Ukukhuselwa isidima, isidima nodumo lomntu. Civil Code, Inqaku 152

ngomntu wonke umntu isidima nembeko. Bona ubuntu impahla engenakususwa. Abemi kufuneka igama kunye noshishino. It senziwa ngexesha imisebenzi yabo yezoqoqosho. UGoodwill nazo amaqumrhu asemthethweni. Zonke ezi zibonelelo akhuselwe ngumthetho.

Ingcamango ngokubekeka nangesidima

Ukuze uvavanyo ngamnye eyasekwa ngokwemigaqo nemigangatho zentlalo yokuziphatha. Emva igama umlinganiselo iimpawu zentlalo zokomoya. Kulo mzekelo, iziko ngalinye uyazi yalo ixabiso layo. Ibizwa ngokuba isidima. Le ivunyiwe likarhulumente onke amalungu oluntu ngokulinganayo. Ingqiqo isidima nembeko sizimisele sengqondo kumxholo njengoko xabiso liphezulu. Ezi ndidi ezikhoyo ubuhlobo naye. Inzuzo yokwenza njengoko ngumfanekiso elithile imbeko nokuphononongwa eluntwini ezingqondweni zesifundo. Kunye, udidi eziphilayo akhiwa integrally, aseluphawu ebalulekileyo ngamnye.

igama ishishini

Kuba abantu kuthatha isigqibo kwinqanaba emfundo zobungcali, kunye amaqumrhu asemthethweni - ngokubhekiselele kwimveliso kunye neminye imisebenzi yezoqoqosho ngokungqinelana nemeko yayo ngokomthetho kwisikhokelo lobudlelwane emarikeni. Umxholo elithi "igama" becala ingqamana inkcazelo uzuko. Nangona kunjalo, lo kuqala ebonisa izakhono ikakhulu zobungcali, zoshishino, kwaye eyesibini - zokuziphatha ngakumbi.

yokulawulwa inkxaso

Ezi ndidi zingentla linxibelelene ngokusondeleyo kunye namalungiselelo omthetho. Isifundo ngasinye nelungelo lokhuselo imbeko, isidima nodumo lomntu ishishini. Uthintelo okanye ukulahleka ezi zibonelelo kukhokelela ekuncipheni status efakiweyo nobudlelwane bayo namanye amaziko. Kulo mba, ukukhuselwa yoluntu-umthetho imbeko, isidima nodumo lomntu ishishini yeyona ndawo ibalulekileyo nkqubo mali karhulumente. Phakathi-sikhokelo yenkqubo yezomthetho, ezi ndidi baphathwa njengabantu iinzuzo ezingaphathekiyo , yaye ezinokwenzeka ezikhethekileyo ezikhathazayo.

ubuntu

Sichaza ngendlela enye okanye ngenye yesidanga imeko abantu eluntwini, sibonisa ulwalamano lwabo kunye norhulumente. isifundo ngasinye sinikezwe kukho iseti ethile lwamalungelo yokuziphatha kunye nezoqoqosho, ezopolitiko. Babonakalisa isimo yayo ngokomthetho. La malungelo bakhonza njengezinto yomthetho. Yena, ke, ngaba ipropati ethile lomntu ngamnye. Ilungelo ngesidima, nesidima kunye nezinye izibonelelo ezingabambekiyo ziyabhalwa eliphelele. Oku kungenxa yokuba ukuphunyezwa kwayo ibonelelwa umsebenzi inani elingachazwanga labantu. Kubalulekile ukuba phindo bonke ukuhlaselwa kwi imbeko, isidima kunye nesidima kwesi sifundo. Olu xanduva equlethwe kuMgaqo-siseko kwakunye namanye amalungiselelo omthetho. Kwimeko zokugxojwa nemigaqo enikiweyo ukhuseleko ngokusemthethweni imbeko, isidima nodumo lomntu ishishini.

into ebaluleke

Ilungelo imbeko, isidima kunye nesidima, kwakunye nezinye iingenelo non-propati eziqulethwe kuMgaqo-siseko, zibaluleke epraktikhali kwizifundo kungekuphela nje xa bezityholo, kodwa ke kungekho nto ibhekisele kuye. Xa sezandleni nawuphi na umntu okanye iziko kunye namathuba urhulumente ubonelela inkqubo izikhuselo ezaneleyo. Oku kudala imeko apho ukuqonda kunye nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo.

ngezigaba

Xa umthetho civil indawo esisigxina ukuba inkululeko kwenye kwaye amalungelo, iinzuzo ezingaphathekiyo akhuselwe ngokwemimiselo yomthetho, ngaphandle kokuba lulandelayo ngenye ukusuka kwabo. Ngelo xesha linye Art. 150 i-Code Civil ichaza uluhlu lweendidi liwabe ngokwamaqela-2. Ngesiqhelo ifakiwe impahla ezingaphathekiyo ukuba zithengwa force:

• ekuzalweni (abantu) okanye ekudaleni (ukuba amaqumrhu asemthethweni);
• mthetho.

