Ukuxhatshazwa labour kwabantwana: Umthetho, iimpawu kunye neemfuno

Kutshanje, yande labour kwabantwana. Le yenye yeengxaki zixhaphakileyo yehlabathi lanamhlanje. zabasebenzi umntwana alisetyenziswa kuphela amakhaya kunye nezikolo, kodwa kwiinkampani ezinkulu. Ngesi kukwaphula umthetho ezinxulumene isixa esikhulu ngeemeko impikiswano. Kweli nqaku, ungakwazi ukufumana inkcazelo eneenkcukacha malunga oyilwayo.

ulwazi ngokubanzi malunga oyilwayo

ukuxhaphaza ngamnye ngonyaka ngakumbi lwaqho labour kwabantwana. Inqaku 32-36 of yeNgqungquthela naMalungelo oMntwana simisela uxanduva kaRhulumente ukukhusela amalungelo abantwana nxamnye yabasebenzi mthethweni ngebhaxa. Olu xwebhu, equlethe ezintathu, esamkelwa ngoSeptemba 2, 1990. I-Convention ekugqibeleni kwasekwa kwiminyaka embalwa eyadlulayo.

ISiqendu 32 ekhulula abantwana nawuphi na umsebenzi ezinokuchaphazela kakubi impilo okanye umqobo kwimfundo. Ngokutsho wamlenya iminyaka zisezantsi umsebenzi ukusebenza.

INgqungquthela entsha ngamaLungelo aBantwana yamkelwa ehlotyeni 1999. Oku lapapasha amanqaku kwiifom okubi lwabantwana njengabasebenzi. Ijolisa ekupheliseni yobukhoboka, anyanzelwa ukuba ukuthatha komntwana kungquzulwano ngezixhobo, ngomzimba kunye ukuthutyeleziswa kweziyobisi. Amazwe beqhuba yeNgqungquthela naMalungelo oMntwana, kufuneka ukukhusela abantwana ekuxhatshazweni.

Kwihlabathi kukho ukuxhatshazwa okungekho mthethweni labour kwabantwana. Inqaku 127,1 womGaqo Criminal unika sisohlwayo nemithathu kwaye kwanyanzeleka ukuba basebenze. Noko ke, incwadi eyahlukileyo, oko kwakuya kuthiwa malunga zingaxhatshazwa kokusebenza kwabantwana, i-Code Criminal ayinayo. Nangona kunjalo, kwixa elizayo urhulumente uceba izilungiso kuyo.

Amatyala amaninzi ziye wadalwa ukuze ukusombulula iingxaki ezinxulumene ekuxhatshazweni lwabantwana njengabasebenzi. Inqaku le-Russian Federation Labour Code iqulethe inkcazelo ukuba olungephi isicelo ngokuzithandela somsebenzi, ukuba oku sisithintelo imfundo. Kule meko kufuneka imvume ebhalwe phantsi esuka kubazali babo. Juvenile kufuneka asebenze phantsi kweemeko ezilungileyo. Kwakhona unalo ilungelo kwanciphisa iiyure zomsebenzi, ikhefu nangeeholide. Nangona kunjalo, akunakwenzeka ukufumana umsebenzi phambi-15 ubudala. Oku akuvumelekanga yi-Code Labour.

zabasebenzi umntwana esikolweni

Ukusetyenziswa kwabasebenzi kwabantwana esikolweni engaqatshelwayo. Phantse onke amaziko emfundo ngenkuthalo siyisebenzisa iklasi umsebenzi, inkqubo ehlotyeni, njalo njalo. D. Yenza mthethweni umntwana yabasebenzi esikolweni?

Ngexesha amaxesha Soviet, ukusetyenziswa kwabantwana wamkelwa zizikolo. Wayengomnye yeendlela zemfundo 'izwe. Ekuhambeni kwexesha lethu, iimbono malunga kokusebenza kwabantwana zitshintshile. Wadala izixa ezininzi of eyilwayo ukunceda ukukhusela ebuntwaneni zomntwana ngamnye.

Le meko ibalulekileyo zokutsala umntwana ukusebenza kwesi sikolo kukuvumela abazali bakhe. Kuya kufuneka ube ubhalwe phantsi. Ukuba akakho, umntwana akanalo ilungelo ukumnyanzela umntu ukuba asebenze esikolweni. Ukuba ekuxhatshazweni kwabasebenzi umntwana kwiziko lemfundo kwenzeka rhoqo ngaphandle kwemvume, abazali ukubhala isikhalazo umtshutshisi okanye isebe zezithili zemfundo zabo.

