YeMfuzo: inzuzo okanye okubi? Izakhi ukutya kunye nezinto eziphilayo. Le nkqubo-sikhokelo yowiso-mthetho

Le isihloko eli nqaku: "crops: inzuzo okanye imbi?". Zama ukufumana phandle ngokungenamkhethe kulo mbandela. Ngapha koko, ukungabikho zizibakala yesono izinto ezininzi ngoku azinikele kwesi sihloko impikiswano. Namhlanje, kumazwe amaninzi (kuquka Russia), ingqiqo yeMfuzo baqalisa ukuba kusetyenziswa xa bethetha i "neemveliso ezibangela umhlaza kunye zofuzo." Macala onke yeMfuzo lokuphosa udaka kwizihlandlo ezahlukeneyo: Ekse, engakhuselekanga, wamsongela ukuzimela lokutya lwelizwe lethu. Kodwa kuba esoyika kutya izakhi , yaye oko ngokwenene oko? Makhe uphendule le mibuzo.

imiqondo kokuhlaziya

Crops - eziphilayo zemvelo na, oko kukuthi iyatshintsha iindlela zobunjineli yemfuza. Lo mqondo esinda siyasebenza utyale. Kwixesha elidlulileyo, abalimi ezahlukeneyo, ezifana Michurin, kufikelelwe iimpawu luncedo zezityalo, esebenzisa iintlobo ngeentlobo amaqhinga. Oku kuquka, ingakumbi, izithole yokumilisela ezithile imithi okanye ezinye iinketho ukuzilolonga kuphela iimpawu ezithile. Emveni kwezi zinto, kwaye kukho kokulinda ixesha elide ukuba iziphumo, ezo kuphela isibini ngezizukulwana ngokuqinileyo wabonakalaliswa. Namhlanje, isakhi nga kugqithiselwa kwindawo ekunene kwaye ngokukhawuleza kangangokuba ungazifumani nje izinto ozifunayo. Oko kukuthi crops - na indlela zazivelela kwicala elifanelekileyo, ukukhawulezisa oko.

Injongo yokuqala yeMfuzo yokuzalela

Injongo deducing yeMfuzo kuqala zinongezele ungeniselo kwezityalo ezahlukeneyo, ukwandisa ukumelana zabo izinto ezingalunganga (ukunqongophala kwezondlo, imbalela), ukuvela novelwano ukuze iintsholongwane akuthandeki ukuba izinambuzane. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba izazinzulu babefuna ukufumana izityalo ukuba ngeendleko ubuncinane akhule, ukunika izivuno eziphezulu, yaye ngaloo ndlela ukusombulula ingxaki ukutya. Kwaye umbuzo yondele namhlanje kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathini. Leyo yeyona njongo iphambili esukelwa genetic engineering kunye nebiotechnology, ukudala crops.

Njani crops?

Iindlela eziliqela zokwakha isityalo yeMfuzo. Eyona ethandwayo namhlanje indlela transgenes. gene elithandekayo (umz, ukumelana nembalela gene) ukwenzela ukuba ndingaphila kwifomu olunyulu evela kwitsheyini DNA. Emva koko, kwangena DNA sesityalo ekufuneka ilungiswe.

Imizila yemfuza kususwa iintlobo ezinxulumeneyo. Kule meko le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba tsisgenezom. Transgenesis kwenzeka xa isakhi uthatyathwe iintlobo kude.

