Umbala blindness - yintoni na le nto? Uvavanyo kumbala ziimfama. Lokuqhuba mvume, kunye nombala ukungaboni

Nokuba qiqa umntu akakwazi ukwahlula nawuphi na umbala, kufuneka kuthiwe yokuqaqadeka umbala - loo nto sisifo eqhelekileyo mihla siphila kuyo. Phakathi abemi umhlaba kunokuba lombala iimfama asingabo abantu kuphela. izilwanyana abaninzi "womniniyo" umbala ziimfama. Umzekelo, iinkunzi azikho eziqhelekileyo ebomvu amarhamncwa nezinzima njengeengonyama kunye amahlosi, owaziwa blue kuphela eluhlaza. Ngokufanayo abone imibala iikati nezinja. Walruses, nama dolphins musani ukwahlula imibala uze ubone emhlabeni naye abamnyama nabamhlophe.

Kutheni na yonke imibala iliso ziyafumaneka?

Retina iliso yabantu - liqumrhu entsonkothileyo, multifactorial zesixhobo, oguqula stimulus ukukhanya kwaye ikuvumela ubone into kwifomu yalo ngqo kwaye yonke izithunzi umbala. Ilungiselelwe nge umungu.Iibhumbulu ukukhanya-onovakalelo equlathe mbala elijongene definition umbala. Xa abantu, kukho iintlobo ezintathu isivamvo sokukhanya ibekwe kwi retina, ebizwa cone. In nganye - iseti ethile zombala protein. Ukuthetha ulwimi nesayensi, ngalunye kwezi umungu.Iibhumbulu linoxanduva kwimbono umbala othile: shades ebomvu, eluhlaza kunye nezuba. Kwimeko apho omnye iseti zombala iproteni engekho, umntu ulahlekelwa ukukwazi ukuqonda umbala ethile. Ukusebenza oqhelekileyo, omathathu abenzi bani uqondayo kwesigidi izithunzi umbala, kodwa bobabini - kuphela 10 000 (100 izihlandlo ngaphantsi). Umbala ukungaboni - kushenxwe kulo mmiselo, xa kuphazamisekile isivamvo sokukhanya ubuncinane enye.

Abantu abo umbala uyimfama, phantse ningaqiqi imibala, kodwa unako ukubona ukukhanya umbala okanye neethowuni, ingqele okanye kufudumele. Color-iimfama zibuya njalo bazi ngesi sifo yaye musa uqaphele iiyantlukwano zabo kulo mbono iimvakalelo zabanye abantu. Oku kubanceda ukuba kwinkumbulo. Nkumbulo kunye nokubengezela kuvumela ukuba agwebe umbala ethile kwaye uthelekise kunye nenye iwindo yokhetho.

Types of imibala

Xa blindness umbala kubakho iintlobo ezininzi. Ngamanye amaxesha umntu ekuzalweni yi iikhowuni ngaphantsi kwesithathu umbala. Ngenxa yoko, iqela labantu imibala umbono:

• trichromats (eqhelekileyo, zonke zontathu iikhowuni zombala umsebenzi iiprothini kwiretina).

• dichromate (yokusebenza iikhowuni ezimbini kuphela, kunzima ukuqonda abangasekhoyo amaninzi).

Kuyinto kude eliqingqwe Dzhon wayeseDalton, le semvelo IsiNgesi kwaye kuqala wachaza yokuqaqadeka iimvakalelo zabo ukusuka kwindawo umbono zenzululwazi. Waye nje baphathwe iqela dichromates xa ebomvu kunye oluhlaza zibonwa ezahlukeneyo izithunzi brawuni ebengezelayo. umsebenzi wokuqala imibala D. wayeseDalton wabhala ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII.