Lo mthetho yangaphambili ngokucalula nokwahlula impilo, isidima, ingqibelelo, ubomi, igama, nembeko, usapho kunye zabucala buqu, igama ishishini. khona Ezi ndidi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ummiselo zabo zomthetho. Ukukhuselwa isidima, uzuko nakwigama lo mbandela, kwakunye nezinye iingenelo zikhankanywe ngasentla wenziwa kuphela kwimeko zokuhlaselwa kubo. Iqela lesibini liquka ithuba lokuzikhethela lisebenzela kuyo zokuhlala, lokuhamba njalo Zenza malungelo luluvo ngayo intlonelo ethile.. Ngako oko, alawulwa amalungiselelo omthetho.

Ingakumbi ukhuseleko kobutyebi non-impahla

Kukho imithetho ethile ukuba awuyomiqathango elawula ukhuseleko imbeko, isidima nodumo lomntu ishishini. Inqaku apho ziqulethwe, imisela inkqubo iyonke ukuqonda kweziqinisekiso karhulumente ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko ezi mpahla. Umzekelo, oku kusebenza nokusasazwa kolwazi, umntu ehleba umntu. Ngokutsho Art. 152 CC RF, isifundo kungafuna refutation. Kulo mzekelo, umntu kudizwe inkcazelo bangakubaleka liability ukuba angabonisa ukuba ingcaciso ichanekile. Enyanisweni art. 152 of the Code Civil, ukukwazi ezifuna refutation kwenzeka kuphela ngokunxulumene ukunyelisa data. Kufanelekile ukuba sikhankanye ukuba kwenzeka kungakhathaliseki indlela zokudiza. Ngesicelo nxaxheba refutation kunokwenzeka emva kokufa. Isithunzi akufuneki enze umonakalo kungekuphela nje le ndoda, kodwa intsapho yakhe, kwakunye nabanye abathathi-nxaxheba yonxulumano. Lo mthetho linombono Inani elingenammiselo ababangi esebenzayo, esebenzisa amagama aqhelekileyo "ngokwesicelo nxaxheba."

Ingakumbi Ukuphika

Ulwazi ayingqinelani neyinyani, zingapapashwa kumajelo eendaba. Ngako oko ke kufuneka, wawancamisa ekuhleni. Ukuba olo lwazi uqulathwe naluphi na uxwebhu, kufuneka irhoxiswe okanye indawo. Ukumisela umyalelo okuchitha ulwazi kwezinye iimeko ezinxulumene izigqibo zeenkundla. Ngokutsho Art. 152 ze-Civil Code, isihloko, malunga apho data eendaba ayingqinelani ubunyani, uyakwazi ukupapasha impendulo, ekwabolekiswa. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ingongoma ebalulekileyo. Xa lo mmiselo ibhekisa ulwazi Omhlebayo imbeko, isidima, isidima kunye data, amalungelo amalungelo kunye neemfuno zesifundo. Kwimeko yokuqala ngayo wafumanisa ukuba refutation ipapashwe kumajelo enye, kwaye yesibini - umntu uyakwazi ukupapasha impendulo yakho.

imithetho jikelele

Ngokutsho Art. 208 of the Code Civil neemfuneko ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo ezingaphathekiyo awusebenzi ezingummiselo ukulinganiselwa, ngaphandle kwakwiimeko elichazwe ngumthetho. Ukuba awukwazi ukubona umntu ziyithumele ingcaciso uyintlebi, ixhoba ungenza isicelo ukuqaphela yobuxoki yayo. Kwimeko yokuba ukungaphumeleli isifundo unyanzelekile ngesigqibo esithathwe ngokunceda ixhoba, inkundla ibalele isohlwayo wemali. Ubukhulu nocwangco yokuqokelela imiswe ngokungqinelana ne-Code of Procedure Civil. Lo mthetho kwakhona ibonelela lembuyekezo yomonakalo eziphathekayo ekwenzeni okulingileyo ukuze ixhoba, kwavela ngenxa ukusasazeka onyelisa data yayo.

