Yintoni i iantigens? Izilwa-buhlungu kunye nezakhi

Emzimbeni, ukubonakalalisa omzimba kunye omzimba basebenzisane awakwazi. Nangona kunjalo, kwiimeko ezithile lo wokugqibela abamenza umoni imo ekuthiwa engayenzanga ethile - nokunyamezelana. Izilwa-buhlungu kunye awakwazi igalelo ekwakhiweni imemori ngumzimba. Okulandelayo, cinga uhlobo yesibini kwezinto. Kweli nqaku sifumanisa ukuba yintoni na iantigens.

Overview

Yintoni i iantigens? Ngamafutshane, oku kudla iikhompawundi amazwe. Ezi ziquka nucleic, polysaccharides, iiprotheni kunye nezakhiwo zawo. Xa utshintsha nge chemical ukulungisa of Iipholima zendalo kunokuqulunqwa kweziyobisi "conjugated". iikhompawundi ezilolu hlobo kwakheka kwi isiseko iiprothini ezila ngqo kumamkeli. into autologous sisipirithi ngokusebenzisa ichiza okanye ngokwasemzimbeni, nazo ijikwe ibe iantigens.

definition

Le biopolymers zomzimba okanye nucleoside zokwenziwa kwayo kusichukumisa ekwaziyo yengxoxo omzimba. Ezi zinto ke kuthiwa awakwazi. Baya kuba negalelo kuphuhliso iiseli effector nature thymic. Ivele a background izilwa yokusabela omzimba baqalisa ukusebenzisana kunye nezakhi ezithile okanye iikhemikali ukuba isakhiwo efanayo. Ukuba ke musani ukubacaphukisa impendulo yokhuselo, zibizwa ngokuba haptens. Baqumbisa ukunyamezelana ngumzimba. Ukukwazi eyenza impendulo olukhuselayo ezi polypeptides zokwenziwa bakhonze awakwazi protein. Noko ke, ngokuzithandela isakhiwo zaseprayimari zesithuba kufana naleyo naliphi protini compound ethile. Okubonakalayo into uboniso antigenic iimpawu zezi zinto sikuko lokusekwa lwendawo isakhiwo yokubeka. Kulo mba, iipholima wabumba ukusuka kwenye acid acid (homopolymers) akanayo iimpawu yengxoxo omzimba. Le polypeptides antigenic bayakwazi ukuba avele, ukuyilwa apho acid 2 ababandakanyekayo.

nemibuzo yophando

Yintoni i iantigens? zizifo Classical libiza eli into yonke iseli wesilwanyana okanye imvelaphi yebhaktiriya. Noko ke, oku akunjalo ukusuka kwindawo imichiza ngayo. Zikhankanywe ngasentla, oko kukuthi i-iantigens ngamnye se. Oku iseli apho kukho inani elikhulu nucleic, iiprotheni, polysaccharides. nezakhi yabantu ifunyenwe kwifom nyulu, ingasetyenziswa wakhuthaza omzimba. Ngaloo ndlela uya kuba esithile biopolymer ethile. Ukuqwalasela isakhiwo iantigens nyulu umntu, umnini obhalisiweyo kufuneka ochazwe intsapho iikhompawundi ezithile. Eli binzana ingasetyenziswa xa ebhekisela ngokuzenzekelayo aggregating biopolymer ethile. Imizekelo antigen ezithile iintsholongwane okanye neentsholongwane. Ngenxa yoko, contractile Iprothini misila Igram iintsholongwane engakhiyo flagellin sodidi iSalmonella anokufunyanwa apha polymerized kunye nefomu monomeric. Kwaye zombini iimeko iantigens unakho aqhubela ukuyilwa omzimba, nangona iimeko zoku ezahlukeneyo. Ingakumbi, le timusonezavisim Polymer fellagelina kunye monomer - timusozavisim.

