Ukwehliswa kweeNdlela: Iinkqubo zokunyuselwa kunye nobugcisa. Ukwahlulelwa kweendlela zokwelusa

Ukwenzela i-Welding yindlela yokuvelisa amajoyina asisigxina ngokufudumala nokudibanisa iindawo ezihlangeneyo. Ukuba ngaphambili kwakunezinyithi eziphantsi kwayo, ke namhlanje ezinye izixhobo, umzekelo, iiplastiki, zidibaniswe ngale ndlela.

Kungatsholwa ukuba idibene edibeneyo yinto efunyenwe ngokutyhafaza okanye ukunyusa ngexinzelelo. Ewe, kukho inamba enkulu yeendlela zokufumana umphumo ofunekayo. Ngokomzekelo, kukho into efana ne-arc yombane, kukuncedisa ukunyusa. Izindlela zokulusa zihluke kakhulu, siya kuzama ukuziqwalasela zonke.

Inxalenye ethile yembali. Ukwahlula

Ukufakelwa kwe-Metal yinkqubo yokuqala yokulwela. Imfuno yokulungisa iimveliso zetsimbi, kwakunye nokudalwa kweengxenye ezithandekayo, bekuyimfuneko yokuphuhliswa kweenkqubo ze-welding. Ngaloo ndlela, ngo-1800-1802 i-arc yombane yavulwa. Kwaye kwenziwa iimvavanyo ezahlukahlukeneyo kunye naye. Ekugqibeleni, abantu bafunde indlela yokwenza amanyathelo adibeneyo nge-arc yombane. Kwintsimi yaseRashiya, ukuqeqeshwa kwee-welders ezifanelekileyo ziqhutyelwa phambili, ubuchwepheshe obutsha buya kuphuhliswa rhoqo, iindlela ezihlukeneyo ngokubanzi, njl njl. Umzekelo ocacileyo wesiseko esivelele kakhulu kunye nesisiseko siBakala seMfundo seBauman.

Okwangoku, kukho iindlela ezili-150 zokwelusa. Izindlela zokwehliswa zihlukaniswe zibe zizinto eziphathekayo, ezobugcisa kunye nobuchwepheshe. Ngaloo ndlela, ngokwezibonakaliso zomzimba, kukho amaqela amakhulu amathathu:

• Ukufudumala - lo luhlobo lwe-welding eyenziwa ngokusetyenziswa kwamandla ashushu. Oku kubandakanya i-gas, i-arc, i-laser, kunye nezinye i-welding.
• I-thermomechanical - uhlobo lwe-welding, okubhekiselele ekusebenziseni kwamandla ashushu, kodwa noxinzelelo. Oku kunokuqhagamshelana, ukusabalalisa, ukumisa uxhumano, kunye nezinto ezinjalo.
• Uhlobo lwe-welding . Kwiimeko ezinjalo, amandla asetyenziswayo. I- welding ebandayo kakhulu , i-explosion, ingxabano, njl.

Iintlobo nganye zibonakaliswe ngeendleko zamandla, ubungqina bendalo, kunye nezixhobo ezisetyenziswa ngexesha lokusebenza.

Ukunyuka komlilo

Kule meko, umthombo omkhulu wokushisa ngumlilo, okhutshwe njengesiphumo sobushushu kumxube we-oxygen. Kuza kubekho, kukho i-gesi eyaziwayo enokusetyenziswa. Eyona nto ikhethiweyo yi-acetylene, i-LFA, i-propane kunye ne-butane. Ukushisa okuvelisiweyo kufakalisa indawo kunye nomxholo wokugcwalisa.

Umqhubi ulawula uhlobo lomlilo. Ingaba yinkqubo ye-oxidative, yokungathathi hlangothi okanye ukunciphisa, kuxhomekeke kwisixa se-oksijini kunye negesi kwimxube. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, i-LFA isetyenziswe ngokusisigxina, enikezela ngokukhawuleza ukuphakanyiswa kwee-high welding, kodwa kunye ne-quality weld quality. Kodwa ngexesha elifanayo, kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa ucingo olubi kakhulu kunye nomxholo ophezulu we-manganese kunye ne-silicon. Okwangoku namhlanje ngumxube owenziweyo wokuthungelwa kwegesi, obangelwa ukhuseleko kunye nobushushu obuphezulu bokushisa oksijini (2430 degrees Celsius).

