Uxilongo eyodwa: Iimvavanyo Ubuchule (Imizekelo)

Luyaqhubeka iindlela ezahlukeneyo abantwana zabasakhasayo chitha enkulisa, kwaye phambi kokuba bangene esikolweni. Iimvavanyo ukunceda eyodwa bafunde umntwana ulwazi oluninzi eziluncedo, nto leyo kwixesha elizayo kuya kunceda ukuchonga iziphene kwimfundo noqeqesho; kwengqondo ukuba iphazamise umntwana wakho ukuba ngokuqhelekileyo; iimpawu, ekufuneka sinikele ingqalelo xa uqala isikolo kunye nemfundo.

Testing waba inyanzelekile kwizikolo ezininzi. Le nkqubo lemfundo ukutshintsha lonke ixesha, zenziwe uhlengahlengiso, isicwangciso lemfundo inzima okanye lula, izikolo nokusebenzisa uhlobo olulodwa uqeqesho. Konke oku kufuna imigudu umntwana, ukuze zikwazi ukumelana. Yaye abazali basoloko nako ukubonelela abantwana babo abalungele uncedo kulo mbandela, kwanokuba kuphela kuba abayazi into kanye mabancediswe. Le nto kukho iimvavanyo ze eyodwa.

Kweli nqaku, siza kuxubusha utshintsho sifo, zonke ezi mvavanyo nga zisixelela ntoni ngabantwana bethu, kufuneka sinikele ingqalelo uze umamele naliphi na icebiso.

Yintoni na uxilongo abantwana pre-school

Uxilongo lwe enkulisa abantwana, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zobuchule kunye nezalathiso kuqaliswa kuyo yonke indawo, kuqalwa ukwamkelwa abancinane. Bamele uhlobo lovavanyo. iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezahlukeneyo, kodwa enye into efanayo. bonke ukunceda abazali nootitshala baqonde imeko ngokwasemphefumlweni nangokwasengqondweni umntwana ukumisela nokulungela kwakhe esikolweni okanye abancinane, ulwazi, ubukrelekrele, kwaye ngaphezulu.

Ngokomzekelo, ezinye iimvavanyo ukubonisa ukuthambekela eyodwa kwizifundo umfundi othile kwixesha elizayo. Emva koko iyavakala ukuthumela abantwana babo kwizikolo ezizodwa ekuye kwagxininiswa iilwimi zasemzini, imathematika, Ezolimi, inzululwazi ikhompyutha njalo njalo. Kwimeko ukuba uvavanyo ubonisa ukungabi nalwazi kunye nezakhono, ungasoloko ukulungiselela ukwamkelwa kumaziko emfundo ukuba abuyise ixesha elilahlekileyo, ngenxa yaso nasiphi na isizathu.

Kulungile uvavanyo kunceda ukuqonda kubudlelwane nabanye abantu, izakhiwo, iingxaki zentsapho, nokuphambuka ezahlukeneyo kwisiqhelo zengqondo, ukufumana iindlela zokusombulula iingxaki, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, ingcambu unobangela bezityholo.

Nazi ezinye iindlela athandwa diagnostic kwimimandla ehlukeneyo.

ukulungela Psychological ukuba isikolo

Uxilongo eyodwa ubuchule Readiness esikolweni - umzuzu kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ukwamkelwa kwiziko lemfundo. Ndiye ndaphawula ukuba bonke abantwana babe ngendlela yawo, kunye ngesantya yakhe nenkuthalo. Abanye abazali bakholelwa ukuba ekuqaleni umntwana eqalisa ukufunda, ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngcono kuya kukhula. Ekhumbula amava akhe, abantu badla bazisole ukuba akazange aye esikolweni ekuqaleni konyaka, okanye ababini, ngokuba kukho yimvakalelo ixesha ulahle ibhuqiwe. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela oku akusoloko kunjalo. Abantwana nje alungele ukuba inkqubo yesikolo. Ngelo xesha bokwamkelwa ezinye iimpawu kufuneka kuvela esikolweni, ngaphandle apho isifundo ziya kunikwa nzima ngokwaneleyo. Ngokomzekelo, ukukhuthala, ukwazi, ukukwazi ukugcina nokuhlalutya iinkcukacha ongenayo.

