Yintoni lusemnyango? Lé line. Ukubekwa liphuma amaqela. Le azimuth lamaqela eziphambili

Iinkcukacha ezifunekayo zoqhelwaniso nekhosi nayiphi kwendawo, ubunjwe imiba emithathu: imigama, izalathiso kunye nezikhokelo (izinto ezahlukeneyo phezu komhlaba). Encyclopedia ukunika inkcazo kolundi: sibonwe kumgca kwiliso, ngomda isibhakabhaka emhlabeni.

I Navy Sea elundini ukuchaza indlela eyahlukileyo kancinane. Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, imikhumbi waba yokukhangela eyakhe ezinye kwiinkcazelo zabo. Xa encyclopedia zaselwandle Sea lé - uqhagamshelo isibhakabhaka line kunye namanzi. Wondela (abalibona umqadi) kongomisiwaka eka kulo mgca iyabonakala embindini wesangqa amanzi.

Indlela yokuhamba kwindawo ongayazi

Landmark kungaba naziphi na izinto kakuhle ebonakalayo ukuba ngandlel 'ume ngaphandle. Oku kunokuba ilitye elikhulu okanye iliwa endaweni ethe tyaba. Ehlathini benchmark kangaka ingenza nawuphi na umthi, ngokunjalo, kufuneka ngandlel 'ume ngaphandle esihlweleni nebonakalayo, ukuze kube lula ukuba ukukhumbula.

Yintoni lusemnyango? Akukho mba yintoni yinxalenye yehlabathi kukho umntu ngeenxa zonke kuye isithuba efumanekayo rhoqo: bona ngokwenene isangqa - nguwo umgca kolundi.

Abantu bafumana kule folda iingongoma ezimbalwa kakhulu khiwa. Babona ukuba iinkwenkwezi zezulu ukuhambisa kwisangqa, yaye omnye wabo, njengoko kunjalo kwi ndawo enye na ngaphezu kolundi. Yeyona i North Star. Ngaphezu koko, abantu ingqalelo impahla kwezinye izinto magnetized ukuba esithubeni - ukuba basoloko zijikeleziswe kwelinye icala kwicala layo. Yaye ngokuthe ngcembe kunina isangqa amanqaku ezine eziphambili (elundini) zaye zachongwa - ngasentla, ezantsi, entshona, empuma. La magama iingongoma iimpawu esasebenza namhlanje.

macala Definition lé

Ngoncedo lwe North Star okanye izinto ngokukhethekileyo magnetized (ikhampasi, Iastrolabe) abantu, ukususela naphi na emhlabeni, ukuba ukujonga kwicala elingasemntla, yaye emva koko wema nayo, ukufumaneka kumacala zeendawo yakhe yomzimba ezingundoqo eseleyo: ngasemva - ezantsi, ngasekunene - ngasempumalanga, ekhohlo - entshonalanga.

Ekujikeni, kwesa tye degree

ngekota nganye wesangqa kolundi yokuhlala degrees 90. lo moya oxwesileyo yohlulwe kumathuba ezincinane ngokulinganayo mali lamaqhosha 360 - ezinokufaniswa inani elisondeleyo leentsuku ngonyaka. Nganye kwezi ziqwempu sele igama elithi "ehle" waza wafumana inombolo yesiriyeli - ukusuka ku-1 ukuya 360.

Cinga degrees ukusuka kwindawo ethile - indawo kolundi, ingabekwa North Star. Kuwo, ukubala ukuya ekunene (ngku).

Ukumiselwa kwe-engile oku kulandelayo: ibizwa abunjwe ngemitha ezimbini ukusuka kwindawo enye zisathe (izifundo zezibalo ze abakumgangatho ophakathi). wedini degree ngalinye - engile ethile.