Yeyona eyoyikekayo yokugqibela amabali hamba. Abantu abaninzi bafunda ukuba ingqolowa ukhona namhlanje kunye unomadudwane zofuzo aqale neminqweno, musa ukukhula umva ukuba abo basebenzisa ngenxa ukutya, neenzipho nomsila. ncwadi abangafundanga ezininzi kwiiforam websites bongeze kukudla komlilo. Namhlanje yeMfuzo umxholo, inzuzo okanye ingozi eli kokuba apho kuxoxwa, iye andilahlekwanga ukufaneleka. Noko ke, le nto kuphela ukuba "iingcali", abo entsha eziphilayo eziphilayo, woyikise abathengi ezinokuba iimveliso eziqulathe crops.

iimveliso yeMfuzo

Namhlanje, ezi mveliso avumelene ukuba kubiza nantoni na zemfuza kancincane eziphilayo, okanye naziphi iimveliso kuba namacandelo ezi eziphilayo. Loo nto yeMfuzo-ukutya nje kuphela neetapile yemfuzo okanye umbona, kodwa ayi, nelo ukongeza ndibutyabeke ngomswane kunye sodium nitrate iimbotyi zesoya -GMO. Kodwa imveliso mazi inyama abondliwayo ingqolowa equlethe crops aziyi kuqwalaselwa imveliso enjalo.

Isiphumo nokuPhuculwe emzimbeni womntu

Iintatheli abangazenziyo abangawaziyo kwizihloko ezifana genetic engineering kunye nebiotechnology, kodwa ukuqonda ukufaneleka kunye nokungxamiseka ingxaki yeMfuzo, usungule idada ukuba zingangeni wesisu wethu, iiseli eziqulathe iimveliso iye yangena egazini aze sinabele ancedisana amalungu apho ezibangela imihlaza kunye zofuzo.

Kufuneka uqaphele ukuba eli bali fantastic ikude lee yokwenene. Nayiphi GMO ukutya okanye nabo, emathunjini kunye nesisu abole phantsi amanyathelo enqanda isisu, netuwa esiswini kunye juice pancreatic zibe ezibandaknywayo, kwaye ke abadani zonke izakhi kunye neeproteni abazange. Oku acid acid, triglycerides, iswekile elula acids okunamafutha. Konke oku kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo iphecana zesisu uze wendele kungena egazini, waza wachitha phezu iinjongo ezahlukeneyo: ukwenza amandla kwideri (iswekile), njengokuba izinto zokwakha (acid), oovimba zamandla (amafutha).

Umzekelo, ukuba awuthathele kuye umzimba kaYesu gennomoditsifirovanny (umzekelo, uye cucumber apile ugly), kuya etshisa lula kwaye waluchitha ube zahlulo component ngendlela efanayo njengoko nayiphi na non-GMO.

Okunye yeMfuzo-kukududuzela

Ngelinye ibhayisikili, akukho ngaphantsi ebandayo, ngenxa yokuba ufuzo kubantu aba transgenes ezihlangeneyo, nto leyo ekhokelela imiphumo ebuhlungu ezifana ubudlolo kwakunye nomhlaza. Kuba ngqa ngo-2012, i-French bayalwe ngawo somdlavuza iimpuku ezafumana ingqolowa izakhi. Enyanisweni, Gilles-Eric Seralini, intloko olu lingelo, isampulu, eziquka 200 Sprague-Dawley iimpuku. Kwezi, isinye kwisithathu mbilu zisondliwa yeMfuzo ingqolowa, esinye sesithathu - umbona yemfuzo ziphathwe umchiza, nabokugqibela - iimbotyi njengesiqhelo. Ngenxa yoko, iimpuku ababhinqileyo abadla eziphilayo zemvelo (crops) wanika isithuba seminyaka emibini, ukukhula yamathumba ngo-80%. Iinkunzi esikufumanayo kule kwezintso idayethi nesifo hepatic. Akumangalisi, lo wesithathu kwizilwanyana ukutya eziqhelekileyo kwakhona wabulawa ngamathumba ezahlukeneyo. Le umgca yeempuku kuzo zonke ezithandwa inkangeleko ngesiquphe yamathumba, akazalani nohlobo ngamandla. Ngoko ke, ekuhlambululeni ukucikideka nako kuqwalaselwa imibuzo, yaye kwathiwa abatshonileyo nesayensi.