• monochromat (isebenza kuphela uhlobo cone, apho ngetsheki kwimeko imibala ibonisa ukuba malunga imibala ngabantu abazi ihlabathi liphela umnyama namhlophe kubo).

trichromats ezingaqhelekanga

Kukho izinto ezinxaxhileyo kwaye abantu retina ikhutshwa zonke zontathu abenzi boluvo ukukhanya, yaye, zibonakala, yonke imibala kufuneka zithathwe. Ingxaki isenokuba kulala ebizwa ngokuba yi-kohlelo umbala. Inyaniso kukuba, ngokuyinene, uvakalelo nokukhanya nabenzi boluvo ndawo iliso ukuba banoxanduva kwimbono oluthile lombala kufuneka ezilala phezu kwezinye, ngokuyimfuneko ngokufanayo. Oku kuvumela iliso ukuqonda zonke ngomahluko inguqu ukusuka umbala omnye komnye, okuluhlaza ukuya eluhlaza, umbala oluhlaza ube tyheli, ukusuka emthubi ukuya-orenji kunye. Xa uvakalelo lwe shift wecandelo (xa kuthelekiswa omnye komnye), baqala ukuxambulisana, shades sekhombuya, imibala acocekileyo ziyeketheke. Ubuchopho kokuba edidekile kwaye iqalisa ukuba bachonge eminye imibala njengoko grey elula. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba umbono umbala ezintathu-engaqhelekanga.

bekhubazekile imibala

ukungakwazi buso okanye epheleleyo ukwahlula imibala - a kwezimilo of (anqabe kakhulu) ilifa okanye lufundiwe.

ungenxa colorblindness - ilifa sofuzo enxulumene ngezifo we-X chromosome, edla sifo lilifa unina wenkwenkwe.

Njengoko waziwa kakuhle, umbungu olibhinqa - medium zofuzo ezimbini X. Kodwa eqhelekileyo umbala okubonakalayo kakhulu ephile X chromosome. Kwi imeko amantombazana 'sisebenza kuphela kwimeko xa blindness umbala luchaphazela unina noyise. Kodwa kulo mzekelo, ngokutsho imithetho yemfuza, colorblindness amabhinqa abo chromosome omnye kuphela ukususela gene ochaphazelekayo akukho wabonakalaliswa abathwali Ungaya lilifa unyana wakhe. Kodwa ke oku akuthethi ukuba yenzeke. Zezilimo of imibala enokusasazwa nkqu kwizizukulwana ezininzi. Kwakhona besilisa rhoqo iwela endaweni eyingozi.

Ngokutsho manani, colorblindness amabhinqa Iqinisekile kuphela ngo-0.1% yamatyala. Phakathi kwabantu, imibala-8%. Ungenxa factor ukungaboni - kukuthi, njengokuba umthetho, ukuba ngezifo yamehlo omabini, hayi ezinenkqubela kwexesha.

Imibala ezifunyenwe

Imiba ephambili eziphembelela ukufumana imibala, ukuhlobana ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo okanye ukwenzakala ubuchopho okanye umonakalo retina iliso. Ngamanye amaxesha ukuphumela mala umntwana emva koko babe negalelo imibala. Ukongezelela trauma ebuntwaneni, kunye nezinye izinto eziphembelela ukufunyanwa imibala:

• yobudala Old.
• umonakalo eye ngenxa trauma.
• Izifo ebonakalayo ocular (neglaucoma, cataract kunye nabanye.).
• Iziyobisi ibe neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga.

Uxilongo colorblindness. uvavanyo

blindness Umbala - oko enikiweyo, ukuba nje uthathe. Yena azifumananga kunyangwa. Oku kuyafana nje indlebe somculo: umntu yena, owenza na. Kufuneka ungaze wenze self-kokuxilongwa. Ukuba uphawula unxaxho ngombala kwimbono kwi wena okanye abantwana bakho, kufuneka ubone yincutshe. Kukho iindlela esiqinisekisiweyo ukumisela imibala kunye emehlweni.