Le azimuth wamacala ephambili kolundi

Simple angle yokubala uye umqadi ezimbini ngokwesigqibo esicalanye. Oku kuthetha ukuba ingabhekiswa ngapha nangapha isithuba. Kwaye kukho umqadi ekhethekileyo azimuth - uthunyelwa kwicala elinye, ukuya emntla. Njengoko yaziwa, wew geometry we iikona yangaphakathi ukuba ubuninzi bobungakanani izidanga ukuya ku-180 (angle ngqo), kodwa azimuth ingaba ngakumbi, ngamanye degrees 0-360.

Kulo kulandela ukuba azimuth le - ekujikeni, nto leyo ukhandwa imiqadi ababini, omnye kubo ngqo ukuya emantla, wesibini - on bomda. Le azimuth wamacala ezingundoqo kolundi ulinganiswa izidanga, kwaye ukusuka lubalelwa ukusuka kwiqanda.

Ukulinganisa azimuth ye ezisemaphandleni

Ngoku kancinci malunga iindlela zehlabathi. Umgca kolundi iphawulwe iingongoma hayi kuphela ezine eziphambili (le ulwalathiso imitha beziko - ngasentla, ezantsi, entshona, empuma), kodwa kwakhona intermediate - eliphakathi kwaye ibekwe phakathi kwe emibini. Ngokomzekelo, phakathi emntla engile ntshona degrees 45 ikhutshwa ulwalathiso eliphakathi. Oku ubizwa ngokuba kumntla-mpuma. Kanye kwicala elinye sakhiwe ikota nganye. Ngoko ndizuze "ring azimuth", oko nangoku iqatshelwe kwicala degrees 22.5, ebizwa exhasayo inxaxheba. Bona ekhethelwe emantla-mpuma-ntshona, kumntla-mpuma njalo njalo. D.

Umhambi enamava ukujonga ngokulula icala langasentla na imozulu nangalo naliphi na ixesha lemini. Ngaphezu koko, kuya kuba lula ukufumana indlela ekunene kwaye ngaphandle ikhampasi. Oku kuya kufuna ulwazi kakuhle ring azimuth.

Azimuth - angle engalinganiswayo okanye yakhiwe. Kulula ukuzoba ipeni nephepha, kwakunye emhlabeni ukulinganisa umqadi reticle (eye). Emephini okanye yokubhala elula ukulinganisa nokwakha azimuths neprotrektha lula ezilula - neprotrektha. Ukuze wenze oku, phawula ingongoma iziko, engontsini kolundi. Okulandelayo kwimfuneko bazobe engile ngqo phakathi kwabo. Phawula umzobo ingongoma efunekayo nebonakalayo ukusuka ikhampasi ukuze kudaleke kwezithuthi kwi-engile kunina, ukuya kwindawo ngasentla. Jika angle, ekuthiwa i azimuth.

Xa imaphu eqhelekileyo has a lot of iilayini ezithe nkqo - oko edge empumalanga nasentshonalanga yesakhelo kunye umgca zilungelelanise buxande kunye kwicala elingasemntla. Kodwa imigca yeigrid nkqo amaxesha wayengekafiki zifana kwikhadi isakhelo - uzakhela engile. Yena mkhulu kakhulu kwaye ngoko ke kudla azithathelwa ngqalelo.

Umzekelo, imfuno ukulinganisa umgca azimuth yomgudu ukusuka kwindawo A noqondo iziko B. Transportir (zero point) xa kuthelekiswa ingongoma A, enye yawo nezamazembe esijikeleziswa ukwenzela ukuba ome nkqo imigca ikhadi ngakumbi isikali neprotrektha degree isuswe izidanga Countdown, ukusuka A ukhombe B.

ngekompas

Ngekompas babe design eyahlukileyo. Zezona lwimi zisetyenziswa na ikhampasi esakhiwa kwi topographer Russian kwinkulungwane XIX Petrom Adrianovym. Igama sifaneleka - Compass Hadrian. Ngaloo mihla, ngekompas zazenziwe ngobhedu ukuba, namhlanje benza ngeplastiki.

Adrianov Compass inamacandelo ezintlanu: a reticule umzimba umsesane ngethambo, inaliti Imagnethi yomhlaba kunye neklip.