iziphumo

Ngenxa yoko, ukukhuselwa imbeko, isidima kunye igama ishishini ommi mazenziwe ngeendlela ezininzi. Okokuqala ukuba ungenza ibango iinkcukacha elirhoxisa ehleba. Oku kubandakanya wayezizuzisa abantu phakathi kokuba yasasazwa, idatha kwi yokuvunywa ayiyonyani yayo. Ukongeza, nokukhuselwa kwesidima, nembeko lomntu liya kwenziwa ngokuqokelela yomdlwenguli lomonakalo lwempatho kunye nezo zinto. Xa kuqala nokuqonda ingqalelo ukubandezeleka ngokweemvakalelo okanye emzimbeni.

Iimpawu umonakalo non-eyimali

Phantsi umonakalo kumthetho wembambano ukuqonda iziphumo ezibi ezilungileyo, akhuselwe ngumthetho. Umonakalo inokuba non-mhlaba kunye nempahla. Ngelo xesha linye ukuvela owokugqibela akuthethi ukuba akukho amava ukubandezeleka kunye nexhoba. Kulo mba, ezi ndidi kuba lixhomekeke kwelinye ngendlela ethile. Ngenxa yoko kokunciphisa isidima nembeko lomntu lwabantu ukwenzeka umonakalo non-pecuniary, kwaye oko kuxhomekeke imbuyekezo. Lo mthetho lusekiwe art. 151 CC. umonakalo Non-pecuniary kubandakanya, iimvakalelo ezahlukeneyo ngokuyintloko iimvakalelo yokuziphatha zibangelwa ukuhlukunyezwa. Le umonakalo kubangela ukubandezeleka libukhali ngaphezu impahla. Ngaphandle ebangela umonakalo eziphathekayo, oko kubandakanya intlungu kakhulu engqondweni. umonakalo Non-pecuniary sikhatshwa ukugxojwa psychological well-being, kwimvakalelo yomntu. Kulo kulandela ukuba oko kukhatshwa kukunyamezela ngokwasengqondweni okanye ngokwasemzimbeni ukubandezeleka, kwakunye nomqathango inkululeko ngamnye yaye, ke ngoko, akakwazi ukuhlala ngaphandle kwinqanaba ngokusemthethweni. umonakalo Non-pecuniary eyafakwa imithetho ezahlukeneyo yomthetho. Ngokomzekelo, kubhaliwe kucacisiwe Art. 1099-1101, 152, 12, 151 CC. Uhlolo ngokwasemthethweni uhlobo le umonakalo ilungiswe Art. 151. Ukucaciswa kule ndaba kwi Plenum of the Supreme Ndiwise inani 10. Sec. 2 kolu xwebhu, ingakumbi, ithi umonakalo yokuziphatha kufuneka luthathwe ukubandezeleka emzimbeni okanye engqondweni evela ezishiyiweyo / izenzo zinyhasha iingenelo engaphathekiyo ezifumanekayo yithini umthetho okanye ngokuzalwa nakuphi na ukwaphulwa impahla yayo okanye non-impahla (personal) amalungelo. Loo imeko ibe ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, ukuba intlungu ebangelwe ilahleko izalamane, ukungakwazi ukuqhubeka ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kubomi bentlalo, ukuphelelwa ngumsebenzi, izithintelo okwethutyana / kuhluthwa inkululeko yakhe, ukubhengezwa iimfihlelo (medical, usapho), ukusasazwa kolwazi, nto leyo yinyaniso.

imbuyekezo Okukodwa

Lo ngumsebenzi umoni ukubuyekeza umonakalo yokuziphatha owenzeke kubo ukuziphatha kwabo, izenzo njengenyathelo uxanduva. It has zifo (isilumkiso) ixabiso entsimini wokhuseleko yesazisi. Ukukhuselwa isidima, imbeko igama ishishini ngokuqokelela umonakalo non-pecuniary kungenziwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Lo mthetho, ingakumbi, ubonelela ngentlawulo:

1. Kuba nokusasazwa ayiyonyani, Omhlebayo iziko. Le ndlela inika ibango. 7, Art. 152.
2. Kuba nokusasazwa kolwazi, Omhlebayo zesifundo ngaphandle kokujonga asilotyala tortfeasor.
3. Ukuba lokwaphula amalungelo yokuziphatha ngummi okanye ulwaphulo phezu iingenelo ezingaphathekiyo ezifumanekayo kuye, ngokunjalo kwezinye iimeko emiselwe ngumthetho.

