Yintoni na iqondo igcwala ioksijini? Le Valence oksijini kunye nezinga igcwala

Sonke thina siphefumle umoya ubukhulu becala nitrogen neoksijini iimolekyuli kunye ukongeza ezingephi zezinye izinto. Ngenxa yoko, oxygen ngomnye weyona milenze ibaluleke gqitha chemical. Ngaphezu koko, molecule ayo kukho xa kukho iintlobo ezininzi zezinto anemichiza ezisetyenziswa kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ukuba bachaze zonke iimpawu lwesi sakhi alisilingene ikhulu elinamanci amaphepha, ngoko sinikela izibakala ezisisiseko amabali, kwakunye neempawu element esisiseko - Valence kunye neqondo igcwala oksijini, umyinge isicelo ngeempawu ezingundoqo emzimbeni.

Imbali ngexesha lokufunyanwa into wemichiza

Igosa Umhla ngexesha lokufunyanwa kwemichiza element "umoya" 1 Agasti 1774. Kwangaloo mini, le usomachiza yaseBritani uYohane. UPriestley waqukumbela umfuniselo yakhe yokubola oxide mercury leyo ngesitya etywiniweyo. Scientist wafumana igesi leyo exhasa ukutshiswa Ekugqityweni nokuhlola. Nangona kunjalo, eli lungu waya siyathandaza kwanangayo zizazinzulu. Mr Priestley wayecinga ukuba Andize ukwaba into entsha yinxalenye zezulu. Dzhozef Pristli iziphumo zabo kwabelwana ngayo nzulu esidumileyo French yemichiza Antuanom Lavuaze, owaba nako ukuqonda oko ayiphumelelanga ukwenza i eliNgesi. Ngowe-1775, Lavoisier wakwazi ukumisela ukuba kukho "yinxalenye zezulu" okunene yeyona nto yemichiza ezimeleyo igama kuyo ioksijini, nto leyo Liguqulwe lithatyathwa lesiGrike elithetha "esiti-yakheka". ngoko Lavoisier wayekholelwa ukuba oxygen ekhoyo zonke asidi. Kamva, le asidi ubisi zathathwa ukuba musa ziqulathe athom ioksijini, kodwa igama wanamathela.

Umoya - isakhiwo ingakumbi molecule

isiqalelo chemical Active yigesi enemibala emihle, esha nasongo. Chemical ifomula - O _2. Bemithi ukubiza oxygen diatomic zesiqhelo okanye "oxygen okwakhiwa" okanye "dioxygen." into molecule iqulathe athom ioksijini ezimbili. Kukho kwakhona zinemoletyhule eliquka athom ezintathu - O _3. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba ozone, iinkcukacha ezingakumbi malunga iya kubhalwa ngezantsi. Molecule kunye athom ezimbini ioksijini une igcwala imo -2, ekubeni uba ezimbini unpaired ekwaziyo wokusungula iqhina covalent phakathi electron. I-eneji ephuma ngexesha athom yokubola (dissociation) oksijini molecule ilingana 493,57 kJ / Mol. Le yinto entle kakhulu umahluko.

Le Valence oksijini kunye nezinga igcwala

Phantsi Valence i element wemichiza wayecinga ukukwazi zaso phezu inani elithile athom zezinye izinto imichiza. Le Valence of oxygen ezimbini. Le Valence le mpilo lingana kwakhona ezimbini, ukususela athom ezimbini uqhagamshele omnye komnye kwaye abe nesakhono qhoboshela isakhiwo kwayo omnye atom komnye ezimbaxa, ngamanye ekusekeni iqhina covalent nayo. Umzekelo, molecule H yamanzi ₂ O ebangela ukuba kusekwe iibhondi covalent phakathi neoksijini atom kunye ezimbini atom hydrogen.

Ioksijini ifumaneka ezininzi imichiza eyaziwa chemical. Kukho uhlobo olwahlukileyo iikhemikali - oxides. Le into efunyenwe ngokuhlanganisa phantse elementi imichiza ne-oksijini. The degree of igcwala le oksijini oxides ilingana ku -2. Noko ke, kwezinye imichiza eli nani zinokuba nomahluko. Okunye eziya kuchazwe ngezantsi.

Iipropati Physical oksijini

oxygen oqhelekileyo diatomic yigesi apho kungekho umbala, ivumba kunye nemvakalo. Kule imeko eqhelekileyo, ingxinano wayo - 1,42897 kg / m ^3. Weight 1 litre iziyobisi kancinci ngaphantsi kwe 1.5 grams, ngamanye oxygen esulungekileyo inzima ngaphezu komoya. Xa itshiswe, lo molecule inqanyulwe zibe atom.

