Ukuchithwa komntu ngamnye: indlela yokubhalisa ngokuchanekileyo? Indlela yokufaka i-bankruptcy nat. Umntu ebhankini, ukuba akukho propati?

Ngokwezibalo ze-United Credit Bureau, ityala elipheleleyo lamaRashiya kwimibutho yokurhweba ingaphezulu kwama-rublebhiliyoni angama-700. Ngaphezu koko, eli nani likhula ngonyaka ngonyaka. Le nto ibangela iimeko ezininzi, kodwa eyona nto yinkxalabo yezezimali kunye nezoqoqosho, nto leyo eyabanqwenela abaninzi abantu bethu kwimithombo yemali engenayo. Ukuba izibophelelo zemali-mboleko sele zigqithise ngokugqithiseleyo inani lemali engenayo kwaye zihlawule amatyala azinakwenzeka, ummi angazibiza ngokwakhe. Indlela yokufakela i-bankruptcy yomntu ngamnye, yintoni eyona nto ibalulekileyo yile nkqubo?

Izizathu

Inqobo yonke kunye neenkalo zomgaqo-nkqubo wokubhankwa kwabemi kubonakaliswe kuMthetho we-Federal No. 476 "Kwi-Insolvency", eyamkelwa ngokukhawuleza ekupheleni kukaJanuwari 2014, kwaye yaqala ukusebenza ngo-2015. Indlela yokwenza inkqubo yokwenza i-bankruptcy yomntu? Lo mbuzo uxhalabisa abaninzi baseRussia.

Ngokwemithetho yomthetho, akubona bonke abantu abanokuba ngabafaki zicelo zokuxothwa kwetyala. Indlela yokufaka isicelo sokutshatyalaliswa komntu ngamnye ngemali mboleko? Ngenxa yoko, imimiselo emininzi kufuneka idibene:

• Ityala elipheleleyo, kunye neefayili ezongeziweyo, sele lidlulile umda we-rubles 500,000.
• Ummi akazange ahlawule ityala malunga neenyanga ezi-3.
• Intlawulo yeentlawulo zenyanga nganye kwiimali-mboleko zidlula inani lemali engenayo.
• Ixabiso lezinto zepropati yepropati aziyi kukwazi ukukhupha izibophelelo zamatyala ezikhoyo.

Ngoko ke, umntu ongenayo imali ngumhlali ongenayo imali eyaneleyo kunye neempahla angathengisa ukuze ahlawule onke amatyala. Ukuba zonke iimeko ezi ngasentla zidibeneyo, inkqubo yebhanki ingaqaliswa.

Lo mthetho uphendululwe, ngoko ngoku ababolekayo bangazimela ngokuzimeleyo ngaphandle kwezenzo ezisebenzayo zamaziko eemboleko ukuba bafake ifayile yokuchithwa. Indlela yokufaka isicelo sale meko?

Xa ityala lilonke lingakafiki kwizinga elibalulekileyo, umntu obolekayo unokuthetha kunye nababolekisi ngokulungiswa kwayo. Kodwa, ukuba iingxoxo zazingenakuliswa, kwaye inani lemali liqhubeka likhula, kubalulekile ukufaka isicelo kwinkundla. Abantu ngabanye bangabhengeza ukungabikho kwemali yabo kwiintsuku ezingama-30 emva komzuzwana xa befumanisa ukuba abakwazi ukuhlawula imali kwiakhawunti zabo. Eli xesha linikezelwa ukufumana umphathi wezemali nokufaka ingxelo yebango.

Iziphumo

Ngaphambi kokufakela i-bankruptcy, kufuneka uziqhelise nemiphumo yale nkqubo. Abanamatyala amaninzi badla ukuba bacinga ukuba le nkqubo ilula kwaye isesikweni kuphela. Nangona kunjalo, ukuqatshelwa kokungabikho kokusesikweni kunemiphumo emibi kakhulu.

Ngethuba lolawulo lwenkcazo, umboleki ulahlekelwa yipropati yakhe. Zonke izinto zepropati zenani elaneleyo zingathengiswa, kwaye imali ekuthengisweni kwayo iya kuhlawula amatyala. Emva kwenkqubo, i-bankrupt iya kuba nembali embi yesikweletu. Kwaye kwixesha elizayo, ummi unqatshelwe ithuba lokuthatha imali mboleko kunye neengxowa-mboleko. Kuzo zonke iinkqubo zokuthengwa kwepropati okanye izithenjwa, kunye neentengo ezinkulu kwixesha eli-3 leminyaka emva kokuqatshelwa kokungabikho kokungabikho, kuya kufuneka ukuba ufumane imvume evela kumphathi wezemali. Ummi-ophazamisayo kwiminyaka engama-3 akanalo ilungelo lokuhlala kwizithuba zolawulo kwaye ngakumbi ukuvula ishishini.

