzeni zihlunu nemithambo iiseli.

iintsimbi Transition (intsimbi kunye nezinki) nokulawula umsebenzi iiprothini zothutho kunye nee-enzayim. Zonke izimbiwa ezingaphiliyo ifunxwe iiproteni zothutho soze zikwimeko free.