Uphando ezifanayo lwenziwa ngaphambili, ngowe-2005, kwilizwe lethu. Crops eRashiya ukufunda biology Ermakova. Yena anikezelwa kwinkomfa eJamani ingxelo a yokufa na ukwamkelwa-yeMfuzo iimbotyi zesoya iimpuku. Ziqinisekiswe lwesayensi, isicelo ngoko waqalisa ukusasaza ehlabathini lonke, nto leyo oomama abaselula wayevele. Kakade ke, kwafuneka ukuba ukondla iintsana zabo ubisi ezondlekileyo. Kwaye basebenzisa crops soy. iingcali Five Nature Biotechnology iphinde yavumelana ukuba iziphumo zovavanyo Russian kuxutywe, kunye nokunyaniseka yayo asibonakali.

Ndingathanda ukongeza ukuba nokuba sisiqwenga DNA amazwe liya kuba phakathi kwegazi yabantu, olu lwazi yemfuza na kungekho ndlela esakhelwe emzimbeni kwaye ingakhokeleli nto. Kakade ke, kwindalo kukho iimeko ibephakathi ngamaqhekeza emzimbeni angaphandle zofuzo. Ngokukodwa, ezinye iintsholongwane ngaloo ezonakalisa ufuzo iimpukane. Nangona kunjalo, la azikhange ochazwe izilwanyana eziphezulu. Ukongeza, iinkcukacha yemfuza kunye nemveliso endingabaziyo ngaphandle crops. Kwaye ukuba akukho ezimiliselwe zofuzo zabantu kunjalo, siya kuqhubeka ukutya bekholosile bonke ukuba zifunxwe ngumzimba izakhamzimba, kubandakanywa nabo equlethe crops.

Zuza okanye okubi?

"Monsanto", inkampani US, njengokuba kudala njengoko 1982 kwimarike bazisa zokutya yemfuzo: soy nomqhaphu. Uphinde umbhali ukubabulala bonke utyani, ngaphandle izakhi, sokhula "Roundup".

Ngowe-1996, xa imveliso ye inkampani "Monsanto 'eziye gangalala apho kwiimarike, iinkampani ukuba bekhuphisana naye ukuze asindise amazwe anengeniso zaqalwa iphulo elikhulu-isikali, nto leyo yenzelwa ukunciphisa nengeniso iimveliso eziqulathe crops. Iintshutshiso yokuqala kwabonisa nowaseArpadi Pusztay, isazinzulu yaseBritani. Wondla yeMfuzo iitapile iimpuku. Noko ke, kamva ke iingcali zonke izibalo ISAZINZULU baphula smithereens.

umonakalo Potentsalny ukuba eRashiya yeMfuzo iimveliso

Akukho mntu kufihla ukuba kumazwe okuziinkozo yeMfuzo utyelwe alusoze nantoni kodwa bona ngokwabo. Oku kungenxa yokuba iintlobo bomqhaphu okanye zesoya, sokhula-nemithi, kungekhona moryatsya kubo. Ngenxa yoko, zingakotshwa kutshizwa, ekufezekiseni ukuphela eseleyo kotyani.

Glyphosate - yeyona umchiza ixhaphakileyo. Yena spray enyanisweni kwanangaphambi kokuba izityalo zikhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye kwandiswa, ayigcinwanga phakathi kwi emhlabeni. Noko ke, izityalo yeMfuzo enganyangekiyo ukuvumela ukuba ukulisebenzisa ezininzi, nto leyo eyandisa amathuba ukuqokelelana glyphosate e-GM-izityalo. Kwakhona kwaziwa ukuba umchiza ebangela imithana esiqwini bone kunye nokutyeba. Kwaye Latin America kunye United States ukuba kancinci kakhulu abantu utyebile.

