Yintoni na urhulumente yezopolitiko? Concept kunye neentlobo kwidemokhrasi lobuzwilakhe

Njengoko umthetho, urhulumente eziphumezile nazo naziphi na iindlela kunye neendlela, kwaye kudityaniswe ezi ndlela kuthiwa urhulumente karhulumente. Kodwa lo gama ayikho ngokokulingana nokonyulwa "ulawulo ezopolitiko" - ingqiqo kunye neendidi umphathi lo ngokubanzi kwaye zahlukene kakhulu. Oku kuquka kuphela iindlela apho urhulumente enza izinto kuluntu, kodwa ezinye iintlobo yobudlelwane zezopolitiko

Concept kunye neenkqubo zopolitiko iindidi ngenxa yokuba lonke uluntu iqulathe amaqela izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nosukelo musa inxaxheba ngqo kurhulumente, kodwa kuchaphazela yona ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Asinto amaqela kuphela ezopolitiko kodwa isakhiwo ishishini, emkhosini, amajelo eendaba, iiNGO, amatshantliziyo oluntu abasenzisa izimvo. They are bonke ngamaqondo ahlukahlukeneyo, abeke uxinzelelo igunya kwezopolitiko ukuphembelela izigqibo zayo.

Kukho yedemokhrasi non-yedemokhrasi neenkqubo zopolitiko, yaye ngokuxhomekeke kulawulo kunye nobudlelwane ukuba umgaqo yokuzahlula \ yokudlulisa igunya. Nangona isibakala sokuba igama elithi "intando" ngokwalo lithetha "idemokrasi", amazwe okanye imimandla, apho abantu khon'ukuze ukuba nje kuphela amandla, kodwa kananjalo nokusebenzisa iinkqubo oko kusenziwa ngqo, akukho. Noko ke, oku akuthethi ukuba ayisekho idemokhrasi - nje uhlobo kwamandla kunye nolawulo kubandakanya isixa esithile izinto idemokhrasi ngqo. Xa amandla ulawulo lwentando yesininzi avela kubantu, nto leyo ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo ubuchule inganempembelelo kwisigqibo esidlangalaleni ekwenziweni komgaqo-nkqubo; izimvo likucela kuthathelwa ingqalelo ngabo isininzi; kwicandelo lomthetho ulawulo lomthetho siyema; vala kuphela oko ngokucacileyo uswazi - yonke enye into eyenziwe ngokungagqibekange; umgaqo kokwahlulwa yokwenene umthetho, kunye namagunya enkundla kwaye ii-arhente zokunyanzeliswa komthetho kunye namanye amaziko iindlela amandla sokukhomba alawulwa boluntu; kuluntu kukho intlaninge yamaziko, amaqela kunye neentshukumo, kunye namalungelo oluntu ziyaphunyezwa ngokungqinelana migangatho iphezulu. korhulumente kwezopolitiko Democratic, ingqiqo kunye neendidi leyo kwahluka kwimimandla namazwe ohlukeneyo, kukho malunga nama-40 amazwe, kwaye iye yaba impumelelo yayo kubudlelwane entsonkothileyo phakathi koluntu, umntu kunye norhulumente ixesha elide.

Ephambene kubekho ulawulo lwentando yesininzi ngokwembali i lobuzwilakhe, oko kukuthi ulawulo kuphela. In lobuzwilakhe hlabathi ngokuthe ngcembe indawo yolawulo kwezopolitiko ngegqudu yileyo. Concept kunye neentlobo ezi iindlela ezingafaniyo iqondo ungenelelo karhulumente kunye nabasemagunyeni ezilawulayo, hayi kuphela esidlangalaleni, kodwa yenkcubeko, lobuqu, kunye nezinye iinkalo zobomi. ulawulo njengeqela labantu rule (rhoqo - zomkhosi okanye amanye ama) lutyekele ukusetyenziswa kwezi iindlela zonyanzelo kunye neendlela umyalelo yolawulo kwezoqoqosho; onke amandla buzinze ezandleni clan ethile, leyo kuwa ngenxa yokuba ukuzibophelela lobuqu okanye iqela, kunye namanye amaziko karhulumente, afana iPalamente, sibe umlinganiswa olusesikweni kuphela. Amalungelo oluntu badla khona kuphela iphepha ezisegumbini amazwi abezopolitiko, kodwa kusenziwa inganyanzelekanga iyaphunyezwa. Noko ke, ingcinezelo kule mode umda isikakhulu aphikisayo nabo bonke kwisigaba kwezopolitiko, ngenxa yokuba urhulumente uzama ukulawula kuphela yintoni ukuphazamisa ngokhuseleko yayo. Imizekelo kolawulo ezifana ayanceda ulawulo Pinochet likaThixo Chile kunye ubuzwilakhe amaSilamsi Khomeini e Iran.

iimpawu yawo kubekho ulawulo wezopolitiko yileyo. Concept kunye neentlobo totalitarianism ezichongiweyo izazinzulu ezininzi ezaziwayo-kakuhle kwezopolitiko kunye zobulumko, ezifana Karlom Popperom kunye Hanoi Arendt. Ngawo onke linophawu ulawulo, totalitarianism yohlukile ngokuyintloko utyekelo sitshabalalisa ezinye amaqela ezopolitiko kunye neentshukumo, ukuhlanganisa iqela elilawulayo likarhulumente (partocracy), intloko apho kukho enye kwaye iqela elinye labantu. Ngenxa yoko kukho babezinikele yinkokeli, ngokufuthi onikwe ezineempawu kwemvelo. Kukho ideology yileyo yokuba umntu iba iyunithi inkqubo, kwaye ikhokelela ubunye politicization lilonke zonke iintlobo kubomi boluntu. Enyanisweni, kuluntu yileyo, nabani na shies kude kwezopolitiko, kufuneka zitshatyalaliswe. Olu hlobo "ngekhohlo" kunye "nokunene" neenkqubo zopolitiko olwalukho waseUSSR, China kunye "amazwe yobusoshiyali", iJamani yamaNazi, lobuFasi Italy kunye Spain, Cambodia "Khmer Rouge" kunye namanye amazwe.