Kuninzi kuxhomekeke ekubunjweni kwesinyithi, esilungiselelwe ukuba idibene. Ngaloo ndlela, ngokuxhomekeka kule parameter, inani lamatye okugcwalisa likhethiweyo, kwaye xa ubukhulu bentsimbi buqwalaselwa, ububanzi bawo bukhethiweyo. Ngokulungiselela kwangaphambili, u-welding efanelekileyo ufumaneka.

Zonke iindlela zokususa (igesi) zinomsebenzi oqhelekileyo, oququzelayo ukufudumala okugqithiseleyo komhlaba. Kungenxa yoko bafanelekile ukusebenza kunye namashishini ensimbi kwi-0.5-5 mm, isinyithi esingafaki, kunye nesitye esinyithi kunye nentsimbi yokuphosa.

Masiqwalasele ngokuthe ngandlela-thile kwezinye iindlela zokunyuka kwegesi. Kukho ezimbalwa zazo.

Ngesobunxele, ngokunene nangomlenze

Xa ubukhulu bephepha abukho ngaphezu kwe-5 mm, umboniso okhohlo we-gas welding udla ukusetyenziswa. Ngako oko, umshiseli uhamba ukusuka ekunene ukuya kwesobunxele, kwaye intonga yokugcwalisa ihamba phambili. Ilitangatye libhekiselwe kwi-seam kwaye ivuselela umsebenzi wokusebenza kunye nentambo yokugcwalisa kakuhle. Inkqubo iyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kubukhulu bensimbi. Ukuba iphepha lingaphantsi kwe-8 mm, umshiseli uhamba kuphela ecaleni. Ukuba ngaphezulu kwe-8 mm, kuyimfuneko ukuyenza ngokuhambelana nokunyuka kwe-oscillatory kwinqanaba elingaphambeneyo ukuphucula umgangatho womgca. Inzuzo yesandla sekhohlo kukuba umsebenzisi angazibona ngokucacileyo indawo yomsebenzi kwaye unokubonelela ngokufanayo.

Ukwahlula okubalulekileyo phakathi kokunyusa okufanelekileyo kukuba kukuba kuqoqosho. Isizathu kukuba ilangatye yomtshisili awunakuqondiswa kwintambo, kodwa kuyo. Le ndlela ivumela ukuthambisa izitye zobungakanani obuphezulu, kunye nekota yokuvula emincinane encinane. Umshiseli uhamba ukusuka kwesobunxele ukuya kwesokudla, ulandelwa yinduku yokugcwalisa.

Ewe, ukuba sicinga iindlela zokunyuka kwegesi, ngoko ke kukufanelekile ukukhankanya ukunyusa nge-roller. It isetyenziswe xa ufuna ukufumana ukudibanisa kwe-butt. Umgca wecala kukuba i-encinci eyenziwe ngedonga yenziwe phantsi kwe-joint. Xa ushukuthela umshiseli, inxalenye esemgangathweni yomngxube uncibilike, kwaye xa i-additive isingeniswa, inxalenye engezantsi ifakwe. Xa ubukhulu bephepha bukhulu kakhulu, umsebenzi uyenziwa kumacala omabini kwaye kwenziwa ngabaqhubi ababini.

Indlela yokuhambisa yokulala yokulala

Abaninzi bethu baqhelana neengcambu, ezisebenzisayo ngokukodwa kwi-frame frame ye-monolithic. Isetyenziswe kwiibhloko zokuqhawulwa, imilo, njl. Masiqwalasele ngokuthe kratya iimpawu zolu hlobo lwe-welding. Ngokuqhelekileyo isetyenziselwa iintonga ezingezantsi. Ingundoqo yendlela isekweni sokuba inkuni yensimbi idibeneyo kwidibaniselwano. Emva koko kudala ibhedu yentsimbi etyhidiweyo ngexabiso lentengo ye-arc. Kuvela ukuba iziphelo zengxowanxu edibeneyo ziyancibilika kwaye zenze ibhafu eqhelekileyo. Ngako oko, xa ukupholisa, uxhumano olupheleleyo lwenziwa.

Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba uqalise umshini wokulumala, kuyimfuneko ukulungiselela amathonga. Oku kwenziwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: umgangatho, kunye neziphelo zihlambulukileyo, ngelixa zisusa naluphi na uhlobo lokungcola, umzekelo, ukugqwala, ukulingana kunye nentlaka. Ukwenza oku, i-brush yensimbi ifanelekile. Ngendlela, kubalulekile ukuhlula ukuqiniswa ngokude ubude be-30 mm kwindawo yokulondoloza. Iingcingo zifakwe kwi coaxially. Kule meko, ikhefu akufanele lidlule i diameter enye kunye nehafu ye-electrode (kwindawo yokuphela).