Ukuze ukuvavanya ukulungela ukufunda, kukho isifo abantwana pre-school. Techniques zifumaneka ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Test Kern-Yeraseka - uvavanyo kakhulu ebanzi ebandakanya amaqela amaninzi uphuhliso komntwana.
• "Doris yezo iimpuku" yaye "yamaHindu uDoris ukuphatha" - uvavanyo kunceda ubone indlela aphuhliswe kakuhle izakhono motor omhle izandla.
• Ukutolikwa imizekeliso - inceda ukuba ubone uphuhliso zokucinga isiphiwo sokutolika isenzeko ngamazwi abo.

Uxilongo lwe amakhono engqondweni kunye nengqalelo

Kuba inkqubo yokufunda kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqwalasela kwinqanaba lokhathalelo umntwana. abakwisikolo sabantwana Uxilongo, iindlela zokwenza isigqibo kunye nokhathalelo zisasazwa ngokubanzi ezahlukeneyo bume yokufundisa. imisebenzi yolondolozo ezahlukeneyo ngalo mba kakhulu kakhulu, kwaye bonke bephela eziphumelelayo eziveza.

Ukuze ubone ukukhathalela ngokusebenzisa iimvavanyo zilandelayo abantwana abaneminyaka emi-5 ubudala: "Fumana ze umgca", "ubungqina-test", "unxantathu". Kuvavanyo lokuqala umntwana unikwa iphepha zipeyintwe phezu kwayo ezahlukeneyo iimilo zejiyometri. Kangangexesha elithile kufuneka ibe yindlela ekhethekileyo umgca ngemfano uhlobo oluthile. Ekupheleni japan yeklasi ibalwa ngokusebenzisa ifomula:

• S = (0,5N - 2,8n): t, apho
  
  S - isiphumo lokugqibela, oko kukuthi plodding amazinga kunye susceptibility womntwana,
  N - inani yamanani zibonwa
  n - inani iimpazamo,
  t - operation sokusebenza.

Xa "fundo isampuli" kwiphetshana iincwadi ezishicilelweyo. Umntwana kufuneka umgca utitshala abathathu ngokuhambelana zonke.

"Triangle" ifuna ethile uhlobo enkulisa ngokuzoba umfanekiso kumgca ngamnye. Psychologist ibona ukusebenza iimpazamo run ixesha, apho ke imemezela isiphumo.

Ezi mvavanyo ziquka oluntanganye kunye emlonyeni kwiseli for eyodwa. Umntwana phantsi imigca emlonyeni Zoba iimilo, amalungiselelo awodwa, inikwa utitshala indlela.

Uxilongo ekukhuleni kwemathematika

umfundi Math - akunakuba uqeqesho nje. yona yaqulunqa zezibalo lwengqondo ivumela umntwana ukuhlalutya inkcazelo engenayo, kuba ngokukhawuleza kakhulu ukufunxa bafakwa practice. Ngoko ke, uxilongo abantwana pre-school, uphuhliso ubuchule zezibalo leyo ibe yinxalenye, ngokuyimfuneko kuqhutywa kumaziko emfundo ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo zoqeqesho.

Phakathi noxilongo okudlala ndimkhulule ezifana "Fumana efanayo," "Qokelela Amaso", "Qokelela umfanekiso". Kweli nqanaba kubalulekile ukufumana indlela umfundi uyakwazi ukuba benze umfanekiso opheleleyo amaqhekeza ezahlukeneyo, fumana ukufana izinto, ukuthelekisa umbala, ubungakanani kunye iimilo zejiyometri.

