Genetics - oku ... Genetics Health. iindlela genetics

Genetics - isayensi lifunda iimpawu iiphatheni adlulisele umzali ngabanye abantwana. Olu qeqesho uhlola iimpawu zazo kunye nesakhono Ukwahluka. Ngoko njengoko eendaba ezivelileyo isakhiwo ezikhethekileyo - yemfuza. Okwangoku, inzululwazi iye efunde ulwazi ngokwaneleyo. Kuye amacandelo eziliqela, nganye eneyazo iinjongo zalo kunye nezinto zokufunda. Amacandelo ibalulekileyo: weklasiki, eziphilayo, imfuza zonyango kunye nobunjineli yemfuza.

genetics Classical

yemfuza Classical - inzululwazi kwimfuza. Le impahla zonke izinto Kwathi ngexesha ngotyetyiso iimpawu zabo zangaphandle lwangaphakathi wenzala. yemfuza Classical nayo benza izifundo Ukwahluka. Kodwa ubonisa iimpawu kozinzo. Ezi nguqu angemi kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana. Kuphela ezinjalo izinto hexa enokumelana utshintsho kokubangqongileyo.

ulwazi yemfuza izinto eziphilayo kuxhomekeke zofuzo. Okwangoku, ukuba ingqalelo ukususela kwinqanaba ngenxa yemfuza eziphilayo. Nangona la magama wavela kudala ngaphambi kokuba ukubonakala kweli candelo.

Amagama "ukuguquka," "DNA," "zofuzo", "Ukwahluka" kwaziwa kwizifundo ezininzi. Ngoku ke iziphumo eminyaka ngamava kubacacele, kodwa xa lwaqala ukusukelwa ejikelezayo. Abantu basoloko befuna ukuba iimazi kunye udoyami high ubisi, iihagu ezinkulu kunye neegusha uboya zamafu. Baba ngabokuqala, nkqu izazinzulu, imifuniselo. Nangona kunjalo, le meko ziye zakhokelela ukuvela inzululwazi, njengokuba nemfuza yamandulo. Kude kube kwinkulungwane yama-20, kwibhulorho kuphela indlela eyaziwayo kwaye zifikeleleka uphando. Ukuba iziphumo yemfuza yamandulo ziye zaba impumelelo ebalulekileyo bezenzululwazi eziphilayo.

genetics ezinto

Eli licandelo apho ufunda yonke imithetho eziphantsi iinkqubo kwinqanaba eziphilayo. Lo mhlaba ibalulekileyo zonke izinto eziphilayo - na lufuzo, oko kukuthi, ukuba ziyakwazi isizukulwana ukulondoloza iimpawu ezibalulekileyo isakhiwo ephilayo, kwakunye imizobo inkqubo flow pathways kunye neempendulo kule ifuthe imiba eyahlukeneyo yokusingqongileyo. Oku kungenxa yokuba kumphakamo eziphilayo, izinto ezikhethekileyo irekhodi kwaye ukugcina lonke ulwazi uze uyithumele izizukulwana elandelayo ngethuba lenkqubo isichumiso. Ukufunyanwa ezi izinto isifundo koko kwenzeka ngenxa isifundo ngesakhiwo iseli kwinqanaba imichiza. Ekubeni nucleic esafunyanwa - isiseko umbandela yemfuza.

Ukuvulwa "molecule zamafa"

yemfuza Modern uyazi phantse yonke into malunga asidi acid, kodwa, Kakade ke, hayi, kwakuyakuhlala kunjalo. Ingqikelelo lokuqala kukuba iikhemikhali thile kunokunxulunyaniswa yofuzo, wenziwa kuphela kwinkulungwane ye-19. Isifundo le ngxaki ngexesha ozibandakanye wawuquka F. Miescher kunye nabazalwana Hertwig yezinto eziphilayo. Ngowe-1928, isazinzulu Russian N. K. Koltsov ezisekelwe kwiziphumo zophando kucetyiswa ukuba zonke iimpawu ilifa izinto eziphilayo ikhodi kwaye ibekwe kwi "molekyuli ilifa" ingxilimbela. Noko ke, wathi ezi molekyuli iqanjwa kwiiyunithi wayalela, leyo, enyanisweni, la yemfuza. Kwaba ngokuqinisekileyo nhlanganiso. Koltsov nabo babezimisele ukuba idatha "molekyuli ilifa" ezitransparenti khetshi kwizakhiwo ezikhethekileyo ebizwa zofuzo. Kamva, le hypothesis siqinisekiswe waza wabanika amandla okuqhubela kuphuhliso inzululwazi kwinkulungwane yama-20.