Unxibelelwano ezinobunzima eziphilayo

Faka inokubuyiselwa kuthelekiswa kuphela olunye udidi izinto. Umzekelo, libhekisela kwiiproteni ezahlukahlukeneyo ukuba izakhiwo efanayo lesibini nelesithathu: fibrillar kunye globular. Kwiimeko ezinjalo ke unako ukuseka ubudlelwane ngqo phakathi ekukwazini Polymer eyenza ukuyilwa izilwa ubunzima baso eziphilayo. Le ndlela, Noko ke, ayikho epheleleyo. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, oku kuxhomekeke nezinye iipropati ezimbaxa, zombini iikhemikhali kunye nezinto eziphilayo.

Ubungakanani yokubonakalaliswa lepropati

Ukwanda iimpawu antigenic ye iiproteni eba eklasini kakhulu olubanzi lebyi kuya kuxhomekeka kumlinganiselo lomgama yendaleko kwi abanikelayo ezimbaxa efunyenweyo, kwaye umamkeli lowo ilungiselelwayo kuzo. Lungisa Uhlalutyo lokuthelekisa iya kuba kuphela kwimeko ukuba uhlobo olufanayo esetyenziswa kuvavanyo ukwimo. Umzekelo, ukuba serum albumin impuku kunye agonywe babantu iimpuku, kwiimpendulo yokuqala iya kuba qatha kakhulu. Ukuba biopolymer uphawuleka banda uvakalelo cleavage, iimpahla zazo ziya kuba ngaphantsi iqapheleka ngaphezu koko kwento abonise uxhathiso olukhulu haydrolisis enzymatic. Ngenxa yoko, kwimeko ukusetyenziswa polypeptides zokwenziwa okanye conjugates iiproteins njengoko ezisegazini, ucaca ngakumbi iya kuba impendulo into apho ekwakhiweni iquka acids D-acid ezingezo-zendalo. Indima ebaluleke kakhulu ukubonakalalisa omzimba unikwa kweejini ngayo kumamkeli.

iqela onefuthe

Kwezi ziza kubonisa biopolymer eziphilayo, a Togu eyenziweyo yayo, okanye iantigens conjugated ukuba ezaziwayo B lymphocyte receptors iantigens-ndibopha yaye antibodies. Le molecule ekhoyo ngokubanzi amaqela onefuthe ezininzi ezahlukeneyo kubume. Ngamnye kubo ingaphinda-phindwa amaxesha amaninzi. Ukuba molecule umchiza ekhoyo iqela elinye kuphela isakhiwo esithile, akuyi kwenzeka ukuyilwa elilwa nayo. Xa inkqubo yokwandisa iinkqubo ncam iza kukhula kwaye omzimba kubo. Nangona kunjalo, le nkqubo iza kuya ethile kwingongoma, emva koko kukuthanda ukwehla kwaye ngokupheleleyo kubonwa koko. Le meko iye uphando ngokusetyenziswa antigen conjugated kunye substituents ezahlukahlukeneyo, nokwenza i onefuthe iqela umsebenzi. Ukungabikho impendulo omzimba biopolymers kunye epitope ezixineneyo kungenxa indlela ukusebenza lymphocyte kweli qela.