Uxilongo lwe eyodwa ngokweemvakalelo: indlela

imeko ezinzileyo ngokwasemoyeni nangokwasengqondweni - isitshixo ukuze yokufunda onemveliso, uphuhliso ngokukhawuleza kwindawo ongayazi, ukukwazi self-ekuqondeni kunye nokwakhiwa yobudlelwane nabanye. Ngethuba uqeqesho esikolweni okanye umntwana enkulisa izuza ulwazi kuphela malunga ihlabathi kuphononongo lwamacandelo ezithile, kodwa nayo ifunda ukuqaphela ubuqu bawo, isikhundla salo eluntwini, ukunxibelelana nabantu (noontanga kunye nootitshala).

Uxilongo lwe ngokweemvakalelo eyodwa nqubo eyahlukileyo. Injongo qiniseka njengoko zabo self-ukubeka umntwana kwimeko-bume kunye noluntu, kwakunye nokufumana iindlela ukulungisa iintsilelo kunokwenzeka kunye nezakhiwo. Sifo abakwisikolo sabantwana abancinane lwenziwa yi ezi ndlela zilandelayo:

• Indima - umntwana uyamenywa ukuba athathe kwaye idlale indima (amalungu osapho izilwanyana, izinto eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo, abalinganiswa intsomi).
• umdlalo Psihogimnasticheskie - le midlalo abantwana wabumba ukwamkelwa igama inencasa imikhwa yayo, ukukwazi self-lwazi.
• imidlalo Communication - le midlalo ukunceda abantwana bafunde ingcaciso ngomlomo sengqondo yalo abantu, bathi ezabo izimvo zabo kunye neemfuno nokunika inkxaso, qhagamshelana ne yoluntu engqongileyo.

Intelligence nophuhliso engqondweni

Uxilongo lwemisebenzi kokuya esikolweni kungathatha indawo ngeendlela ezininzi, kunye nokuvavanywa. Abanye dili kuphela ubuchule ingqalelo, ngoxa abanye abonisa inkululeko liphupha kunye nomfanekiso, kunye nabanye bonisa ubuchule ukuthelekisa njalo-njalo. Techniques for ekuxilongweni eyodwa abadala yenzelwe, kuqala, ukuze nibe nokuthumekelela nina womntwana esikolweni, kwakunye ukuphelisa iintsilelo ngeyona ndlela kunokwenzeka kwimfundo kunye nokuqonda yehlabathi. Phambi kokuba kukhululwe enkulisa kunye badla kokuya esikolweni abantwana bachitha mahlelo alandelayo:

• "Umfanekiso". Olu vavanyo libonisa indlela aphuhliswe kakuhle lo mntwana ezibonwayo-injini, ezibonwayo-izafobe, iindlela ngamazwi-ubhalo yokucinga. Ingaba umsebenzi ukuba umntwana ngenxa imizuzu 5-10 ukuba sakhiwo yokudlala imikrolo. Kuba ngenxa bunikwa kumanqaku e-0 ukuya kwi-10:
  0-1 -, ngokulandelelana, ukuba umntwana akwazi ukuqonda ukuba uza sculpt ixesha elabelwe emsebenzini;
  amanqaku 2-3 evezwa ngayo iifom elula (ibhola, cube, block, njl);
  amanqaku 4-5 - uluhlu lomnqweno yimfumba elula inani elincinane ndawo;
  6-7 amanqaku - bento engaqhelekanga, kodwa ngaphandle kokubandakanyeka enkulu fantasy;
  8-9 - original sculpture kunye nemali eyaneleyo Isiqwenga, kodwa hayi kunatywa ekupheleni;
  10 amanqaku - zonke ezi mfuno zingummiselo zingentla ziyafezekiswa.
• "Mazi amanani." Le ndlela ibonisa uphuhliso lweendlela inkumbulo, unoxanduva ingqalelo. Olu hlobo iqulunqwa kwi yobudala kakhulu kwangethuba kwaye unoxanduva lokuqulunqa ngakumbi ubuchule ukufunxa nokugcina ulwazi.