Ubude benkqubo buthatha, njengomthetho, iinyanga ezintandathu, ngelixa umboleki enqatshelwe ithuba lokuhamba kwelinye ilizwe (ngamanye amaxesha naphaya komda wemizi), kunye nelungelo lokulawula ipropati yakhe. Zonke iintengiso kunye nemisebenzi yenzekile, kunye nalawo awenziwe kungekudala ngaphambi kokufakela isicelo enkundleni ziphantsi koqinisekiso olupheleleyo. Ziyakunqunyulwa ngokukhawuleza ukuba iingcali zingathandabuzeki ngokusesikweni.

Yintoni okumelwe yenziwe ngaphambi kokufakela ingxelo yebango?

Ngoko ke, ukuba unqume ukuqulunqa i-bankruptcy yomntu wendalo, njani ukukhupha kunye nawaphi amaxwebhu afakelwe ukufakela ibango inkundla?

Ukuze isicelo siyimfuneko:

• Yenza uludwe lwababoleki kunye nabatyala (kubalulekile ukubaluleka iinkcukacha, imiqathango yokubuyiselwa kunye nemali yemali, ukuba umntu ongenayo imali unamatyala, isabelo samalungelo amabango senziwe).
• Ukukhupha isatifiketi sefomu 2-NDFL kwindawo yomsebenzi.
• Fumana icatshulwa kwi-PFRF kwi-akhawunti yomntu onesiqinisekiso.
• Yenza ikopi yepasipoti, izitifiketi ze-TIN kunye ne-SNILS, umtshato, ukuzalwa kwabantwana, incwadi yomsebenzi wencwadi, isigqibo sokubona ummi njengengasebenzi.
• Fumana icatshulwa kwi-EGRIP (isebenze kwiintsuku ezingama-5).
• Lungisa iimvelaphi zamaphepha afakazela iimfuno zamanqaku ezikolo zemali eziqinisekisa ubunini bepropati.
• Fumana icatshulwa kwi-akhawunti yebhanki.
• Fumana isitifiketi-ukukhishwa kwirejista yabanini-mali.

Ngaphambi kokuhambisa isicelo kufuneka:

• Khetha inhlangano yokuzilawula kunye nomphathi wezemali.
• Ukuqhuba uvavanyo lwezinto zepropati.
• Ukuhlawula umrhumo welizwe nokudlulisela imali kwidiphozithi yenkundla ngomsebenzi we-manager wezemali.
• Thumela isaziso sokusungulwa kwenkqubo yebhanki kubabolekisi kunye nokunamathiselwa kwazo zonke iikopi zala maxwebhu angentla.

Iindleko zenkqubo

Kwimibuzo yendlela yokwenza ngokusemthethweni ukutshatyalaliswa komntu ngamnye, kubalulekile ukuthintela kwicala lezinto eziphathekayo. Inkqubo, ngokubaluleka kwayo, ibandakanya inani elikhulu leendleko. Ababoleki abavakalise umnqweno wokuvakalisa ukungabikho kwabo, bachithe umyinge wama-rubles angama-40 000 nangaphambi kokuba ityala inkundleni. Yintoni ekufuneka uyihlawule?

1. Iinkonzo ze-ofisi yovavanyo (ixabiso lawo lichongiwe ngumlinganiselo wexabiso elisezantsi kunye ne-1% yexabiso lezinto ezixabisekileyo zepropati).
2. Ukwaziswa kweeikopi (zibalulekile zombini ukufakela enkundleni kunye nokuthumela izaziso kubabolekisi).
3. Imirhumo yombuso i-ruble 6000.
4. Iinkonzo zemenenja yemali (i-ruble eziyi-10 000 + 1% yemali efunyenwe kwintengiso ye-estate loss).
5. Iinkonzo zommeli oqeqeshiweyo (ukuyila ingxelo yesibango, ukumelelwa enkundleni yeminqweno yomhlali oswelekileyo).
6. Ezinye iindleko zothutho kunye neposi.

Ukulandelelana kwezenzo

Indlela yokufaka isicelo sokufakela imali kwi-bankruptcy? Yintoni ukulandelelana kwezenzo zetyala? Okokuqala, kufuneka uqhagamshelane nommeli ofanelekileyo kule nkqubo. Ekubeni umthetho ukhishwe kutshanje, uqulethe inani elikhulu lamaphupha angacacileyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo ukubonisana kokuqala kukhululekile.