Ityala round idibanisa iphaphe yonke yoyilo. Embindini wayo obekwe kwi inaliti sentsimbi lifutshane, oko utyhalelwa utolo. slits ezimbini ecaleni, apho Uyasiphumelela umtya ukuba uqinisa phezu kwengalo yakhe, njenge wotshi. Ngamanye amaxesha umtya iqhotyoshelweyo enxibe entanyeni zekhampasi. Ngentla apha a slot kunye imithombo ezenziwe ngobhedu, kunye uncedo zabo izindlu sibethelelwe kwaye yokubolekisana ring diopter.

Iringi abalibona ifakiwe iglasi, kukho lunamaqoqo ezimbini kumngcipheko ayo aphezulu - kunye okweempukane amehlo. Phantsi kuzo afumaneka kwi uqikelelo yangaphakathi ezingoonxantathu icala ezimbini atyikitya kuqamba ezizodwa, ukuvutha ebumnyameni. Ezi lunamaqoqo ke lathisi nokujikeleziswa wababala ring aboniswe izidanga kwi kwisikali zekhampasi.

Ingxenye esemqoka ye ikhampasi - inaliti magnetized. isabelo sabo kwipleyiti ngentsimbi. Isiphelo Utolo olalathe ukuya emantla, ukutyabeka ukwakhiwa efanayo, ukuvutha ebumnyameni. Arrow eyayithanda phezu inaliti ngokulula, lens encinane kwiziko layo, leyo kunciphisa isiphumo inhibitory amalungu olujikelezayo. Kwicala ephantsi kukho elitywinwe tapered, ukuba uxhomekeke inaliti utolo olunika ukujikeleza circumferentially.

Omzimba - ezimhlophe ring amaqela. Iyafana ngekhonkco azimuthal. It has bar enye ubude, nto leyo isale sisincoko ezikhanyayo - oku sisiqalo amaqela of reference. Kodwa kukho iingongoma ezintathu ukuze ukuvutha ebumnyameni, ngaphezu kwazo zicwangciswe iincwadi nokuchonga iingongoma zekhampasi. Icandelo ngalinye ikhampasi manqanaba mathathu.

KwaClip - springy ipleyiti yesinyithi, wazolula kwisiqingatha. Xa kuthathelwa ngaphandle nge kumngxunyana kwi izindlu, iziphelo ipleyiti ukuba zixinaniswe, ukhupha inaliti ikhampasi, kwaye lens yam, "kuhlala" kwi inaliti. Xa eligaqa utyhalelwa ngaphakathi ikhampasi - imithombo inowuthi ayinakolulwa, ukhupha utolo inaliti kunye ngokucofa kwi kwiglasi. Kulo mbono, ikhampasi evaliwe kunye inaliti awusebenzi.

iintlobo Modern of ngekompas

Ngoku, phantse zonke ngabakhenkethi zinemibala inqila ulwelo nayo lula kwaye kulula kakhulu ukuba basebenze. isandla sakhe ibekwe capsule eyodwa izele ulwelo. It ivumela clockwise efakiweyo kwicala lasemantla imizuzwana eziliqela. Kukho iindlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ngekompas ezemidlalo, yalityatya ngokwamathambo yabo has division isikali oluchanileyo ngakumbi - to degrees-2. Le philisi ise ekunene kwikhadi ikhampasi, nto leyo eye irula yokulinganisa. Ebhodini ngokwayo, kwakunye philisi wawutyabeka ezicwangciswe imigca parallel, Kulula kakhulu ukuba ukusebenza kunye namakhadi.

ngekompas Modern unako isemzimbeni izihlahla, kwakunye emqaleni umtya. Ibhalbhu kunye nentlawulo ukuba ezenziwe ngezinto ifuthe-resistant, basebenza kakuhle kwindawo ezahlukeneyo.