nobudlelwane phakathi

Akukho mntu akakwazi abunjwe ngokwahlukeneyo. Kuba ongqongileyo kwezentlalo yabantu kubalulekile, kwaye kuphela ukuba umntu elincinane - ngakumbi njalo. Ngexesha ekukhuleni kwayo abantwana uqhagamshelane kunye babo nabazali, izalamane, oontanga, abantwana abadala nangaphantsi, ootitshala, abaqeqeshi njalo njalo. Zonke ezi budlelwane kuluchaphazela kusini na uphuhliso ubuntu kunye neempawu zayo. ikamva lomntwana luxhomekeke uluntu kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ukuze ubone indlela kakuhle ukuphembelela nonxulumano lwentlalo, kukho iimvavanyo ezikhethekileyo abantwana engama-5 nangaphezulu.

Enye edume kakhulu futhi zisetyenziswe rhoqo - yaBantwana Apperception Test Bellac. Xa olu phando, uyakwazi ukubona kwizizathu abaziintloko kunye neemfuno zomntwana njengoko umntwana uyabubona abazali bakhe kwaye ndibathathe (kuquka imiba izibini), ngakumbi ubudlelwane kunye nabanye abantu, ukuba ukuchonga iingxabano intrapersonal, ukuchaza umsebenzi iindlela zokuzikhusela kwengqondo, funda uloyiko ukucalulwa, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, ukubanceda ukumelana neziphumo ezibi.

AL Wenger igalelo lokufunyaniswa abafundi

Z Abramovich Venger - enye iisayikholojisti ezigqamileyo Russian kwaye Soviet abanikele ubomi babo ukuze uphande iimpawu zophuhliso engqondweni abantwana zabasakhasayo. Uninzi iimvavanyo mihla kunjalo zibhekisela ezinomsebenzi kanye yabanjwa A. L. Venger. PhD kuphandwe awohluke okuqonda yemfundo zehlabathi uthinte kwabantwana abaselula. Ngokusekelwe kwezi data, wadala uphuhliso yokuqala lokuxilonga iindlela eyodwa. Ngenxa yophando wasungula inkqubo 'Development "yaye" nomntwana unesiphiwo ".

Ezi iindlela zisetyenziswa kuyo ezi eziguqulweyo Russian. ayimiqulu ekufundiseni abantwana ukuba usebenzise ngokwabo kwaye adale ezahlukeneyo kwezikim, izicwangciso, imizobo. Isiphumo ukuyilwa kwento abacinga ethile okunobuchule.

Enye yezinto ezininzi ezisetyenziswayo kwiimvavanyo zakhe - nolucacileyo. Uxilongo abantwana zabasakhasayo ubuchule igqitywe esekelwe kwiimpawu wabenza Imifanekiso yabantu, ekhoyo kunye nezilwanyana etsomo, usapho imifanekiso nabanamandla. Ngokutsho amanani uyakwazi ukubona ukuba lo mntwana aqonda ngayo iminyaka ehlabathini, ukuze ukuchonga indima yentlalo kunye ubuntu ezibalaseleyo yokusingqongileyo kwaye entsatsheni, amisele ubungqongqo ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, ukudakumba, ukuxhalaba njalo njalo.

Uxilongo zophuhliso intetho abantwana zabasakhasayo

Uxilongo lwe enkulisa abantwana - ingongoma ebalulekileyo ukuba nawuphi na umntwana, nokumisela ukwamkelwa kwawo kumaziko emfundo kwaye ukukwazi ukunxibelelana ngokufanelekileyo nehlabathi. ke wazazi kakuhle indlela ikhono lokubonisa ngomlomo iingcinga zabo, baqonde oko, iya kuxhomekeka kwindlela kakuhle ukuqonda abantu bakhe ezingqongileyo (kuquka ootitshala), kwaye kakuhle njani ukufunxa ingcaciso evela ngaphandle.

Ukuba emlonyeni graphic kwiseli for eyodwa kubonisa lumkileyo eziphuhlileyo njani kwaye ingqalelo umntwana, ngenxa uxilongo ulwimi oluthethwayo kufuneka iindlela zayo, ubukhulu becala ngomlomo.