1. Uvavanyo Rabkin (itheyibhile polychromatic).

Ukuvavanyelwa imibala kolu vavanyo lwenziwa ngokuthi uphendla-iitafile ezibonisa amanani ezahlukeneyo okanye oonobumba. umfanekiso efundekayo eshicilelweyo kusetyenziswa amabala anemibala, twatse umahluko nokukhanya. UneNtsholongwane iya kuba isakhono kovavanyo ukufumana phandle kwi imifanekiso ofunekayo amanani okanye oonobumba.

2. Uvavanyo Ishihara.

Uvavanyo efanayo ngendlela iitafile, sivumele ngokucokisekileyo ngakumbi ukuchaza ngcathu, isidanga kakhulu imibala nangobumfama, achromatopsia. Kukho uhlelo ngokupheleleyo olu vavanyo lwe iitafile 38. Zisetyenziswa zizo ophthalmologists abaqeqeshiweyo.

Inguqulelo anciphise yezintlu 24 zisetyenziselwa uvavanyo ngokukhawuleza xa yokuqesha ofisi zikamasipala, izikhululo zeenqwelo-moya. Kukho kwakhona emfutshane, uhlelo ezizodwa yezintlu 10 kubantwana pre-school kunye nabantu abangafundanga. Endaweni oonobumba namanani kwezi theyibhile zisetyenziswa umfanekiso iimilo zejiyometri kunye nemigca ezahlukeneyo.

Umbala Ukumfameka nomntu msebenzi

Nemida ukuze ezinxulumene nemisebenzi abanokuyilandela imibala-iimfama, kubalulekile kakhulu. Okokuqala, ezi zithintelo imisebenzi apho kukho uxanduva lobomi, okanye abanye. Colorblind aziyi kwamkelwa ukuba emkhosini akanakuba yabaqhubi moya, abaqhubi bezithuthi zorhwebo kunye ekhemisi. Kuba ezi imisebenzi mviwo ezinyanzelekileyo yonyaka zonyango, ukuba ukwamkelwa kwizinto zomsebenzi oqeqeshelweyo. Ukuba umntu phezu phando lukhanyise ubumfama, kanye kuloo msebenzi wakhe kabukhali lincitshiswe. Kusenokwenzeka ukubandakanyeka kuqeqesho yeengcingane yabaqeqeshelwe umsebenzi ofisi ezinxulumene izakhono zabo.

Umbala Ukumfameka nelayisensi yomqhubi

Ukuba ezithile lobungcali ukungaboni - yinto isivakalisi, emva koko afumane mvume lokuqhuba zithintelo kwaphela. Kubalulekile ukuba izimvo zeengcali.

Lokuqhuba mvume, kunye nombala ukungaboni - umba kakhulu ehambelanayo, kodwa ke kuphela emva kokuba kugqitywe zamehlo. Kuphela ugqirha imisela uhlobo lwesifo imibala, ngenxa yoko, ligunyazisa isigulane ukulawula imoto lobuqu. Colorblind angafumana "A" mvume kunye "B", nto leyo qiniseka ukuba ubukho yophawu "Ngaphandle ilungelo ukuba baqeshwe."

Ukunceda colorblind

Izazinzulu rhoqo ukunika unyango "izinto" olutsha Unganciphisa ngengxaki zabantu abakhubazekileyo. Kubonakala ukuba nangona oogqirha abakwazi ukulungisa cone-abenzi Bakwazi reprogram ingqondo ukulungisa imbono umbala. Namhlanje kukho iindondo ezizodwa kufuneka imicwe ecacicleyo elimxinwa nje "cut" lens nemibala ehlambulukileyo yahlukanisiwe ukusuka kwenye nenye. Umgaqo ukuphucula umahluko ivumela nombala obomvu, oluhlaza kunye eluhlaza ukuba singaxubeki.

Inzululwazi iye yanceda abantu abaninzi ukubona colorblind imibala, ubukho apho abazange noba: ezimfusa, eluhlaza eqaqambileyo obomvu eliqaqambileyo.