Uphuhliso zenzululwazi kwinkulungwane yama-20

Uphuhliso izakhi kunye uphando kwakhokelela ekubeni kubekho inani hayi yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu. Kuye kwafumaniseka ukuba chromosome ngamnye iseli iqulatha omnye kuphela yomoya DNA enkulu ezibandakanya imisonto emibini. ziqwempu zakhe ezininzi - kuba yemfuza. osemqoka zazo eziphambili kukuba indlela ethile uku encoder ulwazi malunga nesakhiwo enqanda. Kodwa ukuqonda inkcazelo yemfuza ngezibakala ezithile kokungcola olubandakanya abanye uhlobo nucleic - RNA. Oku kuhlelwe kwi DNA kunye nokwenza iikopi sofuzo. Athwala kwakhona ingcaciso kwi-ribosome, apho Yindibanisela iiprothini enzymatic. isakhiwo DNA kwafumaneka ngowe-1953, yaye RNA - kwisithuba ukususela 1961 ukuya 1964.

Ukususela ngelo xesha, imfuza emolekyuli waqala ukuba ngu ephala. Ezi ziphumo obenza isiseko izifundo, nto leyo ekhokelele iindlela nokusasazwa kolwazi yofuzo kuvezwe. Le nkqubo yenziwa kwinqanaba bemolekyuli iiseli. Kwakhona safunyanwa ulwazi ngokwesiseko ezintsha malunga nokugcinwa kweenkcukacha imizila yemfuza. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, kuye kwafunyaniswa neendlela phindwa DNA kwenzeka phambi division iseli (phindana), ukufunda ulwazi iinkqubo molecule RNA (Ukuloba), lo kuyondelelaniswe enqanda protini (broadcast). Imigaqo yofuzo kunye notshintsho ukucacisa indima yabo kwindawo zangaphakathi nangaphandle ze iiseli zabonwa.

Ukhutshelo yesakhiwo DNA

iindlela zofuzo ekhulisa ngokukhawuleza. mibhalo ye DNA chromosomal yaba impumelelo ebalulekileyo. Ndafumanisa ukuba kukho iindidi ezimbini kuphela yamacandelo beesekethe. Ahluke kwezinye nucleotides ngalinye. Uhlobo lokuqala sebali ngamnye original, oko kukuthi, ine- ubunjalo azalwa. Elesibini liquka inani ezahlukeneyo zokulungisa abaphinda rhoqo. Babizwa ngokuba uphinda. Ngowe-1973 yaye yasekwa kukuba kummandla eyahlukileyo usoloko uphazanyiswa yemfuza ezahlukahlukeneyo. Yeengcandelo kuphetha Dlala kwakhona. Lo msantsa buqonda iiproteni ezithile enzymatic, oko kubo "ekhokelwa" RNA xa ufunda ulwazi evela DNA.

Yezinto zokuqala izakhi zofuzo

Amafama iindlela ezintsha yemfuza kwakhokelela ekubeni olunye kwesayensi. It phendla ipropati ekhethekileyo yonke into ephilayo. Sithetha ukukwazi ukubuyisela iindawo ezonakeleyo kwikhonkco DNA. Ukuba kunokwenzeka ngenxa yeempembelelo ezininzi ezimbi. Ukubanako ukuzinyanga kuye ngokuba "inkqubo ukulungiswa yemfuza." Okwangoku, izazinzulu ezininzi abemi ukuvakalisa ithemba olusekelwe kubungqina ngokwaneleyo ukuba ithuba "zikhethe" zemfuza ezithile kwiseli. Yintoni anike? Ithuba lokuqala ukuphelisa iziphene yemfuza. Ukufundwa ezinjalo iingxaki ababandakanyekayo kubunjineli yemfuza.

ukuphindaphindeka

yemfuza Ezinto esifunda iinkqubo ukudluliselwa kolwazi yemfuza ngexesha lokwanda. Ukugcina ukungaguquleki ukuyifunda zofuzo, kuqinisekiswa ukuba ukuzala oluchanekileyo ngexesha hlula cell. yonke indlela yale nkqubo ifundwa ngokweenkcukacha. Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba ngqo phambi candelo ithatha indawo esiseleni, phindana olwenziweyo. Le yinkqubo ye DNA buya. Oko kukhatshwa ikopi ngqo ngokupheleleyo molekyuli yokuqala womda complementarity. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba yinxalenye kwiindawana DNA ezine kuphela iintlobo nucleotides. Kuyinto guanine, adenine, cytosine kunye thymine. Ngokommiselo complementarity, wafumanisa zizazinzulu Crick kunye Watson ngo AD 1953, xa enjengesakhiwo mngxilo oluphindiweyo DNA adenine ingqamana thymine kunye nucleotide cytidylic - guanine. Ngexesha lenkqubo phindana kukho ikopi ngqo umcu ngamnye DNA kufakwe nucleotide oyifunayo.