Xa kunjalo, ukuba imvume yabazali ukusebenza apho, utitshala kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba yenziwa ngokuthobela yonke imimiselo eyamkelekileyo. Abantwana besikolo nakancane uphakamisa into enzima, ahlambe iifestile aze enze ukucoca ngeenxa endleleni.

Ukusetyenziswa komthetho

Umthetho kokusebenza kwabantwana apho elide ngokwaneleyo. Kukho iimeko apho amagosa isikolo uxanduva lokumelwa kukuphendula oko abafundi akhululwa izifundo ukuba imini ngenxa shift. Ngokomzekelo, iofisi yomtshutshisi ngayo kweNqila Arkhangelsk ngokutsha zaphendulwa ingxelo evela unina omnye umfundi amaziko emfundo Novodvinsk. unyana wakhe kwanyanzeleka ukuba ubukelwe phakathi izifundo. Iofisi yomtshutshisi iye kubonwa izenzo omkhulu esaphula uMthetho "Kwi imfundo". Ngezenzo zayo, intloko yeziko ogqwetha umfundi umzimba ngokupheleleyo ulwazi. Ukususela ngoko, umsebenzi kwi nesikolo irhoxisiwe.

izibalo

Iinkcukacha-manani zabasebenzi umntwana kukhokelela yothuse phantse wonke. Ngokutsho uphando yi -International Labor Organization kukho malunga 168 ezigidi abantwana zokusebenza. Oku malunga ne-11% yabantu umntwana iyonke. Noko ke, siyazi ukuba inani labo lifinyele. Kule minyaka 2000-2012 bangaphi abasebenzi umntwana yawa 78 million.

Ngowe-2008, iingcali ezininzi zibonisa ukuba ngenxa yeengxaki kwezoqoqosho ukuxhatshazwa labour umntwana uya kuqalisa ukuba nochatha mbutho mtsha. Noko ke, njengoko uphando yi-International Labor Organization, inani labantwana ukusebenza kweli xesha siyongezwa. Iingcali bathi oku yokuba kumazwe apho ingxaki ukuxhatshazwa kakhulu yondele, ingxaki phantse ayiphazamiseki.

Inani elikhulu labantwana zokusebenza uyaqapheleka Asia kunye mmandla wePasifiki. Apho, ngokutsho-manani, 77,7 ezigidi abantwana zokusebenza. ukusetyenziswa kwabantwana lukhona Afrika. Apho ngokungekho ukusebenza wonke umntwana yesihlanu.

Ukuxhatshazwa kwabantwana e Russia

zabasebenzi umntwana isoloko ifumaneka kwi kummandla Russian Federation. umntwana ukusebenza kungabonwa kwizitrato phantse yonke imizi Russian. Okunye bavame bahambise intengiso okanye ukuncamathisela iintengiso. Ulutsha bathi bafuna ukuba ukuzimela ngokwezimali evela kubazali babo. Kungenxa yoko le nto ziqala ukusebenza kunye iminyaka 12-13, bajamelene nokuxhatshazwa mthethweni.

ngonyaka ngamnye kwi-Russian Federation na imithetho ekhusela umdla bantwana. Ngokutsho kwabo, nayiphi elivisayo, ogama ubudala sele eneminyaka eli-16 ubudala ukusebenza kwiimeko ezifanelekileyo. Kungenjalo, umqeshi uya kohlwaywa ngokomthetho.

In Russia kunye namazwe angabamelwane, abazali badla kukhuthazwe umsebenzi abantwana babo. Bakholelwa ukuba kule ndlela umntwana uba ukuzimela kwaye baqale ukuqonda indlela ekunzima ngayo ukufumana imali. Abameli International Labor Organization ikholelwa ukuba sengqondo Russian kufuneka itshintshwe. Inkqubo umququzeleli uRima Kalinchenko ubanga ukuba lo mba, kufuneka uthethe. Ukholelwa ukuba kuphela kwimeko enjalo ukwazi ukutshintsha izimvo abemi labour kwabantwana.

Iinkampani ezinkulu zabasebenzi kwabantwana

Lo nyaka, omnye yemibutho yabantu amalungelo lwehlabathi yakhupha ingxelo. It zathi iinkampani amathathu aphambili onceda kuphuhliso izixhobo ze-elektroniki, ezizezi, Samsung, Apple, Sony. Bona esolwa ukuthenga neetyuwa kumbiwa usebenzisa kwabantwana. Ngokwe ngxelo, emigodini kwi-Democratic Republic of the Congo abantwana ukusebenza ukususela kwiminyaka esixhenxe. Bona Khupha neetyuwa ibalulekile ukuze nokudalwa iibhetri lwe Lithium-ion.

