Uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho Russia kwinkulungwane yama-20: itafile. uphuhliso lwentlalo-qoqosho kunye nezopolitiko Russia kwinkulungwane yama-20. Iimpawu yophuhliso lwezoqoqosho Russia Ekuveleni kwiinkulungwane 19-20

Uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho Russia kwinkulungwane yama-20, kukhatshwa ukuyilwa yongxowankulu. Oku kuchazwe ekukhuleni yoshishino, ukuphuculwa imveliso kunye nokwanda umthamo yabasebenzi yomvuzo, ukuphuculwa zeteknoloji kwamashishini. Kwakukho revolution yesibini zeteknoloji, ehambelana ngezoshishino. Ngu umthamo imveliso yorhwebo kweli lizwe wangena eziphezulu ezintlanu, kunye eJamani, France, iBritani neUnited States.

Iimpawu yophuhliso lwezoqoqosho Russia Ekuveleni kwiinkulungwane 19-20

Ngeli xesha, inkqubo yobungxowankulu singene, yeqonga entsha yedwa. Saqala ukwenza unxulumano ezinkulu zemali nezoshishino. Uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho Russia kwinkulungwane yama-20, ngamafutshane, wabanika amandla okuqhubela phambili kokudibana imali eyinkunzi mveliso. Amaqela Industrial and zemali uthathe isigqibo lawula kweli xesha kwezoqoqosho kweli lizwe. Bona nokulawula yokuthengwa kunye nokuveliswa kwemveliso, amaxabiso amisiweyo, uwahlule ihlabathi kwezigaba impembelelo. Iimfuno zamaqela zoshishino nezemali baqalisa ukuthobela imigaqo-nkqubo yangaphandle nangaphakathi yamazwe aphuhlileyo kakhulu.

capitalism abadla bodwa

Wayichukumisa kubume bentlalo-qoqosho kunye nophuhliso yezopolitiko Russia. Ngenkulungwane yama-20, eli lizwe kwakhiwa iimpawu yalo bodwa ongxowankulu. Oku kubangela izinto ezithile. Okokuqala, urhulumente wegqitha kamva inkqubo ngaphezu kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu. Enye into ebalulekileyo yaye iimpawu zelizwe Russia. Eli lizwe ithatha indawo enkulu kunye neemeko ezahlukeneyo zemozulu ezachaphazela uphuhliso yayo kolwabelo olungalinganiyo. Ngelo xesha linye uphuhliso lwentlalo-qoqosho nopolitiko Russia kwinkulungwane yama-20 senzeka ngokucothayo kakhulu. lobuzwilakhe zigcinwe, indawo yokuhlala, ukungalingani wokuzalwa, ingcinezelo zamaqela athile yabemi.

Uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho Russia kwinkulungwane yama-20: isishwankathelo

ushishino longxowankulu yaye inkqubo zemali kudityaniswe necandelo kan- lezolimo. Kule yokugqibela wahlala iindlela semi-feudal zolawulo kunye nobunini. kwemvelo zongxowankulu emaphandleni abanalo ixesha isantya sezingeni eliphezulu zenkqubela mveliso. Ngenxa yoko, wathi uphuhliso loqoqosho ngokungalinganiyo Russia kwinkulungwane yama-20. amashishini amakhulu buzinze kwelo xesha kwiinkalo ezintlanu: Trans-Caucasus, South, North-West, phambene ne Central. imeko yabo yayahluke necebo industrial indawo engaphuhliswanga enkulu kweli lizwe.

amandla

Lobuzwilakhe, ebonakala isakhiwo enamandla ngokwemimiselo kunye noohlohlesakhe alomelelanga kwangaphambili uphazamiseko esebenzayo uluhlu lwe bodwa ongxowankulu. Oku zibalulwe nkqubo ukubhanxa kunye ummiselo zomthetho inkqubo yokuveliswa bodwa, inkxaso yezimali ye-State Bank of lwamashishini amakhulu, ulwabiwo phakathi kwezivumelwano zikarhulumente. Amanye amagosa karhulumente ezibe izixhobo yolawulo amaqela zoshishino nezemali enamandla. iibhanki ezinkulu ziye phantsi kolwalathiso yangaphambili Abalawuli abaphezulu. La magosa ngokuqhelekileyo kwafuneka ukuba yokwenza emkhosini, urhwebo, amasebe ezemali. Uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho Russia kwinkulungwane yama-20 zenzeka kunye nenkxaso iimfuno abanini kunye nabameli oongxowankulu bodwa.

le ezithile ngokwezinga

Yaba inkalo ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho Russia kwinkulungwane yama-20. Le ezithile ngokwezinga kwakhiwa utshintshe nje ubukhulu becala emva kwexesha ngenxa ongxowankulu. Enye into ebalulekileyo baba ilizwe yindlala na amahlwempu, kwakunye nokuqhubekela phambili izithethe kwesilisa ezingqondweni yoluntu. Private indlela yobungxowankulu yobomi (iibhanki kunye mveliso, yaye kulaks ziwela nempahla) kudityaniswe abasakhasayo (yezandla abasakhasayo) kunye semi-subsistence (imveliso Sasungulwa).