Ukuphatha ikhampasi

Kuyimfuneko ukukhusela ifowuni nempembelelo, ingakumbi imveliso ulwelo. umzimba yabo abunjwe enembonakalo plate, ngoko ke, ethe kakhulu. Kwakhona boBumelwane nekhampasi kufuneka kuphetshwe ngezinto metal - oku kunempembelelo elibi nosiba. Xa ikhampasi ayikho ukusetyenziswa, kufuneka unxibe phezu kwengalo okanye entanyeni yakho okanye acocekileyo nje epokothweni yakhe.

Imithetho yokusebenza ikhampasi

Kukho iindidi ezine izenzo kunye ikhampasi:

1. Ukwazi ukuba isibhakabhaka enjalo, ngoncedo nekhampasi zifumaneka kuye. ukubamba nje evulekileyo, utolo ngokwayo iya kubonisa kwicala langasentla. Umsebenzi kufezwa: ukuchaza entla, akukho nzima ukufumana kwelinye icala lehlabathi. Kwanele ukuba ukukhumbula ebengumsesane azimuthal.
2. Ukusebenza kunye kwimephu nekhampasi. Kuyimfuneko ukuba hlengisa imap liphuma amaqela. Ukuze wenze oku, wancothuka ke ukuba imigca ulungelelwaniso apha emephini eyayingqalene ezimanyeneyo ikhampasi utolo, incopho yezi imigca kwakuhamba kwicala ephosakeleyo, elijongeka ekupheleni elingasentla kwicala magnetized. Ngoko ke, sisazi ukuba isibhakabhaka onjalo, umntu ngobuchule uzulazule kwimaphu. Nekhampasi ibekwe kwimephu ukuze wegqitha phantsi ecaleni empumalanga nasentshonalanga ikhadi. Okulandelayo, utolo evulekileyo, emva uba uzolile, kufuneka phendula le mephu ikhampasi de nomda utolo aziyi kuba kumgca enye. Kufuneka uqinisekise ukuba ncam kumgca othe ngqo, kunye esithinzini "kubonakala" Ibeka kakuhle ukuya emntla. Ngoku ikhadi utsaleleka ngokuchanekileyo kwicala elifanelekileyo, kwaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba ukumisela indlela epheleleyo kuyo nayiphi na indawo lokuqaphela izinto zasekuhlaleni, oko kukuthi, elundini ebonakalayo.
3. Resection line - ifuthe ngumqhubi, leyo, ukwazi azimuth sichaza kwayo neempawu ukunxibelelana, ngoko ezinambuzelayo ukuya kujoliswe oyifunayo.
4. Resection ukuba umva - yintshukumo ngumqhubi, xa wabona wokukora ndisazi ukuba uya kufihlakala kungekudala kwimboniselo, kunye ikhampasi imisela obuvelisa magnetic kwi njengebhakana-ekujoliswe. Oku kunceda nge serif ngqo ukufikelela indawo efunekayo ngokusebenzisa amalungiselelo omnye emva izikhokelo enye nokuthetha.

Kulo kulandela ukuba kukho ezimbini amathuba:

1. Kukho kwakhona epheleleyo ndawo, kodwa kukho azimuth ngemagnethi kobekujoliswe efunekayo (kususwa ukusuka card).
2. Amagqabantshintshi ndawo iyafumaneka, kunye nal ebonakalayo. Masithi umntu imi phezu kwentaba engqongwe ehlathini, yaye uyazi ukuba xa iqala ukuhamba, sijolise ixesha elide emehlweni akhe efihliweyo. Kwaye ke ngoko ukuba ihambe ngendlela yayo ecaleni azimuth (serifs ngqo).

In lwalo yokuqala, azimuth imvume imaphu, elinesibini - ngokuthi abalibona kwitekeni.