Iintloko ngamaqela kuthenga izimbiwa, bathi musa ukwamkela ukusetyenziswa labour kwabantwana. Noko ke, kuzibonela bathi okwahlukileyo. Iingcali nemibutho amalungelo oluntu athi umsebenzi onjalo yingozi empilweni. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ezi kwimigodi kunika izinga lokusweleka eliphezulu. Ngokutsho amangqina, lo nyaka uphelileyo kuphela sandibulala abantwana abangaphezu kwama-80.

Ngokutsho UN yaBantwana Fund, emigodini ye-DRC utsalo izimbiwa kuthatha abantwana ubuncinane 40 000. ixabiso jikelele inkampani kundikhanyela oko. Bathi ke musa ukuthenga imveliso ngale ndlela.

Amalungelo umsebenzi minor

Ayizizo zonke minor onqwenela ukwenza isicelo somsebenzi, uyazi amalungelo abo. Kungenxa yoko le nto intsha ivame imali lula ngabaqeshi abanganyanisekanga. Kubalulekile ukuba umfundi aqhelekileyo kunye nabo kwangaphambili.

umthetho Russian inika yobudala apho umfundi uyakwazi ukufumana umsebenzi. Kwiminyaka eli-15, kunye imvume yabazali, intwazana unako ukufumana umsebenzi. Noko ke, umsebenzi wayo kufuneka ibe yimiqobo ukuvelisa izixhobo zokufundisa luphela. umfundi Ukusebenza kufuneka kuzo zonke izifundo kwaye wenze umsebenzi wesikolo. Employment kuqala elivisayo inkedama kwiintsapho zezindlu zooyise abangaphangeliyo kunye behlelelekile okanye enkulu.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba umqeshi akakwazi bazikhabela umqeshwa umntwana ngaphandle kwemvume wabahloli wabasebenzi. Phantsi bill, elivisayo ngubani na ufikelele kwiminyaka yobudala engama-16 kufuneka basebenze ngaphezu kweeyure ezingama-24 ngeveki. Kweminyaka engama-16-18 ubudala akavumelekanga ukuba asebenze ngaphezulu kweeyure ezili-36 ngeveki.

zokuxhaphaza ngokwesondo kwakunye nobukhoboka

Ngokutsho kweengcali, ihlabathi kunyaka ngamnye malunga nabantwana abazizigidi elinye iwele kurhwebo sex. Abanye banyanzelwa oku, yaye abanye-mali batsalwa apho phantsi nokuzenza. Rhoqo ngonyaka kukho ukwanda kwemfuno abantwana ngenxa yokuba kukho ukungaqondi ukuba kubudlelwane obusondeleyo ezinjalo abanakufane kunokubangela kusulelo lwe-HIV. Lo msebenzi kubangela umonakalo ongenakulungiseka kwimpilo yomntwana. Abantwana basoloko wathengiswa ebukhobokeni ngokwesondo ngesebe yabakhonzi.

Inqaku 34 leNgqungquthela ikhwelo States ukukhusela abantwana ekuxhatshazweni ngokwesondo kunye nobukhoboka. ISiqendu 35 ikhankanya ukuba uRhulumente kufuneka athathe amanyathelo afanelekileyo ukuthintela ukuthwala bantwana.

World Day Against Child Labour

Kwihlabathi kukho kumzabalazo ochasene ukuxhatshazwa lwabantwana njengabasebenzi. Ngenxa yoko, inani bantwana zokusebenza liye lehla. Juni 12 - uSuku lweHlabathi Against Child Yabasebenzi. It wavunywa ngo-2002 yi-International Labor Organization ukwenzela ukutsala umdla koluntu ngxaki, zikhoyo kuwo onke amazwe.

UPawulos

yabasebenzi kwabantwana - ingxaki ikho kuwo onke amazwe. Kuyinto eqhelekileyo kakhulu eAfrika Asia. Kukho ingxaki kunye Russian Federation. Kwixa elizayo urhulumente uceba angenise utshintsho Code Criminal, njengako apho nabaphuli ukubaxhaphaza abantwana, uya kuluthwala uxanduva. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho amatyala eziliqela banoxanduva zokugcinwa yobuntwana.