Umqambi Borodin AP: biography, ubuciko, isithombe

Indoda ekhethekileyo - uAlexander Borodin, umqambi kunye nososayensi kumntu omnye. Wayephumelela ngokufanayo kwimimandla emibini eyahlukeneyo yomsebenzi, okungaqhelekanga kakhulu. Ubomi bakhe ngumzekelo wokukhuthaza kunye nothando olunomdla kubo bonke ubuchule.

Usapho kunye nobuntwana

NgoNovemba 12, 1833 eSt. Petersburg wazalwa ngumntwana, wayeyintlahlela yenkwenkwezi ye-Prince Luka Stepanovich Gedianov kunye no-commoner Avdotya Konstantinovna Antonova. Ngelo xesha lokuzalwa kwonyana, uyise wayeneminyaka engama-62 ubudala, kwaye unina-25, abazange bakwazi ukutshata ngenxa yokuhlukana kweklasi, kwaye ukuqonda inkwenkwe evela kwinduna kwakungenakwenzeka. Ngoko ke, wabhalwa njengendodana kaS serfs Gedianov. Ngaloo ndlela yabonakala umqambi ozayo uBorodin Alexander Porfirievich. Kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-8 wayedwelwe njengepropati kayise, kodwa ngelitye, ngaphambi kokuba afe, wakwazi ukumkhulula. Wathengela nonina unyana wakhe, watshata nogqirha uKleineke, kunye nomntwana indlu enkulu yamatye e-4 phantsi waza wabanika ubomi obuhle. Ngowe-1840, uGedianov wayesekho, kodwa oku akuzange kuphazamise inhlalakahle yendodana yakhe.

Imvelaphi engcolileyo ayizange ivumele uAlexander ukuba afunde kwi-gymnasium, ngoko wafumana imfundo yekhaya. Unina waqaphela kakhulu oku, kwaye ootitshala abagqwesileyo beza kuye, wafunda iilwimi ezimbini zasemzini waza ekugqibeleni waba nemfundo ephambili, eyamenza ukuba aphumelele ngempumelelo iimviwo zeematriki ngo-1850. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphambi kokuba kunjalo, unina kunye no-stepfather bafanele "babhalise" umntwana, baphendukela ku-Kleineke kunye nabo bakwazi ukurekhoda inkwenkwe ebandleni lorhwebo, kodwa oko kuphela kwavumela iBroodino ukuba iqede ngokusemthethweni i-gymnasium kwaye kamva ibe ngumphicothi-zincwadi kwi-Medical and Surgical Academy yaseSt. Petersburg.

Ukunyuka komculo

Ngeminyaka eyi-8 ubudala, uSasha omncinci waqala ukubonisa umdla onomdla, wayekwazi ukudlala kwimisebenzi yepiyano yasekhaya eyayikufuphi ngasendlwini, kwindawo yomkhosi wezempi, apho ibutho lempi lalihlaziya. Wayeqwalasela ngokugqithiseleyo zonke izixhobo zomculo, wabuza abantu ababethelayo. Umama wayengqalelo kule nto, kwaye nangona yena engenazo iimpawu zomculo kunye nobuchule, wamemela umculi kwi-orchestra yempi kuye, waza wafundisa uSasha ukudlala isigubhu.

Kamva, le nkwenkwe yafundiswa ukudlala ipiyano, kwaye yakwazi ukufunda i-cello yedwa. Xa uneminyaka eyi-9, ukuqala kwakhe kokuqala kubonakala. USasha Borodin, umqambi ngokwemvelo, uhlanganisa i-polka "uHelen" kulo mbazana. Ngomnye ufunda naye, uhambela onke amakhonsathi eSt. Petersburg, ufunda iiklasi, udibanisa, umzekelo, ubhala ikhonsathi yesigubhu, i-violin kunye ne-cello esekelwe kwi-opera "URobert-Devil" nguMeyerbeer. U-Young Alexander Borodin ungumqambi ovela kuThixo, kodwa wayengenomdla kumculo kuphela. Wayenomdla omkhulu, wayethanda ukutyhila, udwebe, kodwa ukhathalela kakhulu ukususela ebuntwaneni kwakumakhemikhali.

Okwesithathu kwiSayensi

Sekuneminyaka eyi-12 ubudala, umqambi wexesha elizayo uBorodin wadibana nobomi bakhe besibini - ngesayensi. Konke kwaqala ngemisebenzi yomlilo, njengabantwana abaninzi, uSasha wayemthanda ezi zibane ezikhanyayo, kodwa wayefuna ukuzenza ngezandla zakhe. Wayefuna ukungena kwizinto, yena ngokwakhe wenza ipende yokudweba, edibanisa iziyobisi ezahlukeneyo. Indlu yendalo yendalo yemvelo yayigcwele iiflasks kunye neempendulo. Umfana wayekhathazekile ngokhuseleko lwendlu, kodwa akazange amvumele ukuba enze iimvavanyo. Ukuguqulwa kwamagqabini kwezisombululo, ukuphazamiseka kwamakhemikhali aqhaqhaqhayisa uSasha Borodin, kwaye kwakungeke kwenzeke ukuphazamisa intshiseko yakhe. Ekupheleni kwentswelo yesikolo yesayensi yayingaphezu kwebala lomculo, kwaye uBorin waqala ukulungiselela ukuvunyelwa kwiyunivesiti.