Compass Hadrian: inotshi ngqo

1. A isalathisi elifakiweyo lomzimba division iimpukane okuhambelana azimuth oyifunayo.
2. Inaliti nekhampasi kuvulwa, kwaye ikhokelwa lomzimba, oko kukuthi nulshtrih yalityatya ngokwamathambo walusa isiphelo esemantla inaliti yi yi kokutshintsha umzimba.
3. Ukubona (squinting amehlo akhe) - kufuneka akhangele kubhabho ngokusebenzisa lisikwe iliso, ngoko ke amehlo akubonayo ukude into ethile, wawa phezu kubhabho (abapasa elilwela).
4. Ngoku ulawulo yenziwa yokuqinisekisa ukuba uphunyezwe ngokufanelekileyo amanyathelo-2 no-3. isikhundla yekhampasi ayitshintshi, ngoko evala isandla.

inotshi ngqo lichazwa ngexesha elinye ibalwa umgama omalunga kunina. Wena ke intloko ku bomda emnyango, kubalulekile ukuba ulahlekelwe. Umzekelo, emahlathini abalibona umqadi (uluvo) isekelwe phezu umthi othile, nto leyo ithathwa zikhukula bomda. Kufuneka kube kuhle ukukhumbula kwaye mazingabhidaniswa nabanye. Njengoko ezi benchmarks kufuneka kukhethwe izinto ezikude ngenxa yokuba, xa uthe weza kubo, kuya kuba yimfuneko kwakhona uphindwe notch ngqo. Lo msebenzi kuthatha ixesha.

Nokuzimisela azimuth ye isikhonkwane ebonakalayo - Resection

1. Inaliti ikhampasi elivulekayo ngakumbi malunga (malunga) ilungiswa ngokuqondisa dial. Fly, naye malunga, oko sibhekiswe njengebhakana ngokuvula ring abalibona.
2. Okulandelayo, kwesebe busisigxina lutolo ngokuchanileyo zalungiswa bomda kubhabho.
3. Elilandelayo nulshtriha khangela ukuba baphambuka ekupheleni emantla, inyathelo yesibini ngokuphindaphindiweyo.
4. Ngokubala kwesebe isusiwe, inaliti luvalwe.

serifs ngqo kunye uguqulo kwi engamanzi ikhampasi

ngqo:

1. Le nekhampasi ibekwe kwimephu emphethweni isiphelo icala ukuze echaphazelekayo kunye nentshukumo reference ngongoma.
2. Inxalenye ye zekhampasi esijikeleziswa ukuze iingozi eyayingqalene mephu ithe cwaka ngemagnethi. Phinda ubungozi kufuneka zijonge ngasentla.
3. ikhadi olandelayo isusiwe. Izindlu ubanjwa tye akatyekela ekupheleni ngentla belukuyo utolo indawo emzimbeni phakathi umngcipheko kabini. Kulo mgca ipleyiti isikhundla kuhlatywa iya kubonisa indlela intshukumo. Landela endleleni ukuba isikhokelo ayikho imfuneko, kufuneka ukhangele kuphela utolo ayizange itshintshe isikhundla sakhe. Oku kuqinisekisa intshukumo exposure azimuth. KuLwelo Compass, ngokwahlukileyo ukuya njengesiqhelo, obagcinela ulwalathiso ayikho kuphela umkhondo, kodwa ngokubaleka. Kuyimfuneko kuphela ukuba bafunde ukugcina indlela ngokuxwesileyo.

Uqhagamshelwano:

1. Le ikhampasi ebanjwe kwindawo tyaba, a kuthethwa ngqo ukuya kwikona osecaleni okanye yezihlunu le lwezindlu.
2. Ke yona yabuyela philisi de utolo livela phakathi umngcipheko kabini, ngokukhomba ngasentla ngenxa. Okulandelayo, kufuneka ukubukela zingaphi izidanga kuboniswe kwesebe kufuphi nomgca osembindini.

Ngoku sithwele bakufumana, kubalulekile ukuba ubhale kuyo yokubhala. Ukwazi oko lé kunye azimuth kwi benchmark efanelekileyo, kukhuselekile ukuya endleleni, enza serifs, ukufudukela injongo ezinqwenelekayo ngenxa iibheringi bushing.