Ukuqokelelwa umonakalo non-pecuniary senziwa kuphela ngemali. Le mali iya kumiselwa ngokuhambelana kunye nohlobo ukubandezeleka emzimbeni nasengqondweni ukuba lubangelwe ngumntu, komoni kunye nobungakanani ityala kwiimeko apho lisebenza njengesiseko isicelo yale ndlela yokhuseleko.

bokuqonda

Ukuqwalasela i awohluke wokhuseleko uzuko, isidima nodumo lomntu ishishini, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ekugqibeni imali yembuyekezo kufuneka athathe ingqalelo imigaqo yobulungisa nengqiqo, inqanaba ukubandezeleka ngokweemvakalelo emzimbeni ukuba zinxulunyaniswa iimpawu ngamnye mbandela, kuba lixhoba. Ukungabi nako ukucwangcisa ngokuchanileyo semali okanye ibanga elilingana neli enze sisithintelo ukugweba imbuyekezo umonakalo yokuziphatha. Xa ngokungqinelana nemigaqo, ixhoba ngokuzimeleyo ukuhlola ubuzaza umonakalo kuye yaye ibonisa imali ethile ecaleni lakhe.

kuqalwe inkqubo

Lo mthetho usekelwe phezu inadmissibility lokuhlasela engenasizathu langasese nabani, imfuneko umthambo simahla kwaye kuziphi kwizifundo amathuba zabo zomthetho ukuqinisekisa lokuhlangulwa kwimeko yokuhlukunyezwa. Ukukhusela amalungelo abemi 'uba mgaqo uphambili, kwaye aqinisekiswe ngurhulumente. Lo mthetho unika amanyathelo ezithile gosprinuzhdeniya. Bona ngeenjongo zokukhusela inkululeko kunye neminqweno zifundo, kubulawe neziphumo ezibi evela imithetho yabo. La manyathelo ziyaphunyezwa ngendlela kwamatyala embambano. Standards ukusungula indlela apho izikhalazo ithwalwa kwaye nezicelo. Ngokuqala umntu owenzakeleyo kufuneka zifayile ibango. Ukhuselo imbeko, isidima nodumo lomntu ishishini lisebenza njenge ithuba siseko ezikhathazayo yezomthetho. Oku kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa imigaqo ethile amagunya. Ngokukodwa, inika isibheno kwinkundla ngokubanzi yaye kwimeko ethile, ukukwazi athembele ingqalelo injongo iimfuno yesicelo, ukuba benze izigqibo kunye nemithetho. Ukongeza, ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abemi lwenziwa ukuze yesibheno kunye Ephakamileyo inkqubo. Enye into ebalulekileyo kokunyanzeliseka isigqibo.

Okukodwa yokwenza amabango

Ngokutsho ngokwemigaqo yomthetho, ukukhuselwa kwesidima, uzuko nakwigama neshishini kuba kuso nasiphi na isifundo kwi ngeengenelo ezingaphathekiyo apho babenikelwe ukuhlasela. Kulo mzekelo, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba ulwazi umyalezo ukuya Omhlebayo umntu ukuba libhekisela, akayi kwenza njengoko nokusasazwa le data. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, nokukhuselwa kwesidima, imbeko igama neshishini yenziwe ngokungqinelana nemigangatho ye-mthetho mthetho. Ngokukodwa, esifundo zikhokelwe amalungiselelo Art. 130 Code Criminal. Kule meko, kukho sisithuko xa kungekho nokusasazwa amaqela achaphazelekayo wesithathu. Umzekelo, umenzi wobubi abonisa isenzo okungamanyala, wathumela incwadi ixhoba kunye nokuwathuka njalo njalo. Ezi zenzo inciphe isidima somntu kunye nelungelo ukuvelisa kuphela yimincili lwemveliso, kodwa imbuyekezo umonakalo yokuziphatha.