Kuphela kwisityalo esithile eyenzelwe abaninzi imbewu yeMfuzo. Oko kukuthi, inzala iya avumele abasukele enye. Kungenzeka, ukuba icebo yorhwebo, kuba ngale ndlela ekuthengiseni imbewu yeMfuzo inyuswe. izityalo Modified, ezikunika isizukulwana esizayo, kukho omkhulu.

Ekubeni ukuguquka gene ngumntu (umzekelo, soy okanye wetapile) kunokwandisa iimpawu allergenic le mveliso, oko Kudla ngokuthiwa nokuPhuculwe na izakhi esinamandla. Kodwa inazo iiproteni njengesiqhelo, ezinye iintlobo ngeentlobo peanut nezidlo-free nkqu abo babandezeleka ngaphambi kokuba le mveliso.

Ngenxa yobume uvuvuzelo izityalo yeMfuzo nga ukunciphisa ubungakanani kwezinye iintlobo lweentlobo. Ukuba iziza ezibini kufuphi ukulima ingqolowa eqhelekileyo nengqolowa-yeMfuzo, kukho i-risk yokuba yesiqhelo indawo amandla ukuyiguqula, ukuhlakanipha ngayo. Noko ke, akakho umntu wakupha ukuba kukhule ndawonye.

Ukuyeka ezabo fund imbewu yabo nokusebenzisa kuphela imbewu yeMfuzo, e ezilahlwayo ingakumbi, urhulumente ekugqibeleni uya kuba nokutya, kuxhomekeka iinkampani, koko siphinde sibambe imbewu.

Inkomfa kunye inxaxheba Rospotrebnadzor

Emva kokuba zonke eendaba sele lwenziwe amaxesha amaninzi kunye amabali kukududuzela malunga neemveliso yeMfuzo, Rospotrebnadzor inxaxheba kwiinkomfa ezininzi kulo mbandela. Kwinkomfa e-Italy ngoMatshi 2014, labathunywa bakhe bathatha inxaxheba uthethwano zobugcisa kwi kwisiqulatho ingeniso ephantsi eRashiya of eziphilayo izakhi. Namhlanje, ke ngoko, yamkela sikolo ukuphetshwa phantse epheleleyo market ukudla yelizwe yeemveliso ezinjalo. Kuye kwalibaziseka isicelo kwezolimo kwezityalo yeMfuzo, nangona ukusetyenziswa iimbewu yeMfuzo nangoku zicwangciselwe ukuqala ngowe-2013 (Government of September 23, 2013).

ikhowudi ye-bha

Oku wada wahlabela Ministry of Education and Science. Kucetywa ukuba usebenzise uphawu ngokubuyisela i ikhowudi ye-bha "Liqulathe yeMfuzo" eRashiya. Kufuneka nayo yonke inkcazelo malunga imveliso equlethwe ukuguqulwa yemfuza, okanye ukungabikho kwalo. A ekuqaleni olungileyo, kodwa cinga uya kuba kunokwenzeka oku ikhowudi ye-bha ngaphandle izixhobo ezikhethekileyo.

kokutya kwemvelo kunye nomthetho

Crops kulawulwa ngumthetho kwezinye States. EYurophu, umzekelo, umxholo abangaphezu kwe-0.9% akuvumelekanga kwiimveliso eJapan - 9% kwi-US - 10%. Kwilizwe lethu, imveliso apho umxholo yeMfuzo ungaphezulu 0.9%, kuxhomekeke zokuphawula enyanzelekileyo. Kuba waphula le mithetho lwamashishini asongele ukwayo, kuquka ukupheliswa lwemisebenzi.

isiphelo

Isiphelo zonke oku kwenziwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ingxaki yeMfuzo (inzuzo okanye ingozi ukusuka ukusetyenziswa iimveliso eziqulathe kubo) namhlanje ngokubaxwa ngokucacileyo. Nangona iziphumo ngokwenene ukusetyenziswa kwexesha elide iimveliso ezinjalo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, amalinge anegunya lwenzululwazi kule ndaba kuqhutywa.