Kuba kumaqela yobudala ahlukeneyo esebenzisa iimvavanyo ezahlukeneyo, nto leyo kakhulu yendalo. Akumanqanaba ahlukeneyo ekhula umntwana kufuneka bayazi zonke izakhono ezitsha, uvavanyo strip kufuneka kuvuka ngokungqinelana neemfuno ubudala.

Ngoko ke, ngokuba kwiqela lobudala leminyaka emithathu ukuya kwezintandathu, le nkqubo "Dictionary ukuhamba". Le nkqubo iqulathe malunga ezintandathu imisebenzi nezilwanyana ezohlukeneyo ekugxilwe kwaye ibonisa isixa isigama. Kwakhona kubonisa indlela umntwana ukusebenzisa ulwimi eziqhelekileyo kubomi bemihla ngemihla kunye neemeko ezahlukeneyo ezifuna indlela ngephanyazo.

Kubantu abadala qela lobudala kusetyenziswa iimvavanyo ezintsonkothileyo ngakumbi ezibonisa inqanaba lophuhliso yokuthetha, imveliso umbutho, ukukwazi ukuqonda iimeko ngokusekelwe Ukunakana into ebonwayo kunye eziviwayo. Ezi mvavanyo ziquka indlela Ebbinghaus. Imisebenzi yale ndlela zovavanyo zifumaneka, ezifana "Faka amagama angekhoyo," "Beka point isiphumlisi", ukuphinda abalise into weva iingceba yetekisi, izinto zokufunda ukubalisa kwakhona, ekuqulunqweni kwesicwangciso ukusuka ngokubambisana magama, inkcazelo into eyenzekayo kule mifanekiso onamandla, umlinganiselo iifom izindululo ezahlukeneyo syntactic nemifanekiso ezibonakalisa intsingiselo yawo, njalo-njalo.

umsebenzi self-determination

Iya isanda eziguqulweyo mihla kunye nezikolo bavavanya ukuba ukhokelo yezandla eneminyaka iminyaka emihlanu ukuya kwesibhozo. Imfuneko yale Uvavanyo kuxoxwe rhoqo. Techniques abaxhasi babo, kakade, iintshaba. Noko ke, le kwangeniswa uvavanyo isizathu.

Umfuziselo yanamhlanje lemfundo liya uzama ukwenza inkqubo yoqeqesho compact ezizodwa kakhulu. izifundo Ambalwa zinyanzelekile, beqhubeka ukufudukela imo kwezifundo ungayikhetha kunye iiklasi ezongezelelweyo. Kungenxa yoko le nto self-determination njengobuchule eneminyaka ethile oselula onjalo, ngokutsho iingcali ezininzi-bume yezemfundo, - ngexabiso elifanelekileyo kunye nolondolozo ixesha. Iimvavanyo ezizodwa nceda ukufumana icala uphawu ingakumbi iqapheleka kunye nengqondo, iminqweno, imikhwa, kunye nemisebenzi ezizisa mizwa ezimnandi kakhulu, uze kunceda ukhethe umsebenzi elizayo ngokususela kwidatha ifunyenwe.

Ngamanye amaxesha umntwana eyedwa akakwazi isigqibo izinto kunye neminqweno, kulo mzekelo, uvavanyo olo kuye into angenza ntoni ngexesha lakhe nanceba, yintoni iiklabhu okanye ukuzilolonga Faka, okubeka ukufunda waza wasebenzela classes. Kodwa loo nto ukuba iziphumo enkulisa uvavanyo olungephi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba azifani inkqubo evunyiweyo yemfundo, uphuhliso kufuneka lokuqulunqa ngokupheleleyo kwaye olupheleleyo umntu. Olu vavanyo unokukunceda ubone iinkanuko ubomi, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba ukusika umva kwisixa kolwazi wabeka kuphuhliso evumelanayo indoda encinane.