Wokulandelelana - wokulandelelana ... eziziprayimari nezizisekondari. izibonelo successions

Wokulandelelana - utshintsho esisigxina kwenye indawo eziphilayo, ukuvela komnye. Oku kunokubangelwa nayiphi na into yendalo okanye kuba phantsi kwempembelelo yomntu. ngokulandelelana ecological eqale uphando ngabameli inzululwazi ezifana geobotany. Kwixesha elizayo, le meko iye sasingumba umdla kunye nezinye zemvelo. Aba vulindlela, into leyo eyaye ixabiso wokulandelelana, intsimbi F. uClement, VN Sukachov, S. M. Razumovsky. Okulandelayo, sihlalutya ingqiqo ngokweenkcukacha, esilishumayelayo yokuhlela. Ukongeza, eli nqaku liza kuchazwa ekuhambeni inkqubo ngendlela umzekelo.

lwesigama

Ngubani waqala le nkcazelo? Ngqo ingqikelelo "yokulandelelana" yaphakanyiswa yi F. uClement ukuchaza uluntu alandelelanayo ixesha elithile eziphilayo. Bona luphawulwa ukuyilwa inani okanye uthotho, kangangokuba kukwadala iimeko phambi kuphuhliso kwelandelayo. Kwimeko apho kungekho zinto isekude omnye ngokulandelelanayo, la manqaku kukho noluntu izinzile, nto leyo lubonakala ngokuba exchange rhoqo. Education, ezichazwe ngasentla, wayezimisele ngoncedo elithi uClement ezizodwa "kukuyeka ukuya exesheni". Ngokutsho izazinzulu, yinto yoluntu ezinzileyo apho kungekho zinto ezinegalelo ngayo nantoni na utshintsho lwalo lokukhawulelana nophuhliso. Ixesha ubukho exesheni ayibalulekanga.

ngezigaba

Wokulandelelana zinoku-odolwa ngezizathu ezahlukeneyo. Ngoncedo yokuhlelwa ngokwemimiselo ezahlukahlukeneyo kwabelwa iintlobo ngeentlobo zendidi successions. Phakathi kwezi mpawu: Izinga Ukwakheka / eziphango, ubude, ukuyilungisa, ukuzingisa, imvelaphi, isimo yophuhliso (okanye inkqubela ukuthotywa), ubuninzi inguqu kunye neyantlukwano kweentlobo. Lokuhlela ukulandelana ezininzi kuThixo iziseko kunokwenzeka. Inkqubo ngokwamaqela ngokuyintloko kuxhomekeke koko Scientist njongo. Ngelo xesha kukho iintlobo successions, ndawonye ngama indalo zenzeka kulo kwiinkqubo zoluntu izinzile. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, izazinzulu ziye zachongwa iindidi ezimbini eziphambili: zemveli kunye angaphandle. Zahlukene njani? ngokulandelelana iqala - olu tshintsho kungenxa imisebenzi zoluntu ngokwazo. Oyena nobangela ephambili kwinkqubo udla ukungalingani olo tshintshano. Ngamanye amazwi, le utshintsho lwenziwa yi umsebenzi zangaphakathi zinto. Zithe zadala abalandelanayo - olu tshintsho nomsindo iimeko zangaphandle.

eziphilayo

Umgangatho hlathi, umzekelo, unako kuviwa successions ezininzi izigaba ngexesha elifanayo. Loo ithuba kungenxa utshintsho ngakwicala ukusuka phezulu ukuya ezantsi xa uqhuba. Ukongeza, into kunokubangela utshintsho ukufuma, okuqulethwe naziphi khompawundi okanye iigesi, ubushushu, njalo njalo. N. Inkqubo lomhlaba oko kukhatshwa elide ngokwaneleyo ukuguqula zombini izityalo kunye noluntu ngeentsholongwane.

Ukulandelana eziziiprayimari neziziisekondari

Yintoni na le ngqiqo? Makhe ngakumbi. ngokulandelelana Primary luphawulwa into yokuba kwemali kwi awuniki sezwe. Oku ibe yingxondorha ebalelelwe lilanga ngaphandle uhlaza, iindawo oyisanti, lava lukhuni, nezinto ezinjengezo. Xa umzimba uqala ukuba bahlale kwezi ndawo, ukutya kwabo esichapazela okusingqongileyo kwaye wayanana ukuyanana oku. Emva koko indoda iqala uphuhliso ezimbaxa ngakumbi. Kwaye ke aqale iintlobo enye. Umzekelo ukuyilwa wokulandelelana eqala umhlaba, isanti ukulungisa ekuqaleni indawo ongaphiliyo, ngokuyintloko amagciwane, izityalo, uze emva koko nomngundo kunye nezilwanyana. A indima ekhethekileyo idlalwa apha yentsalela yezityalo kunye izinto ezivela yokubola lomba ephilayo. Ngenxa yoko, ukuba uqalisa ukwakha yaye bathungelane umhlaba phantsi kweempembelelo Cya, izityalo kunye nomngundo nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Ngenxa ukwandisa zoluntu eziphilayo. Le abalandelanayo - olu tshintsho ecogenetic. Ibizwa njalo kuba itshintsha kanye ummandla apho ikhona. Ke ukubonakala lokuqala umhlaba kwi ngengingqi oludlolo kuthiwa utshintsho syngenetic.