Genetics - inzululwazi kuba eselula. Inkqubo phindana iye kufundwe kuphela 50 zenkulungwane yama-20. Emva koko kwafunyaniswa enzyme DNA polymerase. Kule 70s, emva kweminyaka zophando, kwaye kwafunyaniswa ukuba phindana - inkqubo multistage. Xa Yindibanisela iimolekyuli DNA ngqo inxaxheba iintlobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo polymerases DNA.

Genetics Health

Lonke ulwazi olunxulumene ukudlala de ulwazi yemfuza ngethuba lenkqubo ye DNA phindana, ezisetyenziswa kakhulu yezonyango mihla. Uphando olunzulu imithetho edla umzimba usempilweni, yaye kwiimeko utshintsho zophendlo lwezifo kuzo. Umzekelo, icikidwa eksperimenti yaye yaqinisekisa ukuba unyango lwezifo ezithile enokwen- kukhuthazwa ngaphandle kwi iinkqubo phindana genetic material kwaye ke ukulaba iiseli somatic. Ingakumbi ukuba ngezifo ezinxulumene kunye nokusebenza iinkqubo metabolic umzimba. Ngokomzekelo, izifo ezifana yamathambo kunye ukuphazamiseka phosphorus ukutya, ngokuthe ngqo inhibition ye DNA ukuphindaphindeka. Kwenzeka njani ukutshintsha ukuba urhulumente ukusuka ngaphandle? Kuye kuhlanganiswa kwaye yavavanyelwa iziyobisi ezivuselela iinkqubo abacinezelwa. Bona ukusebenzisa DNA ukuphindaphindeka. Oku kunegalelo ukuzinza kunye nokuvuselelwa iimeko zophendlo lwezifo ezinxulumene nesi sifo. Kodwa kuphando lwemfuzo ke limi ngxi. Nyaka ngamnye, ukufumana iinkcukacha ngakumbi ukunceda na nje okuphilisa ukuthintela isifo kunokwenzeka.

Izakhi kunye neziyobisi

imiba yempilo Ngoko ke abaninzi ababandakanyekayo yemfuza eziphilayo. Biology of ezinye iintsholongwane kunye amagciwane ezinjalo ukuba maxa wambi umsebenzi wabo umzimba womntu kukhokelela DNA phindana ukuze kuphumelele. Kwakhona kakade yasekwa ukuba unobangela izifo ezithile ayikho inhibition yale nkqubo kunye nomsebenzi wayo ngokugqithiseleyo. Okokuqala, ukuba izifo ezosulelayo amagciwane. Bona kubangelwa yinto yokuba iiseli zomzimba abachaphazelekayo aqale ukwanda ngokukhawuleza iintsholongwane izifo. Kwakhona kule ngezifo umhlaza.

Okwangoku, kukho inani iziyobisi ukucinezela-phindana iDNA kwiseli. Abaninzi kubo kuhlelwe zizazinzulu yiSoviet. La machiza ezisetyenziswa kakhulu yezonyango. Ezi ziquka, umzekelo, iqela anti-tuberculosis. Kukho imithi anqanda iinkqubo phindana kunye nokwahlula zophendlo lwezifo kunye neeseli abe nenkani. Banceda umzimba ukujongana ngokukhawuleza kunye arhente zasemzini, babavalela ingaziphinda-phindi. iziyobisi ezifana zinika isiphumo kakhulu kwezonyango kwi uninzi zizifo ezinzulu ahlekise. A ingakumbi ngokubanzi kusetyenziswa iindlela ze data ezifumaneka unyango yamathumba kunye neoplasms. It is a eziphambili iRussia wakhetha Institute of Genetics. Rhoqo ngonyaka kukho amachiza amatsha nokuphuculwa ukuba iyaluthintela uphuhliso somhlaza. Oku kunika ithemba amashumi amawaka abantu abagulayo ehlabathini lonke.