Ukukhusela impahla ezingaphathekiyo kwi Internet

Isithuba ulwazi Kulula kakhulu ukuba kunokulonakalisa igama, ukwenzakalisa isidima nembeko kwesi sifundo. Lisebenzisa ezahlukahlukeneyo ngeendlela. Oku kunye ezahlukeneyo kwiiforam, feeds iindaba, iibhodi umyalezo. Lidla sayithi ukhankanya wokholo embi yemibutho ezithile, neenkonzo mgangathweni. Ngenxa yoko discrediting elibi ezilahlekileyo basenokuba ngabaxhamli beenkonzo, kukho ilahleko yemali. Okwangoku iingxaki kakhulu nokoyika ukhuselo imbeko, isidima nodumo lomntu ishishini kwi-Internet. Ngokuyintloko, oku kubangelwa kukungabikho kwendawo ubudlelwane ecacileyo esemthethweni ulwazi sphere. Ukusasaza ulwazi kwi-intanethi uthathwa ukuba indlela entsha noko ukwenza uluntu okanye ngenye indlela. Ngoko ke, akukho yokwenza ngokwaneleyo ngokucalula evela ngokunxulumene kokupapashwa aluchanekanga, ulwazi ehleba. Ukongezelela, iingcali abanika uncedo lwezomthetho kumaqumrhu badla engathethekiyo. Ngokomzekelo, kwiimeko embambano igqwetha osele enamava ukulwela iimfuno zomntu aphazanyiswa neendlela eziqhelekileyo, kodwa ayinaku inkqubo ngokwaneleyo ukuze bathathe inxaxheba kwiinkqubo enxulumene nokuhanjiswa abeya network idatha. Ngenxa yezenzo ezingekho mthethweni kuhlala phantse msulwa.

Izithuba sikhokelo yolawulo

Ukukhuselwa isidima, imbeko ishishini isidima Internet kufuneka esebenzayo nesekelwe phezu mthetho kunye enkundleni yolawulo. Noko ke, akwanelanga ukuba ukuvakalisa ukuba imithetho enxulumene nokuhanjiswa kolwazi kumajelo eendaba zemveli, kwaye senze kumaqonga elektroniki. Xa iingxabano zokuva kufuneka bazi ukuba xa iingxelo lahlaselwa kwapapashwa kwimithombo babhalise eendaba, kufuneka bakhokelwe yi imithetho echaphazelekayo. Zizezi malungiselelo, ezilawula imisebenzi TV, irediyo, print iimpapasho. Uluhlu i "zemveli" eendaba kucacisiwe Art. 2 lomThetho Federal "Kwi Mass Media". Ngoko ke, ngo esibaluleke data zityalwe, ngokuba kungekho periodicity, ukuma uthe yesicelo abekho phantsi koMthetho. Federal uMthetho "On mass media" ubuhlobo akwi esiqhubeka igama ncwadi eendaba. Ukuyitshintsha ibandakanya inkqubo kunokuba nzima. Kuba website kulula kakhulu - imithetho "zemveli" azisebenzi apha. Ukuba sithethe malunga uhlobo ilungiselelo lolwazi, iimfuno engqongqo ngokubhekiselele kwesi ungekho. Umthetho kwinkcazelo amanqaku eendaba, ukongezelela zemveli, yaye "ezinye iincwadi". Eli gama kuphela electronic version lokufundisa yoshicilelo, kodwa ngaphandle izibonelelo iifom kwephepha. Fact ukuba lukhona kuphela kwifom yedijithali nto ayikuthinteli zokuhlela nabo eendaba kudidi. Oku kulandela ukusuka ngentla ukuba lo Mthetho uthi akuzisombululi ngokupheleleyo iingxaki ezivela nokusasazwa kolwazi izintlelo yenyani.

umkhuba komthetho

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba inkundla wolawulo ngokubanzi, kwakunye yolamlo, basoloko befumana ubunzima ukusombulula iimbambano ezinokuvela ngokunxulumene nokusasazwa kolwazi kwi-Internet. Ngaphezu koko, asinguye wonke igqwetha yoluntu iya kwenza ukuba banike uncedo kwisifundo abachaphazelekayo. Phakathi ubunzima iphambili kuyimfuneko ukuba kubabela elo ukuntsonkotha emisela abantu banokubekwa ityala kwaye kuya kufuneka ukuba alungise umonakalo. Ukongeza, kukho ingxaki ukulungisa ubungqina, qaphela ukuba iqiniso kwazo nokwamkeleka. Kwi-Internet, abantu bayakwazi ukuhlala ungaziwa. Oku kwenza kube nzima ukuba ukuchonga nababhali imithombo yolwazi ezingcolisayo. Ukungqina ubunyani lonikezelo Omhlebayo ulwazi oluyimfuneko ukuphumeza inani kweenkqubo ezinzima. Ngenxa yoko, rhoqo ukuchonga umenzi wobubi akwenzeki. Zonke ezi ngxaki kufuneka iqwalaselwe. Oku kufuna utshintsho olufanelekileyo kwesakhelo somthetho okhoyo.