Xa iqondo eliphakathi uvikivwa ku -189,2 ^C. ioksijini itshintsha isakhiwo salo sukube ukuya ulwelo. Ngenxa yoko kukho ithumba. Xa amaqondo obushushu kuyancipha ukuba -218,35 ^{° C} Kukho utshintsho kubume kunye olunombala wamanzi. Kule obushushu oxygen ngohlobo ziikristale elinombala.

Bushushu, oxygen ngokuvimba enyibilikayo emanzini - on ilitha yayo enye milliliter 31 oksijini. Ukunyibilika kunye nezinye izinto: 220 ml ukuba ilitha 1 ethanol, ml 231 ngenxa ilitha 1 acetone.

Iipropati Chemical oksijini

Malunga iimpawu yemichiza ye-oksijini bangabhala neTalmud. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo propati ioksijini - Lo igcwala. Le nto oxidant kakhulu kunene. Umoya awukwazi zisenokuxabana phantse zonke izinto ezaziwayo malunga lwezakhi. Ngenxa yale intsebenziswano oxides kwakheka, njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili. Mpilo namachibi xa iikhompawundi kunye nezinye izinto makhulu ngokulinganayo 2. Umzekelo iikhompawundi ezifana ngamanzi (H ₂ O), icarbon dioxide (CO _2), calcium oxide, lithium oxide, kunye nabanye. Noko ke, kukho udidi ezithile oxides, ebizwa peroxides okanye peroxides. peculiarity wabo ukuba kukho iqela peroxide "kuyoze-O- 'kwezi zinto. Eli qela kunciphisa iimpawu oxidative ka O _2, ukwenzela ukuba iqondo igcwala ioksijini peroxide ngu -1.

Ngokubambisana ne metal kwealkali oxygen Iifomu superoxides esebenzayo okanye superoxide. Imizekelo izakhiwo ezinjalo;

• potassium superoxide (KO _2);
• rubidium superoxide (RbO _2).

peculiarity wabo ukuba iqondo igcwala ioksijini kwi superoxide yi -1/2.

Ngokubambisana ne imichiza element kakhulu esebenzayo - fluorine, Imichiza ifunyenwe. Phezu kwabo kuya kuxoxwa ngezantsi.

ngezinga eliphezulu namachibi xa iikhompawundi ioksijini

Kuxhomekeke kufakwa izinto wasabela ngokuba ioksijini, oxygen kunamanqanaba ezisixhenxe igcwala:

1. -2 - in oxides kunye organic.
2. -1 - in peroxides.
3. -1/2 - in superoxide.
4. -1/3 - in ozonide ezingaphiliyo (triatomic oxygen lokwenyaniso - ozone).
5. +1/2 - kule iityuwa ioksijini zesiqinisekiso.
6. 1 - kwioksijini iposi.
7. 2 - kwioksijini difluoride.

Njengoko sibonile, kungona iqondo igcwala oksijini efunyenweyo oxides kunye khompawundi eziphilayo, kwaye Imichiza unamandla omhle. Ayizizo zonke iintlobo yolwalamano ekuLunyukisiweyo ngazo zinakho ukuqhutywa ngendlela yemvelo. Kuba ukuyilwa iikhompawundi ezithile kufuna iimeko ezizodwa, ezifana noxinzelelo oluphezulu, amaqondo obushushu aphezulu, ukuba sesichengeni ezinqabileyo iikhompawundi ukuba phantse zange zifumaneka kwindalo. Cinga oxygen compound ezisisiseko kunye neminye imichiza: i oxides, Imichiza kunye peroxides.

oxides Classification kwiipropati acid-base

Kukho iindidi ezine oxides:

• esisiseko;
• acid;
• cala;
• amphoteric.

Mpilo igcwala kwezi ntlobo zihlanganisi ezi -2.

• Engundoqo oxides - inamehlo isinyithi nokuba sezantsi igcwala States. Ngokuqhelekileyo, xa baye asidi zifunyenwe elinediski netyuwa, kunye namanzi.
• oxides emuncu - oxides nonmetal abanesidanga eliphezulu igcwala. Ukongeza apho amanzi kwakheka acid.
• oxides cala - imichiza leyo uze ungangeni nayiphi na impendulo nee-asidi okanye iziseko.
• oxides Amphoteric - iikhompawundi kunye nesinyithi ukuba ixabiso electronegativity eliphantsi. Ukuba, ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko, mboniso iimpawu kunye acid esisiseko oxides.