Kodwa asimele silibale ukuba bonke ubuntu babantu ukwenza iimpazamo zonke, kuquka kumsebenzi zekhampasi. Nabani na ukwenza impazamo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo: ukuba ukubabhida iziphelo iintolo ikhokele umlenze engachananga, engalunganga ngokusayina le into oyifunayo. Nawuphi impazamo kuyabiza kakhulu. Ngokuba, ukuba kwindawo ongayazi, ingakumbi kude kwiindawo ezihlala abantu, kulula ukuba ulahlekile. Ngoko ke, abahambi kufuneka silumke kakhulu kwaye ujonge izihlandlo eziliqela.

Thabatha ikhampasi Hadrian ukuba amanzi kunene isandla sakhe, kwaye kunzima kakhulu ukuba ukuseka kanye phezu kwesebe bar zero. Isengqiqweni ngakumbi ukuba anxibe nasiphi na ikhampasi inkxaso ukuchana enkulu. Ilingane isiphunzi ehlathini okanye anamathele nje ugxunyekwe phantsi. Kunjalo ukuba reinsured - ukwenza serifs akukho namnye, kodwa abantu abaliqela ngekompas ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu. umqhubi ngasinye sinoxanduva zithutha kabini: ezimbini ngexesha elinye wenze serifs. Ukuba iziphumo ekuvunyelwene, ngoko yonke into entle. Ukuba zahluke kancinane, i-avareji ithinjiwe. Kodwa xa izibalo musa awafani, ngoko ke umsebenzi kuyimfuneko ukutshintsha ngokupheleleyo.

Kwiphulo intshukumo wahlulwe ezimbini iinketho: azimuth nzima (ngaphandle ikhadi ngokungqongqo azimuth) kwaye isindululo kwi imeko (on glades, iindlela, iindlela), iqela yokugqibela kwenziwa ekhokelwa yi kwicala uqikelelo (azimuth isikhokelo).

Lidla indlela akunakwenzeka ukuba umqadi abalibona, kuba they nqanda imiqobo efana imilambo, iindawo ezimanzi, ezindulini imixawuka, ibambeke ayegqunyelelwe lwemimandla yehlathi. Kulo mzekelo, oku kulandelayo kuyasebenza qhinga: khosi ubhekiselo enye le azimuth. Ngokomzekelo, omnye nomqobo ekhohlo ukuya iindleko, omnye - ekunene. Emva yokucima ngalinye icala ngakumbi lilungiswa.

Xa intshukumo eya azimuth ezintathu izidanga ukutenxa inika umbhalo amahlanu ekhulwini kwisivuno offset ingongoma. Ngoko ke, lo azimuth ke ezihambe ngayo ekuhambeni kwexesha (orientation) uziziqwempu ngamnye.

Ukukwazi ukujongana imaphu kunye ikhampasi - izakhono ezingundoqo umhambi. Kunye nezakhono ze orienteering, esazi ukuba ubude loo kolundi kwaye ukwazi ukuba abemi azimuth, umhambi soze kwalahleka ezingaqhelekanga kwendawo, kungakhathaliseki apho wayekhona. Kufuneka ke ngoko ukuba inikwe ingqalelo zonke ezi zinto ezinkulu, wayezimisele ukuhamba uhambo okanye uhambo.

Njengoko ku ezikhethiweyo ikhampasi, ngoko egqiba elowo ngokwakhe, ukuba lula ngakumbi. Kodwa kukho umkhwa kukuba abanamava abantu abaneminyaka khetha ikhampasi Hadrian endala kunye oyinyaniso, yaye abantu abaselula bakhetha analogs mihla. Ethambisayo nevuthisayo ukwenza into elungileyo, kuba apha ke kuphela kuncedo kunye mkhwa. Yaye eneneni, ukusebenza kakuhle njengomzekelo endala, iye wakhonza ngaphezu kweshumi, kwaye ezitsha, ukuphuculwa.

Yiba uhambo nice kunye nendlela elungileyo ngabo bonke abakuthandayo ukubonakala uceba ukuya imi! Yiba okubonakalayo kumgca kwiliso le kolundi!