Ukuba ulinganise zonke iingxaki kunye neengxaki kwaye unqume ukuba ungabhoxiswa, kufuneka ubhale ingxelo ehambelanayo. Unokwenza oku ngokuzimela okanye ngokusebenzisa umboleki. Emva koko, kuyimfuneko ukulungiselela iphakheji la maxwebhu angentla, unamathisele kwisicelo kunye nefayili enkundleni. Ukungeniswa kwe-insolvency kubonwa kuphela kwinkundla.

Isicelo kufuneka sibe neqela lombutho olawulayo, oya kukhetha umphathi wezemali okanye umlamli wokumlamlo. Ungacacisa umviwa othile oza kuba ngumphathi. Ngaphambi kokuba isicelo sithunyelwe, kuyimfuneko ukwazisa ngamnye umboleki ngeposi. Emva koko, kubalulekile ukuhlawula umrhumo welizwe. Izidingo zokuhlawulwa kwayo ozifumanayo kwiwebhusayithi yenkundla. Ngoko ke kunokwenzeka ukudlulisela amaxwebhu kwiofisi yezobugwebo (ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba khona komntu wesicelo okanye ummeli ogunyazisiweyo).

Ukufakwa kwenkcazo yesibango

Sihlolisise ukulandelelana kwezenzo ezibandakanya ukuchithwa komntu ngamnye. Indlela yokufaka isicelo enkundleni ukuqonda ukungeniswa kwecala?

Ummi unelungelo lokungenisa isicelo kwiinguqu zombhalo kunye nesandla. Iprint yoshicilelweyo yinto ekhethekileyo. Njengomphathiswa ongafaka isicelo kwinkundla, igqwetha, umphathi wezemali, unokusebenza. Kwakhona uxwebhu lungathunyelwa ngeposi ebhalisiweyo ngeposi. Iseshoni yokuqala yenkundla iqeshwe, njengomthetho, inyanga enye emva kokungeniswa kwesicelo. Eli xesha liyimfuneko kubabolekisi bavumelane namabango abo.

Ingxelo yesibango kufuneka ifakwe ngokusemthethweni ngokulandelwa kwenkqubo. Kufanele ibe neengxenye ezintathu:

• Icandelo lexwebhu (igama lenkundla kunye neenkcukacha zalo, igama elipheleleyo lomntu onetyala, igqwetha, umphathi wezemali kunye negama lemibutho yemboleko ngeeadesi).
• Ingundoqo (ulwazi malunga neemali ezibanjwayo, amagama amabhanki kunye nemibutho yemboleko, amaxwebhu awakhiwe ngawo, ixesha lokuhlawulwa kwetyala kunye nezizathu zalo, ubukhulu, ukulungiswa kokungenakwenzeka kokuhlengahlengiswa, ingaba kwenziwa iinzame zokuzama ukuvavanya umcimbi).
• I-Resolutive (uludwe lwamaphepha afakwe kwisicelo, isicelo sokwamukelwa kokungabikho komthetho womhlali onetyala, umhla wokufaka, ukusayinwa).

Ngaba kukho enye indlela?

Ngaphambi kokuba ufake i-bankruptcy, kufuneka ucinge ngamanye amaxesha malunga nokucebisa isinyathelo esinzulu. Le nkqubo inokukhetha okunye - uxoxiswano lokuqala kunye nemibutho yemboleko kunye nokulungiswa kwetyala.

Iimeko zilula kunye nabemi abanomnye ibhanki. Kule meko, kuya kuba lula ukuvuma. Ukwenza oku, kufuneka uthumele ileta ebhankini, apho imeko iya kuchazwa ngokucacileyo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba umboleki ulahlekelwe ngumsebenzi ngenxa yokucinywa kombutho kwaye wabuza ukuba ashintshise umdla ngomboleko. Ibhanki inokuya kwiintlanganiso kwaye inikeze:

• Ukuhlawulwa ngokupheleleyo kweentlawulo zemboleko;
• Intlawulo ekhethiweyo yenzalo;
• Ukongezwa kwexesha lokubolekisa;
• Sitshintsha ngomhla wokuhlawula;
• Ukutshintshela komnye umlinganiselo wenzala, imali, uhlobo lokuhlawula.

Kwiimeko apho inani lemali liqhubeka likhula kwaye sele sele liba libalaseleyo, umboleki uyona mhle ukuzama ukuqhagamshelana nebhanki kwaye ucele ukuhlengahlengiswa. Ukuba umntu obolekayo akazukuthintana, ababolekisi banelungelo lokuqalisa iinkqubo zokunyanzeliswa kunye nokunyanzeliswa komntu onetyala, ngenxa yesiphumo sokubambiswa kwesibambiso.