Uphumelele ngempumelelo iimviwo, kwaye umqambi wexesha elizayo uBorodin waba ngumfundi we-Academy-Surgical Academy, eyaba yindlu yesibili kuye. Ubomi bakhe bonke wayenxulumene naye ngandlela-thile. Intlanganiso kunye noProfesa Zinin yaba yingozi kuAlexander, ngandlela-thile wafumana uyise kuye. Waphefumlela umfundi ukuba afunde isayensi kwaye wamnceda ukuba aqonde yonke imfihlelo ye-chemistry. Ngo-1856, uBroodin waphumelela ngokugqithiseleyo kwi-academy waza wabelwa esibhedlele somhlaba. Ukusebenza njengogqirha, wabhala ingqungquthela kwaye ngo-1858 wathola ugqirha kwiyeza. Kodwa lonke eli xesha akayekanga umthambo kunye nomculo.

Amava angaphandle

Ngowe-1859, u-AP u-Borodin, umqambi, ugqirha kunye nososayensi, wathunyelwa phesheya ukuze aphucule iimfundo zakhe kwiinkcukacha ze-chemistry. Kwiminyaka emithathu, uAlexander Porfirievich wasebenzisa isiJamani saseHeidelberg, eyunivesithi apho ngelo xesha wadibanisa isalathisi esaziwayo yaseRashiya: uMendeleev, Junge, Botkin, Sechenov - umbala wonke wezesayensi zendalo zaseRashiya zanamhlanje. Kule ndawo akukho nje iingxoxo zenzululwazi eziqhutywayo, kodwa iingxaki zobugcisa, uluntu kunye nezopolitiko zaxoxwa ngazo. Iziphumo zophando eJamani zazisa uBrodin udumo lwehlabathi lonke lomsetyenzana ophezulu. Kodwa emva kwemvavanyo yenzululwazi engayikhohliyo ngomculo, ukuvakatyelela iikonkethi, uyazi amagama amasha - u-Weber, Uluhlu, uWagner, uBerlioz, uMendelssohn, uba ngumbukeli onomdla we-Schumann no-Chopin. Kwakhona, uBrodin uyaqhubeka ebhala umculo, evela phantsi kwepeni lakhe ihamba nemisebenzi yamacandelo, kubandakanywa unyana owaziwayo nge-cello kunye ne-quintet yepiyano. U-Alexander Porfirievich uhamba ngokubanzi eYurophu, wachitha phantse unyaka eParis, apho afunda khona iimfihlelo zendalo kunye nokuzibetha kwihlabathi lomculo wanamhlanje.

I-Chemistry njengomcimbi wobomi

Yonke i- biography kaBorin, umqambi ngokubizwa, inxulumene ngqo nesayensi. Ukubuya evela phesheya, uphando ngempumelelo ngophando oluqhutywe kwaye ulwamkela uprofesa onxulumene naye e-alma mater. Isikhundla semali sikaBorin sasingenangqiqo, umvuzo wothisha awunakucingela iimfuno zakhe ngokukhawuleza. Waqhubeka efundisa kwi-academy bonke ubomi bakhe, kunye nokufumana imali ngokuguqulela. Kwakhona wenza ngokuphandle uphando lwezenzululwazi. Ngomnyaka we-1864 wathola isihloko sesicatshulwa esiqhelekileyo, iminyaka engama-10 kamva waba yintloko yebhubhoratri yesayensi yechemistry. Ngo-1868 uBorodin kunye notitshala wakhe uZinin waba ngumsunguli weRussian Chemical Society. Ngomnyaka we-1877 waba ngu-academician weyunivesithi yakhe yasekuhlaleni, ngo-1883 wanyulwa ilungu elihloniphekileyo leRussia Society of Physicians.

Ngenxa yobomi bakhe besayensi, uBroodin washicilela malunga nama-40 amaphepha ophando, wenza izinto ezininzi, ngokukodwa i-bromine reaction, egama layo emva kwayo, wabeka isiseko seengcamango zamaplastiki zanamhlanje.

Indlela kumculo

Nangona kwiminyaka yabafundi, uAlexander Borodin, umqambi waseRashiya, wenza imisebenzi emangalisayo, kwaye udlala umculo njengeseli. Uqhubeka efunda umculo kunye ne-internship. Kwaye ubuyela eRashiya, ujoyina isangqa seengqondo, uthanda umculo. Ekhaya likaBotkin osebenza naye, uhlangana noBalakirev, owathi kunye noStasov, waba nomthelela ekubunjweni kwakhe kwembono yehlabathi. Uzisa uBorin kwiqela eliholwa nguMsorgsky, owathi, ngokufika komqambi, wafumana ifomu ezalisiweyo kwaye kamva waziwa ngokuba yi "Bunch Bunch". Umqambi uBroodin waba ngumlandeli oqhubekayo wezithethe zesikolo saseRussia, uMnu Glinka.