Inkqubo iqhubeka phantsi kwamanzi amaninzi. Ngokomzekelo, nge-electrode ye-6 mm, iseyunithi ye-welding isebenza kwi-amperes engama-450. Ukuba sithetha ngamashishini aphantsi aphantsi, ngoku ukunyuka kwe-10-12%. Ukongeza, umsebenzi ungenziwa ngokukodwa kunye nee-electrode eziliqela. Kufanelekile ukuthobela ingqalelo ukuba le ndlela ikuvumela ukuba unciphise ubunzima beenkqubo, indleko yemveliso, kunye nokusetyenziswa kombane. Kuza kube yimhla, indlela yokuhlamba yokutshiza i-armage iyona ethandwa kakhulu kwaye inokwethenjelwa. Oku kungenxa yokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi kunye nokuqhagamshelana kwekhwalithi ephakamileyo.

Ukunyuka kweengcinezelo (iplastiki)

Olu hlobo lwe-welding nalo lubizwa ngokuba yi-welding cool. Ngenxa yokuba ngexesha lokwenziwa komnxibelelwano, akukho ukufudumala okongeziweyo kwendawo ephathwayo. Le ndlela isekelwe kwi-plastification deformation yeesinyithi ngexesha lokunciphisa okanye ukulahla. Umsebenzi uyenziwa ngamaqondo aqhelekileyo okanye angalunganga ngaphandle kokusasazeka. Le ndlela ithathwa njengowokudala.

Ukufumana umgca wekhwalithi ephakamileyo, kusetyenziswe izixhobo ezizodwa ezibangela ukulungiswa kweendawo eziphathwe ngayo, okufuneka zicocwe ngaphambili. Ngenxa yoko, ukuxhamla kwe-monolithic kunye noqinileyo kunokwakhiwa. Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye neendlela zokulusa (iplastiki). Okwangoku kukho ezintathu zazo: indawo, i-suture kunye ne-butt.

Ukunyusa kwe-cold kungabandakanywa nezinto ezifana nobhedu, i-aluminium, i-cadmium, isinyithi, njl njl. Ukunyuka kweplastiki okukhethiweyo xa kudingekile ukuba kusebenze kunye nezinto ezinobunzima obuvuthayo.

Ngokuqinisekileyo, ku funeka kuqatshelwe ukuba inzuzo enkulu kunye neyona nto iphambili yokuxhuma kunye nexinzelelo ixhomekeke ekubeni akukho mfuneko ukudibanisa umthombo onamandla onamandla wokugubungela umhlaba. Ukongezelela, umsila onokufunyanwa awunamandla nje kuphela, kodwa uyafana, kwaye unqabile ukubola. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye iingxaki. Ziye zagqitywa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba zisebenze kuphela ngeesinyithi zeplastiki. Ukuba ezinye iindlela zokufakelwa kweebhobho zingasetyenziselwa, abanye - hayi, kwaye kufuneka usebenzise i-melting. Oku kusebenza kwimibhobho yamanzi kunye nemigodi yegesi.

Ukwahlulelwa kweendlela zokwelusa. Ukuqhubeka

Inkqubo ngokwalo ilandelayo. Amacandelo afanele ahlanganiswe afakwe kufutshane kunye nomnye. Emva koko, umthombo onamandla wokushisa unikwa, odibanisa iinxalenye ezixhunyiwe.

Isitye esincibilikiweyo (ngaphandle kwemiphumo eyongezelelweyo yombane) yongezwa kwi-pool weld. Xa umthombo wokushisa ususwe kwindawo yokumanyisa, umthunzi ucolile, kwaye issimbi yensimbi yakha inxalenye eqinile kakhulu. Ingxaki ebalulekileyo kukuba umthombo wokushisa kufuneka ube namandla amakhulu kunye nobushushu. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba usebenze ngesinyithi, ubhedu okanye insimbi yentsimbi, udinga ifowuni ngokushisa kwama-3,000 degrees Celsius. Ukuba le ncwadana iyancitshiswa ngamabomu, umkhiqizo we-welding uza kuhlahlela ngokukhawuleza, kwaye inkqubo iya kuba yinto engasebenzi.