Kunzima kakhulu imeko leyo kulabo abaneebhanki eziliqela. Nangona kunjalo, kukho iiprogram ezizodwa zokwenza imali-mboleko, apho unako ukulinganisa inani elipheleleyo letyala, oko kukuthi, unokudibanisa amatyala amaninzi ukuya kwelinye elikhulu. Kubalulekile ukuba ibhanki iqiniseke ukuba ubunzima bezezimali zexeshe kwaye bubangelwa zizizathu ezingaphaya kolawulo lwakhe.

Ukulungiswa kwematyala yindawo enenzuzo ngakumbi kubabolekisi kunokuba umntu otyunjwa ngumntu ngamnye. Indlela yokukhupha isicelo sokuvuselela amatyala ebhankini, abasebenzi bayo baya kuhamba. Ukuba kuvela kumatyala, inkundla inokukwazi ukuqonda ummi njengomngcipheko okanye utshintshe imimiselo yesivumelwano semboleko.

Ungayifakela njani i-bankruptcy yomntu phambi kwebhanki?

Akukho mfihlo yokuba abaninzi abanamatyala bathabatha imali mboleko kwiibhanki. Indlela yokufaka isicelo sokutshatyalaliswa komntu ngamnye kwibhanki? Le nkqubo ayifani nendima echazwe ngasentla: kufuneka uqokelele ipakethe yamaphepha kwaye ufake ifom yebango kunye nenkundla yokubambisana. Nangona kunjalo, akunakwenzeka ukuvakalisa ukungabonakali kwayo kuphela kwibhankini, kuba le nkqubo isetyenziswe ngokufanayo kubo bonke ababolekisi.

Ukuba akukho propati

Ungayifaka njani i-bankruptcy yomntu, ukuba akukho propati? Kule nto, kuyimfuneko ukufaka isicelo kwinkundla yokubambisana. Umboleki kufuneka abonise ukuba akanalo nayiphi na impahla yepropati. Kule meko, inkundla ibhala yonke ixabiso lesityala kumhlali ongekho phantsi. Ngaphezu koko, zonke iintengo ezinkulu kunye nepropati engama-3 ngaphambi kokuba kuqalwe ukuqhutyelwa kwebhanki kuya kuhlolisiswa ukulungelelanisa nokusemthethweni.

Yintoni engayi kukhishwa?

Ayikho yonke impahla yepropati inokurhoxiswa kwaye ithengiswe ngexesha lokuchithwa kwemali. Ezi zinto ziquka:

• Indawo yokuhlala, xa kukuphela kwendawo yokuhlala komntu onamatyala-mali kunye nezihlobo zakhe;
• Impahla, izicathulo, izixhobo zendlu, izinto ezisetyenziselwa ubomi bemihla ngemihla;
• Izinto kunye nepropati eziyimfuneko ekuphunyezweni kwemisebenzi yobugcisa okanye ezisetyenzisiweyo njengendlela yokuvelisa ingeniso xa inani labo lingaphantsi kwe-100 yomvuzo;
• Izixhobo kunye neemoto eziyimfuneko ukuhamba kwabantu abakhubazekileyo;
• Ulwakhiwo lweenjongo zoqoqosho;
• Izilwanyana, iintaka, iinyosi, imfuyo;
• I-Fuel, ukuba isetyenziselwa ukupheka okanye ukutshisa indawo yokuhlala.

Iimeko eziphikisanayo

Ukuthetha malunga nokuchithwa komntu ngamnye, indlela yokukhupha amaxwebhu afanelekileyo ukuba afake isicelo kwinkundla, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba iingxabano ziyakhula ngexesha leenkqubo. Ngokomzekelo, ababolekisi bangacinga ukuba inani lematyala elinokuthi libizwe kumhlali ongabikhoyo lwanele. Iimeko ezinjalo ezinokuphikisana nazo zingaba sisizathu sokwenza iintlobo ezininzi zobuqhetseba. Ngoko ke, kulungile ukusebenzisa uncedo lommeli oqeqeshiwe.

Ukuba umrhumo obolekiweyo kubabolekisi udlula i-ruble yesigidi sesigidi, ummi angafaka isicelo kwinkundla ukuba aqaphele ukutshatyalaliswa komntu ngamnye. Indlela yokwenza le nkqubo, iimpawu zayo kunye nemiphumo, umboleki ngamnye kufuneka azi. Umthetho wokungabonakali usuqalile kungekudala, ngoko ke, ngaphambi kokufaka ibango kunengqiqo ukufaka isicelo sokufumana uncedo olusemthethweni lwezomthetho.