ukuthunyelwa of capital

Ngokungafaniyo kwamanye amazwe, iRashiya ngaphandle ngaphandle lizwe izibonelelo ezincinane ngokwaneleyo. Oku kungenxa yokusilela eyakho imali kweli lizwe kunye namathuba sika ukufuduka ngaphakathi kumantla inxalenye European, e Central Asia, eSiberia. Ezi eziphambili ziye eqhutywa ngumnqweno ukufumana iinzuzo abangaphezu kwemfuneko ngenxa yobukho imithombo emikhulu kunye nabasebenzi cheap. utyalo-mali lwamazwe eza kungena kwelo lizwe kwiibhanki zasekhaya. Ngomhla kummandla karhulumente, baba yinxalenye ikomkhulu lakhe. Imali eyenziwe kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho. In Russia kule nkulungwane yama-20 zaye ngenkuthalo ngemali zobunjineli, imveliso, imigodi. Olu hlobo mali yenza ngesantya esincomekayo kukwanda kweefektri nenguqu karhulumente ndalunyukiswa izinto umhlehlo ekrwada amagunya Koloni.

imboni

Kuye kube nefuthe elikhulu kakhulu kuphuhliso lwezentlalo noqoqosho Russia. kwenkulungwane yama-20 iye yabalasela ntlekele jikelele. Oku kuvele emva ukunyuka jikelele 90 ka kwinkulungwane edlulileyo. ERashiya, umbhodamo zoshishino kakhulu bukhali. Ilizwe ucuthe amaxabiso eemveliso ezisisiseko, kabukhali ukuncipha kwemveliso waqalisa ngqesho mass. inkxaso kaRhulumente awonelanga kubavelisi. Ngenxa yoko, amashishini abaninzi baye azincedi lutho, asinto yimali. Le ntlekele iye ochaphazelekayo kwishishini nje kuphela, kodwa icandelo lezolimo. Ukwala kakhulu ukuba Page imeko yoluntu, yena ukumqumbisa kwanda kakhulu kwezopolitiko.

lokubanga ekhula

Le ntlekele iyaqhubeka ukwakha zorhwebo. Kokuvela eRussia kwenkulungwane ye-19. amalungu zithintele bavumelana kwisikali yemveliso, imiqathango yokuthengisa imveliso kunye nenkqubo ukuqesha abasebenzi. Kunye nale umbutho wahlala elizimeleyo kwimisebenzi yabo. Ngowe-1901 Bryansk, Putilov kunye nenani ezinye zezityalo kaloliwe Baba munye "Prodparovoz". Saqala ukwenza iintlobo ezintsha abadla bodwa - wabazingeli. Unxulumano Ezo inkqubo yokufumana imiyalelo, kuthengwe izixhobo ekrwada kolawulo. Wabazingeli iququzelele amaxabiso enze nokusasazwa ezisembindini yempahla. Iinkampani ukuba zibandakanywe kwezi imibutho, aqhubeka inkululeko kwicandelo mveliso. Ngowe-1902 lenzeka kwi yokunyibilikisa isinyithi ukuthengiswa. Baba "Truboprodazha" yaye "Prodamet". Emva kwexesha elithile, oko yenziwe kwi nemibutho kushishino lwemigodi ( "Nobel-iSibasi", "Produgol").

ixesha ekuma

EYurophu, ukususela 1904 zimakishwe ukwanda mveliso. ERashiya, imveliso yokuqala ka-1908 yokudodobala yaqala. Le meko ke okubangelwa zizinto ezimbini. Okokuqala, abachatshazelwa ngokonakala elibukhali kwi imeko yemali kunye noqoqosho karhulumente ngenxa kutyalo ezinkulu emfazweni Russian-Japanese ka-1904-1905. ifuthe elibi kwicandelo lokuvelisa kunye revolution ka-1905-1907. Okubalulekileyo kunciphise utyalo-mali kushishino, ezolimo zonakala.

ukululama

Weza kwi 1909-1913 biennium. ukukhula zoshishino ngesiphumo inzuzo kokuthenga amandla abemi emva kokuba kupheliswe ngo-1906 kweentlawulo kwetu, kunye nokubuyiselwa kwicandelo lezolimo (1906-1910.). Conversion kakhulu zenyuse uphuhliso yobungxowankulu ezolimo. Ukwanda kwemiyalelo karhulumente zomkhosi ngenxa kukwehla kwemeko Elimiweyo negalelo boom mveliso. Ngeli xesha, inkqubo lokubanga kwaba namandla. Saqala ukwenza imibutho yabasebenzi entsha ( "Umbane", "nentambo"), kwakunye yezorhwebo trust. Le yamva ithathwa uhlobo iphezulu bodwa. Bona zilawulwa gesi izinto zokwenza imveliso, imveliso kunye nokuthengiswa kwemveliso ugqibile. izinto zophuhliso Emva enxulumene nokusekwa kwamaqela amakhulu zemali-mveliso. Babe kunye namashishini ezivela kumacandelo ahlukeneyo ngokusekelwe imali ebhankini. Ngu inqanaba lokubanga of Russia wahlala nesantya kumazwe aphuhlileyo lase Europe.