zeendawana ukufuma

Eli candelo onesiphumo kwifom wokulandelelana. Ngoko ke, kukho la maqela alandelayo:

1. Kserarhnaya on zeendawana owomileyo.
2. Psammokseroseriya, phezu kwentlabathi.
3. Litokseroseriya edwaleni sezwe.
4. Geokseroseriya, udongwe owomileyo okanye obambe.
5. Mezarhnaya, ukuba zeendawana unalo ukufuma elikhulu kakhulu.
6. Gidrarhnaya ukuba zeendawana yi ifumile kakhulu.

ngokulandelelana Primary kuqhubeka ngokwezigaba eziliqela. Uyakwazi kuzisa imizekelo umdla yokulandelelana. Umzekelo, kummandla wehlathi of zeendawana engaphiliyo owomileyo ithathwa kuqala nge ulele, moss uze, uze luyakhula imifuno (annuals), emva kokuba baqale uphuhliso kummandla kwamatyholo ingaphelelwayo, imithi, ingca. Kukho nezinye imizekelo ngokulandelelana. Ngoko ke, obizwa yokuhlawula kwintsimi mlilo emva ukujaduka okanye emva ithambeka ukudilika.

ngethuba lenkqubo

Uphuhliso ngokulandelelana lokuqala lwenzeka ngaxeshanye kumiswa lomhlaba. Igalelo inkqubo iye hit imbewu ngaphandle zabadla ezingazinzanga kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo nezithole (kunye elithile ixesha) ukhuphiswano interspecies. A oluntu athile okanye indawo uvela ikakhulu ngenxa umahluko umxholo nitrogen emhlabeni kunye neqondo ukutshatyalaliswa yezimbiwa indima yawo. Kumhlaba kunye nezinye eziphilayo zendalo uluntu ngokulandelelana - simanga ngokuqhelekileyo wabangela ungena inxalenye ethile organic ezimbaxa kulo naluphi na olunye uhlobo yi. Ekubeni amagciwane apha naphaya okanye ukutshatyalaliswa Iipholima ezahlukeneyo ezinzima okanye kukufakwa nayiphi na monomers kwi yoxinaniso eliphezulu, okanye ubukho indlala kweemeko ezilawulwa yengqongqo yona, kwaye ngexesha wentshabalalo ngexesha ukusetyenziswa utshintsho organic noshowo waqaphela ekuhlaleni.

zilandelana secondary

Ezi nkqubo kukhokelela kokuhlaliswa kummandla emva ezinye iintlobo umonakalo. Umzekelo, imithi, ngokomkhethe atshiswe ngomlilo. Ilizwe elo ke bahlaliswa ngaphambili, abagcina umhlaba kunye nembewu. imifuno Community ziye kwasekwa kunyaka olandelayo. Kwaye ke kukho imithi avuthulukayo. Phantsi cover ka-Aspen okanye amahlathi ezinde ziqala ukukhula nespruce, kamva kancinane hardwoods. Ukubuyiselwa imithi coniferous kwenzeka iminyaka 100. Kodwa kwezinye iindawo yehlathi kwakhona phantsi ahlabayo. Kule meko, kwiindawo ekuphulukenwe lungenzeki.

Kontinuualizm kunye structuralism kuphononongo uluntu zebhayoloji

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba iinkcazelo ezo zathi uClement, isicelo inzululwazi yonke, kukho ukhankanye ezimbini, kwahluka kakhulu enye kwenye. Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha ezingakumbi. Ngaphakathi kule paradigms kuyiqonda iinkcazelo, uClement ezahlukeneyo. Yintoni umahluko phakathi kwezi ndlela? Abalandeli nenguqulelo lolwakhiwo zixhasa ngamandla iziphetho uClement siqhubeke uphuhliso imfundiso yakhe. Kontinualisty, phezu koko, musa uyavumelana ubukho kanye iziganeko ezifana eziphilayo ekuhlaleni, ulandelelwano, uvuthondaba, postklimaks, ukuya exesheni eziqhubekayo. Kwinguqulo entsha iinkqubo eziphilayo bancipha impefumlelwano iindidi ezahlukeneyo omnye komnye. Ezi ntlobo ngokwendlela kontinuualizmu ngempazamo ukuqala ukunxibelelana nabanye kunye nohlobo engenabomi. wenza njani kontinuualizm? Isibakala sokuba akukho namnye umbhali le ngcamango: Oku wenguqulo wazalelwa phantse ngaxeshanye kumazwe amabini, uluntu ezimbini ezizimeleyo zenzululwazi: ukusuka L. Ramenskoye kwi-USSR kwaye kwi US uMnu Gleason.

Successions indima ukusekwa kunye notshintsho ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila

Ngenxa ngokulandelelanayo, ukufundisisa apho geobotany kuyaqhubeka kule mini, le ukuyilwa lomhlaba, utshintsho kumafa yayo, Lungisa iindawo owayengazali Cya kuqala, uze emva koko izityalo, umngundo kunye nezilwanyana. Uphononongo kwezikim kunye neendlela, ezithi zivele zombini uluntu utshintsho eziziiprayimari neziziisekondari kubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba baqikelele ngokucacileyo zeziphi iintlobo ziya indawo nye umxokelelwane, wena awukwazi. Nakuba kunjalo, ukutshintshwa uluntu zebhayoloji kaninzi kwenzeka ngohlobo lokuba kwandisa iyantlukwano eziphilayo kuloo ndawo sifundo.