I-opera yobuchule

Ngenxa yobomi bakhe bokudala, obuhlala bufana neminye imisebenzi, u-Alexander Porfirevich wabhala imisebenzi emine engundoqo.

Iimisebenzi zomqambi uBorodin ziziqhamo zeminyaka yakhe yomsebenzi. Wabhala "Bogatyrs" ngo-1868. Kamva kwi-Commonwealth kunye nabanye ababhali babonakala "uMlada." Kwiminyaka eyi-18 wayesebenza kwindalo yakhe enkulu kakhulu - i-opera "Prince Igor" ye "Lay Lay of Igor's Campaign", engayikwazi ukuyigqiba, kwaye emva kokufa kwakhe umsebenzi wawuqokelelwe kwiingcingo zakhe ngabahlobo bakhe. I-opera Umtshakazi kaTsar akazange agqityiwe, kwaye eneneni nje yinkcazo.

Umculo wendawo

Umculo womqambi u-Borodin udlalwa yimisebenzi yamacandelo, ubhala i-sonatas, iikonsathi kunye neekartart. Uqwalaselwa kunye kunye nomsunguli weTchaikovsky wekota yeRashiya. Umculo wakhe uyahlula ngokudibanisa kwengoma kunye neengqungquthela, iyakuthatha isilinganisi, isebenzise ngokusisigxina imveli yomculo wesiRashiya, kodwa ihambelana ngokufanelekileyo kwimimandla yaseYurophu yaseYurophu, ithathwa njengengumdlali we-Europeanism.

Imisebenzi ebalaseleyo

Umqambi u-Borodin udume ngokudalwa kwayo. I-Symphony yokuqala yo-Es-hard, ebhaliwe ngo-1866, abantu bexesha elidityanisiweyo kunye namandla, ukuqala kunye nobuqili, kwazisa umqambi umqambi waseYurophu. Zonke iim symphonies ezintathu zokugqiba zeBorodin ziiparele zomculo waseRussia. Ii-opas zomqambi uBorodin "iNkosana Igor" kunye ne "Umtshakazi kaTsar" ziyaziwayo emhlabeni. Kuzo uhlanganisa zonke izinto eziphambili kwiingoma zaseRussia, zenza umfanekiso ovulekileyo wembali ye-epic yaseRashiya.

Ukudala komqambi uBorodin ayininzi, kodwa yonke imisebenzi iyinqobo. Umculo wakhe uvame ukuqhutyelwa ngama-orchestras anamhlanje. Kwaye "uNkosana Igor" usekuhlaleni kwayo yonke indlu yase-Russian opera.

Sebenzi yoluntu

Igama lomqambi uBorodin lihambelana kakhulu nomsebenzi wokufundisa. Abafundi babeyithanda kakhulu uprofesa ngokuthandana nothando ngekhemistri. Wayesoloko ekulungele ukunceda abafundi abahlwempuzekileyo, wayeyaziwa ngobubele kunye nococeko. Ukhusela abafundi kwiintshutshiso zepolitiki, umzekelo, uxhasa inxaxheba ekuzameni ukubulawa kukaMlawuli uAlexander II.

Ukongeza kwi-pedagogy, u-Borodin ulungiselela isikolo somculo esikhululekile, unceda iitalente ezincinci zifumana indlela yazo kumculo. I-Borodin isebenzisa ezininzi izixhobo ekuboneleleni ngamathuba abesetyhini ukuba bafumane imfundo ephakamileyo, ilungiselele izifundo zezonyango zabafazi, abafundisa ngazo mahhala. Ulawula kwakhona i-choir yomfundi, walungiselela umagazini wezesayensi owaziwayo uZnanie.

Ubomi bodwa

Umqambi u-Borodin, ongu-biography wakhe omfutshane uchazwe kwinqaku, wayephila ubomi obutyebi kakhulu besayensi kunye nobomi bokudala. Kwaye ebomini bentsapho kwakungekho lonwabe ngokupheleleyo. Ngomfazi wakhe, wadibana nohambo lohambo lwangaphandle. Batshatile kuphela ngo-1863, umfazi wakhe wahlushwa yi-asthma kwaye wayenokunyamezela imozulu yaseSt. Petersburg, wayedla ngokuya kwiindawo ezifudumeleyo, ezonakalisa kakhulu uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali. Esi sibini babengenabantwana, kodwa bathatha abantwana abaninzi, abo uBorodin babecinga njengeentombi.

Ubomi obunzima nobunzima buchaphazela impilo kaBorin. Waqhekeka phakathi kokudala, isayensi nenkonzo, kwaye intliziyo yakhe ayikwazi ukuma umthwalo onjalo. Ngomhla kaFebruwari 27, 1887, wafa ngokukhawuleza. Emva kokuhamba kwakhe, abahlobo abakhokelwa nguRimsky-Korsakov bagqiba "iPrince Igor" kwaye baqokele ngokucophelela yonke imbali yokudala yomqambi omkhulu waseRussia.