Isilwa Carcinoembryonic

Ngomnye iintlobo iiprothini oluqhelekileyo esiqwini, nto leyo enempilo abantu iveliswa encane umthamo iiseli amanye amalungu. BCEA isakhiwo yemizimba yethu ke ambaxa carbohydrate kunye protini. ukuqeshwa kwakhe abadala ayaziwa. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha uhlobo ezingekazalwa ngayo kakhulu ngokunzima kuhlelwe amalungu ometyiso, lo gama yokuhlangana msebenzi ubalulekileyo ngokwaneleyo. Bahambisana kunye nokukhuthaza weseli hlula. Isilwa Carcinoembryonic kubonakele ku nezihlunu izitho zokugaya, kodwa yona ibe ncinci ngokwaneleyo. Isihloko elimakishayo ithumba inxalenye luphawu bendalo eziphilayo, kodwa uninzi lwazo zonke iipropati apho axabisekile kuphononongo elebhu. Igama elithi "umbungu" edibene mngeni komzimba ngexesha kuphuhliso kwixesha sikanina, "iantigens" ibonisa ithuba lokwazisa iziselo zawo eziphilayo usebenzisa indlela immunochemical ayikokubambana ngendlela. Kulo mzekelo, ngqo emzimbeni, oko akuthethi ukubonisa nayiphi na kwiipropati. Ngesiqhelo, xa kokuphilayo esempilweni BCEA xi iphantsi ngokwaneleyo. Ngokuchasene imvelaphi yenkqubo somhlaza ukunyuka kumgangatho kakhulu kabukhali, efikelela yokusebenza enkulu kangangoko. Kule nkalo, oko iphawulwa njengommakishi inyama of ezimbi oncological, okanye ithumba isiphawuli.

BCEA

Uhlalutyo Isilwa isicelo kwi lokufunyaniswa ezinezigulo eyahlukeneyo, ubukhulu becala umhlaza ezinqeni kunye colon. Uphando olwenziwa nisaqala ezimbi kwi esweni indlela esi sifo nokubek'esweni ukusebenza kongenelelo zonyango. Ngokuchasene nentsukaphi ikholoni kunye nomhlaza ezinqeni test yohlukile uvakalelo oluphezulu. It ivumela ukusebenzisa kwayo uxilongo zaseprayimari. Emva kokuba umsebenzi onempumelelo ukususa yonke ithumba ijwabu yoxinaniso ze BCEA yagqampa yaya emva lingadluli kwiinyanga ezimbini. iimvavanyo rhoqo emva koko ukuvumela kuvavanyo imeko yomguli emva kokufumana unyango. Ubhaqo kwamazinga aphezulu BCEA ivumela ukuchongwa ngexesha isifo nezolo. Ngokunciphisa umxholo iantigens ngexesha unyango kwelithini malunga nokusebenza zonyango neziphumo.

Ukwandisa uyazikhomba BCEA: ezimbi yobubanzi

Noko ke, uvavanyo akujongwa ngenxa yamathumba ngokupheleleyo ezithile. Ukwandisa izinga BCEA inokubonakalisa ngokuchasene nemvelaphi zizifo ezahlukahlukeneyo amalungu zangaphakathi kunye ukudumba kunye nezinye indalo. Ngowe-20-50% ezigulane kunye ezimbi ingozi nepancreas, amathumbu, imiphunga kunye kwesibindi ukunyuka iantigens yoxinaniso kancinci. Kunjalo liyasetyenziswa kwisiqalo kwesibindi, kohlobo, sisilonda sikabhobhosi, abanesigulo esinganyangekiyo, emphysema, iphika, isifo Crohn i-pancreatitis, inyumoniya, izifo samathambo, isifo sephepha. Ukongeza, izinga lokonyuka akufunekanga ibe isifo enemiqathango, kunye, umzekelo, abanokuthathwa rhoqo utywala okanye ukutshaya.

Iimpawu Igazi

Eyona wabo ingakumbi kunye nobuqu balihlutha awakwazi erythrocyte. Xa ukungavumelani biopolymers yomamkeli kunye nalowo igazi akuvumelekanga ngokungqongqo. iinkqubo yezifo Kungenjalo ayisoze kwanokufa malunga nesigulane eso. Uvavanyo immunogenetics kunye nokufunda antigen ebomvu legazi kusetyenziswa iindlela zovavanyo ze-serological. Ezi ziquka, ingakumbi, iquka hemolysis reaction, imvula, agglutination. izakhi Erythrocyte zimelwe ngokohlobo macromolecules biopolymer ezintsonkothileyo. Bandisa kwi stroma (iqokobhe) kunye inxibelelene nabanye molekyuli imichiza. Ngomlinganiswa ngamnye ekhethekileyo umchiza ubume ngamnye kunye nolwakhiwo zayo.