Iinkqubo ze umbhalo kanye translation

Emva kokuba iziphumo indima DNA kunye zofuzo njenge template neeprothini yokuqaphela, ngoxa kwezesayensi kwiimvavanyo zaselebhu yemfuza lwenziwa kwaye wafumana ziye zacebisa ukuba acid ziyaqokelelwa kwi iimolekyuli anzima ngakumbi ke, kule ngumongo. Kodwa emva kokuba iinkcukacha ezintsha kuye kwacaca ukuba akunjalo. acid ungekho kwi sites DNA ye yemfuza. Kuye kwafumaniseka ukuba le yinkqubo entsonkothileyo ithatha kuqhubeka ngokwezigaba eziliqela. Okokuqala, izakhi ziyasuswa kwemifanekiso - isithunywa RNA. Ezi molekyuli imkhupha esiseleni isiqalo yaye bafudukela izakhiwo ezithile - ribosomes. Kuyinto kule organelles kunye amino ukwakha acid kunye ziiprotein yokuqaphela. Inkqubo ngokuvelisa iikopi ze DNA ebizwa ngokuba 'tumbuluxiwa. " A Yindibanisela kwiiproteni phantsi kolawulo isithunywa RNA - ". Broadcast" Isifundo kwezi ndlela ngqo ezi nkqubo kunye nemigaqo yemfundiso phezu kwabo - kowona msebenzi yemfuza mihla, izakhiwo eziphilayo.

Intsingiselo iindlela umbhalo kanye translation amayeza

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje kuye kwacaca ukuba uviwo zihlabane zonke izigaba umbhalo kanye translation kubalulekile kukhathalelo lwempilo mihla. Institute of Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences kudala ozinzisiweyo ngenxa yokuba uphuhliso phantse nasiphi na isifo waphawula kuyondelelaniswe olumandla ziyityhefu kwaye kuyingozi ukuya iiproteni umzimba womntu. Le nkqubo mayenziwe phantsi kolawulo yemfuza, ezo ngokuqhelekileyo engasebenziyo. Kuphakathi wasungula ehlaziya, nenoxanduva wajula i iiseli zomzimba amagciwane zabantu yayintsholongwane eyosulela kunye neentsholongwane. Kwakhona, ukwakheka leeprothini eyingozi inokwenza ngokubonakalayo asakhasayo ngamathumba umhlaza. Yiyo loo nto isifundo ngokucokisekileyo zonke izigaba umbhalo kanye translation ngalo mzuzu kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngoko ke ukuchonga iindlela ukuze lukwazi ukumelana izifo eziyingozi, kodwa ukuba nomhlaza.

Genetics Modern - uphendlo okuqhubekayo iindlela zophuhliso izifo, kunye neziyobisi awanyange. Kuyenzeka ngoku zinqanda iinkqubo uguqulelo amalungu okanye umzimba uphela abachaphazelekayo, ngaloo ndlela gqiba komtshiso oko. Enyanisweni, oko kule kwaye wakha uninzi neziphumo ezaziwayo-ntsholongwane, ezifana tetracycline kunye series streptomycin. Onke la machiza emane zinqanda iinkqubo inguqulelo kwiiseli.

Ixabiso zophononongo iinkqubo ze recombination yemfuza

Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba amayeza njengoko isifundo oluneenkcukacha iinkqubo recombination yemfuza, nenoxanduva okutshintshela nokutshintshiselana amacandelwana zofuzo kanye zofuzo ngamnye. Le yinto ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso kwezifo ezosulelayo. recombination Genetic sisiseko elalana kwizisele oluntu kunye nokwaziswa DNA amazwe, lomthobo egazini, eziphathekayo. Ngenxa yoko, kuyondelelaniswe kwi ribosome ayikho iiproteni "lweenkobe 'umzimba kunye yayintsholongwane eyosulela kuye. Ngokwalo mgaqo, kukho nokuzala kwiiseli amathanga yonke iintsholongwane. Methods Human Genetics ijolise ekuphuhliseni kuthetha ukulwa izifo ezosulelayo nokuthintela ibandla iintsholongwane izifo. Ukongeza, ukuqokelela ulwazi malunga recombination yemfuza wavumela ukuba baqonde siseko ngokutshintshiselana zofuzo phakathi eziphilayo, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni inkangeleko yezityalo yeMfuzo kunye nezilwanyana.

Ixabiso yemfuza zofuzo ukuze biology namayeza

Kule nkulungwane iphelileyo, kuqala xa kuvulwa sakudala, yaye ngoko yemfuza emolekyuli saba nempembelelo emandla yaye nkqu tsotsololo ngenkqubela zonke wenzululwazi yebhayoloji. Ingakumbi wasondela kakhulu amayeza phambili. Iimpumelelo izifundo genetic ukuba ukuqonda iinkqubo kanye azilandeki of ilifa zofuzo kunye nophuhliso lomntu ngamnye. Kwakhona ephawulekayo kangakanani ngokukhawuleza lo kwezesayensi kuphela theoretical ukuya ncane practical. Kuye kubalulekile ukuba yesilungu. Uphando eneenkcukacha regularities emolekyuli-genetic wakhonza isiseko ulwazi lweenkqubo ibakho omzimba nomonde umntu esempilweni. It genetics umfutho kuphuhliso Sciences ezifana olukhuni, eziphilayo, hormone, Pharmacology kunye zizifo.