Peroxides, iqondo oksijini igcwala hydrogen peroxide kunye nezinye izakhi

Peroxides ebizwa iikhompawundi ioksijini kunye nesinyithi kwealkali. Bona ezifunyenwe yi ukutshiswa lwezi methali kwioksijini. Peroxides organic na umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu. Kwakhona eziqulunqwe kukufakwa oxides ioksijini. Imizekelo peroxides:

• iperoksayidi yehidrojeni (H ₂ O _2);
• barium yehidrojeni (bao _2);
• Isodiyam pheroksayidi (Na ₂ O _2).

Bonke kufuneka babe ukuba ziqulathe ioksijini iqela -OO-. Ngenxa yoko, oksijini isidanga igcwala yi -1 peroxides. Enye yezona zinto ezininzi eyaziwa -OO- iqela le hydrogen peroxide. Phantsi yesiqhelo iimeko, oku ephindeneyo ulwelo libunile oluhlaza. Ngokutsho iimpawu zazo lwemichiza iperoksayidi yehidrojeni ikufutshane a asidi. Ukususela -OO- nedibanisa kwi ezimbaxa sele amahlwempu uzinzo, enoba igumbi lobushushu, nesisombululo iperoksayidi yehidrojeni ingabhekiswa wabola namanzi oksijini. Nakuba kunjalo enamandla arhente oxidizing,, ukusabela elinamandla iipropati oxidizing reductant nje peroxide hydrogen. Ubungakanani oksijini igcwala hydrogen peroxide, njengoko kwezinye peroxides ngu -1.

Ezinye iintlobo peroxides zezi:

• superoxides (superoxides, apho umoya na igcwala -1/2);
• ozonides ezingaphiliyo (compound sibi kakhulu ukuba xa anion wayo isakhiwo ozone);
• molozonide (compound ukuba kubume bayo ibhondi -OOO-).

Imichiza, izinga igcwala kwioksijini OF2

Fluoro - ilungu isebenza kuzo zonke ezaziwayo okwangoku. Ngoko ke, basabela phakathi oksijini fluorine ukuba ungabi oxides, kunye Imichiza. ngoko ke kuthiwa ngenxa yokuba lo compound ayikho ioksijini, kwaye fluorine i oxidant. Fluoride ayikwazi zingafunyanwa ngendlela yemvelo. Zabo kuhlelwe kuphela utsala ukunxulumana kunye Koh fluorine zolwelo. Imichiza oxygen zihlukaniswe:

• oksijini difluoride _(KA-2);
• oxygen iposi (O ₂ F _2).

Cinga ngokweenkcukacha enkulu nganye kwezi zinto. oksijini difluoride kubume bayo yigesi ezingenambala kunye livumba eyomeleleyo ezingemnandi. Emva okupholisa incitshisiwe kulwelo elityheli. Ulwelo kakubi miscible ngamanzi, kodwa olungileyo umoya, fluorine kunye ozone. Iipropati yemichiza ye-oksijini difluoride - a oxidant onamandla kunene. The degree of igcwala ioksijini OF2 1, ngamanye kule ephindeneyo oxidant fluoro neoksijini - arhente nokuncitshiswa. KA ₂ ityhefu kakhulu, ngaphezu fluorine ecocekileyo kwaye osondela ubuthi phosgene. Ukusetyenziswa kolu hlobo compound - njengoko oxidizer ngenxa propellant, ekubeni oxygen difluoride ayikho Uyadubula.

oksijini iposi kwi karhulumente yesiqhelo i elityheli esiqinileyo. Phezu yokunyibilika, yenza ulwelo ebomvu. It is a arhente enamandla oxidizing, Iyadubula kakhulu wadibana ne-oganikhi khompawundi. Oku imiboniso compound oxygen igcwala karhulumente lingana-phinde ngo 2, ngamanye kule fluoride izenzo oxygen compound njenge arhente ukunciphisa, kunye fluorine - oxidant.

Ozone kunye nemixube yayo

Ozone - molecule ezintathu atom ioksijini yesondo nenye. Zikarhulumente eziqhelekileyo na irhasi oluhlaza. Phezu Ukupholisa, iifom ulwelo umbala eziblowu kufutshane indigo. I okuqinileyo crystal imibala emnyama oluhlaza. Ozone abe livumba elibi letela, oko angakwazi va emoyeni emva isaqhwithi kakhulu.