Ukuhlelwa kweendlela zokuhambisa i-welding, kuxhomekeke kumthombo wokushisa, kulandelwa oku:

• Ukunyuka kwe-Arc. I-arc yombane isetyenziselwa njengomthombo wokushisa, oshisa phakathi kwe-electrode kunye nomhlaba oza kutshalwa.
• Ukunyuka kweplasma. Umthombo wokushisa ngumcibisholo wombane oxinyiweyo. Ngayo ngesivinini esiphezulu (supersonic), igesi igubungele, efumana iiplasma.
• I-Electroslag - isinyithi iyashushulwa kwi-flux edibeneyo apho kuphuma umbane wamandla.
• Ukukhanda kwe-electron-fail - ukufudumala kwenziwa kwi-kinematic energy ye-electron. Bahamba kwi-vacuum phantsi kwefuthe lenkalo yombane.
• Ukunyuka kwe-Laser kwenziwa ngokushushumbisa isinyithi ngephampu ye-optical ye-generum generator. Kule meko, uhla lwe-radiation lunokukhanya okanye i-infrared.
• Ukukhwelisa i-gesi - ukuncibilika kwendawo ephathwayo ngenxa yokushisa komxube we-oksijini.

Ukunyuka kwe-Arc kunye neentlobo zayo

Namhlanje, ebaluleke kakhulu kumashishini amaninzi ukunyuka kwe-arc yombane. Ukuba sibala inani lezitsha zokufakelwa, ukuqeshwa phakathi kweengcali, kunye nenani lemveliso, le ndlela yokufumana iindawo eziphakamileyo eziphezulu zikhokelela kwihlabathi. Makhe sijonge kwiindlela eziphambili ze-arc welding. Kuza kubekho, kukho ezininzi.

Eyona ndlela ixhaphake ngokuzenzekelayo i-welding. Isiseko salo sisekwimeko yokuba ezinye zezinto zokuhamba zihamba ngokuzenzekelayo. Ngokomzekelo, ukunikezelwa kwe-electrode kunye nokuhamba kwayo kwintambo kwenziwa ngaphandle kokungenelela komntu (ngokungafani nemimoya yokuzenzekelayo). Le ndlela ilungile kuba umgangatho womthumo kunye nomkhiqizo wanda kakhulu, kwaye ingozi yentleba iyancitshiswa. Ngokuqhelekileyo kusetyenziswa igesi yokukhusela, efunekayo ukukhusela i-nitriding kunye ne-oxydation yomxube odibeneyo ngexesha lomsebenzi.

Kukho kwakhona ukukhweliswa kwezinto, eziqulethwe ukuba i-edges edityanisiweyo idibanisa kwaye ivuselele i-arc yombane (kunye ne-electrode engasebenziyo). Emva kokuba izinto ezizaliswayo zitshisa kwaye zitshatyatheke, kuhlamba ibhodi, kwaye emva koko kudala umgca. Kubalulekile ukuqwalasela ukuba i-electrode i-electrode nge-arc yamandla ihlelwa ngokwezinto ezininzi zobugcisa. Ngokomzekelo, ngohlobo lweegesi ezisebenzisiweyo (ezisebenzayo kunye nezikhuphayo), ngokwezinga lochanelo (incwadana, i-othomathikhi, njl.) Kunye nezinye iimpawu.

Oluthe xaxa malunga nokukhwelisa kwe-arc

Siye sahlola ngokubanzi umgaqo wokufumana uxhumano oluxhasiweyo kwimodi yencwadi. Makhe sijonge kule ngxaki ngokungakumbi. Kuza kubekho, kukho iindlela zokukhwelisa i-arc yokubumba, nganye leyo ehlukile kwindlela yayo. Ngokomzekelo, i-electrodes eyahlukeneyo ingasetyenziswa kwinkqubo: ukuncibilika nokungaxakalisi. Ukuba umbono wesibini ukhethwe, udibaniso lwenziwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: imida ifakwe komnye nomnye, kwaye i-graphite okanye i- carbon electrode iphakanyiswa phezulu ukuze iphathwe kwaye i-arc iyadalwa. Ngenxa yoko, kubhekwa ibhotile, emva kwexesha elunzima kwaye luyifake umgca weld weld. Le ndlela iyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni ngeesinyithi ezingenabumba kunye ne-alloys yazo, kwaye isetyenziselwa ukukhupha.