ezolimo

Nangona ukuphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza kushishino, icandelo lezolimo kweli lizwe yayigqalwa intle ngqo kuqoqosho lwabo womxhuzulane. Ubudlelwane zongxowankulu kwezolimo kwasekwa ngokucothayo kakhulu. Oku kwakubangelwa ukuba uyayilondoloza yokuhlala, agro-technical backwardness, ukunqongophala komhlaba abalimi, ubudlelane noluntu emaphandleni. Ngelo xesha linye uphuhliso loqoqosho eRashiya kule nkulungwane yama-20 kwakuhambisana ezidolophini. Saqala ekhula amaziko mveliso, ukwanda kwabantu ezidolophini, kuphuhliswa inothungelwano lwezothutho. Konke oku kube negalelo ekukhuleni kwemfuneko kweemveliso kwicandelo lezolimo kwaye kwiimarike zangaphandle kunye zasekhaya.

Iindlela ukusetyenziswa kunye nobunini mhlaba

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 eRashiya, zenza ezimbalwa. Xa ubunini zabucala yomhlaba nangoku kugcwele nempahla ziwela (nempahla enkulu). Kwezi, iimarike Kwathi isiqingatha isonka. Uninzi emafeni wenza kuhlela longxowankulu. I-lifa ezazisetyenziswa abasebenzi, kwandisa inqanaba agro-technical zophuhliso. Oku kwamnceda ukuba ukwandisa ukuthengiseka inzuzo. Ezinye benani wamnika yinxalenye yomhlaba isivumelwano kwaye bafumana intlawulo ngohlobo yamabanjwa. Kuba amafa-20% semi-feudal iindlela eziphambili. Ezi emafeni kancane zonakale. Emva kokuba ukuthengwa bodwa komhlaba, iibhanki kunye nenani amakhosi yoohlohlesakhe (tvoix, Ryabushinskys njl), liphuhlise uhlobo olutsha umhlaba komhlaba. Abanini bezi amazwe imo yobungxowankulu kuqoqosho.

labantu

Ngokutsho inqanaba ezidolophini eRashiya ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 yaba lilizwe yasemaphandleni. abemi abaninzi beso sixeko abantu abamalunga nezigidi ezingama-30. (18% yabo bebonke). Isinye kwisithathu abemi bagxila kumaziko amakhulu. Umzekelo, eSt Petersburg, kukho malunga 2 million abantu eMoscow - ezingabalulekanga kakhulu. Abantu abaninzi bahlale phakathi kwisixeko kurhwebo kunye norhwebo amancinci. Aba bemi azizange ezinxulumene ukusebenza kwizityalo mveliso. Inani elikhulu labantu zorhwebo kunye noshishino wahlala ezilalini.

inkqubo yezimali

Sichaza iintlobo karhulumente kunye nawabucala of capital yebhanki. indawo Main kwi State Bank anazo. Yena wenza imisebenzi ezimbini ezibalulekileyo: credit kunye nokulingana. Bank State walondoloza lodwa ekhutshwe mboleko zoluntu yorhwebo kunye namashishini mveliso. Ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo credit lokudibanisa-stock neebhanki zorhwebo inxaxheba ngenkuthalo. Bagxila kwi-47% yamashishini apheleleyo. Ngenxa yezi iibhanki baseka oligarchy zemali, apho inxulumene njani zasebukhosini ezinkulu kunye nabasemagunyeni.

isiphelo

Siye ezichazwe ngentla imiyalelo eziphambili kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho Russia kwinkulungwane yama-20. Le theyibhile ingezantsi iqulethe inkcazelo ushwankathele kuzo zonke iinkalo.

Kweli lizwe liphela yaqaphela iinkqubo uqhagamshelwano kukwanda kweefektri lokubanga. Umgaqo-nkqubo kaRhulumente kwezoqoqosho ijolise nokukhawulezisa isantya kuphuhliso lwezamazhishini hlukile protectionist. Urhulumente wenza kwiimeko ezininzi, laqalisa ukuyilwa yonxulumano nkulu. Kulo mzekelo, amandla ibalwe sele usebenzise amanye amazwe ubuchule. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, ukunciphisa kakhulu ukusilela weRashiya kumagunya abaziintloko, ukuzimela kwezoqoqosho lukhuselekile. Urhulumente ithuba lokuqhuba umgaqo-nkqubo esebenzayo amazwe.