Ozone, njengesiqhelo oxygen, i oxidant kakhulu kunene. iipropati imichiza kufutshane asidi olomeleleyo. Xa isetyenziswe ozone oxides ayakhula degree of igcwala mpilo zazivelela. Kodwa ke iqondo elifanayo bewuhlisele oxygen igcwala. Ibhondi ozone yamachiza njengoko Ndisomelele O _{2, ukuze} phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo ngaphandle nomzamo iyanyibilika mpilo kunye ukukhululwa ngamandla obushushu. Ngenxa yokwanda nefuthe lobushushu kwemolekyuli ozone kunye nokunciphisa uxinzelelo ekuboleni ioksijini diatomic exothermically olukhawulezileyo. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba kukho isithuba esikhulu kwi-ozone, le nkqubo kunokuphumela-dubulo.

Ekubeni ozone a oxidant kakhulu kwaye phantse zonke iinkqubo ezibandakanya kunye nemali yayo enkulu ka O _2, ngoko ke ozone lulwelo inetyhefu kakhulu. Noko ke, kule eliphezulu umoya ozone udlala indima yokuba kugqame kwelanga yelanga.

Ngenxa ozone usebenzisa izixhobo ilabhoratri ukudala ozonides eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo. Le iyahlozinga kakhulu isakhiwo mba, ngoko indalo zabo iimeko zendalo akunakwenzeka. Ozonides zigcinwa kuphela kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi, njengoko neziqhushumbisi kakhulu kwaye anxilisayo amaqondo yesiqhelo.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-oksijini kunye khompawundi yayo kushishino

Ngenxa yokuba ngaxa lithile, oosonzululwazi baye bafunda, ilingene igcwala ukusuka oksijini kwi intsebenziswano kunye nezinye izinto, oko kunye nemixube yayo ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kushishino. Ngokukhethekileyo, emva kwenkulungwane ye-yamashumi amabini ziye zeza wegazi kwiinqwelo - iiyunithi ekwaziyo wokuguqula ioksijini ngoomatshini yamandla. Ekubeni umoya - olunokutsha kakhulu into, ngoko ke isetyenziswa kuwo onke amashishini apho kuyimfuneko ukusetyenziswa yomlilo kunye nobushushu. Xa ukulisika nokudibanisa iintsimbi zesinyithi nazo kusetyenziswa canisters mpilo enoxinzelelo ukuphucula isixhobo flame welding. Mpilo ngokubanzi esetyenziswa kwishishini sentsimbi, apho yi O zixinaniswe ₂ siyagcinwa lobushushu eliphezulu udubulo eziko. Igcwala nani liphezulu oxygen -2. Olu phawu oko ngononophelo isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa oxides ngenjongo yokutsha ngakumbi amandla thermal. ioksijini alulwelo, ozone, kunye nezinye iikhompawundi equlathe isixa esikhulu O _{2 njengomsebenzi} iioksidenti propellant. Oxidized oxygen ezinye khompawundi organic zisetyenziswa iziqhushumbisi.

Kushishino lemichiza, mpilo esetyenziswa njenge-arhente oxidizing xa iikhompawundi esiti-hydrocarbon, ezifana alkoholi, asidi kunye ezifana. D. Le iyeza lisetyenziswa noxinzelelo yancitshiswa kwizigulane kunye neengxaki umphunga, ukugcina ubomi eziphilayo. Kwezolimo, iingedosi ezincinane ioksijini ecocekileyo isetyenziswa yokwandisa intlanzi amachibi, ngokuba ukunyusa umlinganiselo iinkomo kunye like. D.

Umoya - esinamandla arhente oxidizing, apho kuyimfuneko khona

Le nkqubo ingentla iye yabhalwa malunga oxygen ine karhulumente namachibi xa ungena asabela kunye iikhompawundi ezahlukeneyo izinto, yintoni iintlobo iikhompawundi ioksijini khona, yintoni iintlobo ubomi emngciphekweni yaye izeziphi na. Omnye uhlale ayicacanga - njengokuba kunjalo kuwo onke yetyhefu yayo kunye kwinqanaba eliphezulu igcwala ioksijini yenye izinto ezingundoqo kubomi emhlabeni? Isibakala sokuba iplanethi yethu liqumrhu elungeleleneyo kakhulu, nto leyo yalungiselelwa ukuba izinto eziqulathwe kule nwebu komoya. Yena libandakanyeka kumjikelo, elolu hlobo lulandelayo: indoda kunye nazo zonke ezinye izilwanyana kudla mpilo kunye nokuvelisa carbon dioxide, kwaye izityalo uninzi kudla icarbon dioxide kunye nokuvelisa oksijini. Yonke into ihlabathi ezihambelanayo, kwaye kokulahlekelwa ikhonkco chain lowanyathela yonke chain. Asimele silibale ngayo kwaye unakekele ubomi ihlabathi liphela, hayi nje abameli balo ngamnye.