Enye indlela yokusebenzisa i-electrode i-melting eneengubo ezikhethekileyo. Le ndlela ingabizwa ngokuba yi-classic, ukuba sithetha ngotshwala olusesikweni, kuba luyinto eqhelekileyo kwaye isetyenziswe ixesha elide. Ukwahlukana kuphela kwindlela echazwe ngasentla kukuba i-electrode iyancibilika kunye nomhlaba. Ngenxa yoko, uhlamba oluqhelekileyo lufunyanwa, oluqinisa emva kokususa i-arc kwaye luze lube nomgca ophezulu welded welded. Ukukhethwa kwendlela yokwelusa kuxhomekeke kwimeko ethile, izinto, ukubunjwa kunye nokunye okuninzi.

Amaphuzu ambalwa abalulekileyo

Sihlolisise iindlela zokususa. Ziye zahlula ngokwahlukileyo zibe ngamaqela amakhulu amathathu: kubanda, kushushu kunye negesi. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ngamanye amaxesha iindlela ezikhethekileyo zokufumana umthumo zisetyenzisiweyo. Oku kuyimfuneko xa kuziwa kwinyithi esebenzayo kunye ne-alloys. Ngendlela, izinto ezinjalo zisetyenziselwa ukwakhiwa kokwakhiwa kweziza ezibalulekileyo. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, umsebenzi wenziwa ngomxholo ophantsi we-oksijeni kunye ne-nitrogen emoyeni, kwaye umthombo kufuneka ube sebushushu obuphezulu. Umzekelo ocacileyo yi-plasma, kunye nokuthungwa kwethambile. Kwimeko yesibini, umthombo wefowuni ufana ne-kinescope kwaye unombane womyalelo we-30-100 kV.

Lapho kunzima khona kwaye kunomdla kumbono wokufumanisa i-plasma welding. Ngundoqo yayo siye sazicoca. Kwinkqubo kukho izinto eziphambili njenge-conductivity yamanje kagesi nge-plasma. Igazi eyenza i-plasma, ngaphezu kwendawo yayo eyintloko, ikhusela umnqamlezo kwiinkqubo ze-oxidation kunye ne-nitriding. Singathetha ngokuzithemba ukuba le ndlela ifanelekileyo, kodwa kukho ukulinganiselwa. Ngokomzekelo, ukunikezelwa kwamandla kufuneka kube ne-voltage engaphezu kwe-120 V, kwaye ukufakwa kubiza kakhulu kwaye kunzima.

Isiphelo

Ngoko saqaphela ukuba yiyiphi ukunyusa. Iindlela zokunyusela zihlukile. Kwiimeko ezininzi, umqhubi ujongene nomsebenzi wokufumana ubungakanani obuphezulu kuphela, kodwa kunye ne-weld eqinile eyokumelana nokuxinzezeleka kwengcinezelo ixesha elide. Ukwenza oku, kukho iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo zokulusa i-electrode, umzekelo, ukuncibilika okanye cha. Ukongezelela, iteknoloji ingahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwindlela yokwenza inkosi. Kukulungele ukuba umntu enze umsebenzi nge-welding yesobunxele, umntu-olungileyo.

Nokuba iindlela zokuqala zokulondolozwa kufuneka zenziwe ngokulandela imiyalelo. Kuyavuma, akuyi kuba mnandi kakhulu ukuba ukwahlula kwehle kuphela ngenxa yokuba i-welder iye yatshitshisa kwaye yagqiba isigqibo sokonga kancane.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, zonke ezi common ngakumbi yokulungiselela entsonkothileyo yaye kubize ye-compound uhlobo. Oku kungenxa yokuba izinto ezininzi. Okokuqala, inkqubela zobugcisa kukhokelela kukuba akusoloko kusenzeka ukuba ukusebenzisa i welding Eziko ngenxa ubu ngesakhiwo. Okwesibini, zama ukufumana esemgangathweni weld ophezulu loo nto usekhefini uphuhliso ixesha elide imithwalo obuluqilima kunye vibratory. Oku kulula ukufikelela, ingakumbi xa ucinga ukuba ukothuka kunye ukungcangcazela - neentshaba ibalulekileyo welungu weld. Kodwa welding mihla (iindlela welding) qho ukuphucuka, ukuphuhlisa iindlela ezintsha innovative ekomelezeni uba iijoyinti kwaye ezikumgangatho ophezulu.