Uhlalutyo lwekaryotype lwabafazi - ithuba lokuba ngabazali

Mhlawumbi into ebonwabileyo kubo bonke abatshatileyo kukuzalwa komntwana. Kodwa, ngelishwa, ngoku abaninzi abantu bajamelana nengxaki yokungakwazi ukukhulelwa. Iyona nto ibangela ukungabikho komnye womntu osweleyo ngenxa yeengxaki zemizimba. Oku kubangelwe utshintsho kwisakhiwo se- DNA molecules, xa inani le-chromosomes liphazamiseka, okanye liphantsi kweempembelelo zeemeko ezingqongileyo, xa kuvela ezinye izakhi zofuzo. Ukuqaphela zonke ezi mpazamo kwaye ugweme ukuvela kweengxaki kwixesha elizayo, kubalulekile nje ukuvavanya ididi yokuhambelana nemfuza, kodwa ukuhamba kweemvavanyo ze-molecular-genetic.

Kubaluleka kokukhetha ikaryotype yomlingane

Esinye sezifundo ezibalulekileyo zofuzo ekulungiseleleni ukukhulelwa kukuhlalutya kwekaryotype yabatshatileyo. I-Karyotype yinkcazo yazo zonke iimpawu ze-chromosomes ezithwala iDNA. Olu hlalutyo lukuvumela ukuba ufumene izifo zofuzo okanye uqikelele ukuba kubonakala kwintlobo. Ukuba omnye wabazali ubonakalisa i-chromosomes engavumelekanga, kunomngcipheko wokuba umntwana azalwe ngesimo esinzima sokulibala kwengqondo okanye ezinye izifo. I-karyotype yabantu ayinakuguqulwa, kodwa ngokufumanisa ngexesha eliqhelekileyo, iindlela zisebenzisela ukuchonga i-karyotype ebusweni kunye nokuba kunokwenzeka unyango lwayo.

Kukho ubukhulu obuphezulu bokukhulelwa kwexesha lokukhulelwa ngexesha le-chromosomal engafanelekiyo. Kodwa ngenxa yokuchongwa kwangethuba kwengxaki kunye nokucwangciswa kokuqala kokukhulelwa, kunokukhokelela kokuzalwa kwenzala enempilo. Kwiimeko apho kungekho nonyango yokunyangwa komnye wabalingani, iiprogram ezikhethekileyo zabaxhasi ziye zadalwa ezinceda iintsapho ekuzalweni komntwana.

Emva kokuba i-karyotype yabalingani ichongiwe, ukuxilongwa kwe-chromosome syndromes kuyenziwa-karyotyping. Iziphumo zokuxilongwa okunjalo ziyakwazi ukuphazamiseka kokuphuhliswa komntwana ngenxa yokulungiswa kwakhona kwesakhiwo se-chromosome enye yabazali. Kwamazwe amaninzi athuthukile, uhlalutyo olunjalo luyimfuneko ngaphambi komtshato. Okubaluleka ngokukodwa kukuziphatha kolu hlalutyo kwiintsapho ezingenakukwazi ukukhulelwa umntwana ixesha elide, okanye kwiimeko apho kuvele khona ukulahleka (ukukhutshwa kwesisu). Ukucacisa ikaryotype yowesifazane kulo mcimbi ngumsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu. Kungenxa yoko ukuqhuba iimvavanyo ezinjalo kuyimfuneko kwaye kuvumela ukuphepha ukuzalwa kwabantwana abanezifo ezinzima.

Uhlalutyo lweKaryotype

Inkqubo, evumela ukucacisa i-karyotype yabalingani, ayibuhlungu ngokupheleleyo kwaye iqulethe ukuhanjiswa kwegazi kwi-vein. Iziphumo zichongiwe kwiiveki ezimbini kwaye zivumela ukubonakalisa ukungaphambuki kwimeko yama-chromosomes kunye nenani labo. Ngenxa yeziphumo ezilungileyo, inani le-chromosomes kumntu onempilo liyi-46, ezimbini zazo zizo zesondo kwaye zichazwa njenge-XY kumadoda kunye no-XX kwabasetyhini. Kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo, i-chromosomal okanye iingufu zenguqu ezibangelwa zizifo ezingapheliyo zikhokelela ekubeni akunakwenzeka ukuzala umntwana kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ukukhulelwa kwesisu okanye ukungabikho komntwana.

Ukususela egazini elithathwe ukwenzela ukucacisa ikaryotype yabatshatileyo, i-leoncytes ye-mononuclear ihlolwe, apho iiseli ezisebenzayo ezikwazi ukwahlula ziyaqhotyoshelweyo. Ngexesha elithile, inkqubo yokucoca ifakwe, iiseli zitshatiwe kwaye zandiswe kwaye zifotshwe ngokusebenzisa i-microscope. Ukugcinwa kwenziwa ngooncedo lweeyunithi ezahlukeneyo (iimvavanyo eziqhelekileyo kunye nezibonakaliso), ezivumela ukubonakaliswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo ze-chromosomes.

Iziphumo ezilungileyo ekuxilongweni kunye nokunyanga kokungabikho kolwazi kunye nezinye izifo, isisombululo esona siqhamo kukuqhagamshelana neziko lemithi yokuzala. Kwamaziko anjalo, abatshatileyo banokufumana iingcebiso ezifunekayo zeengcali ezinolwazi, eziza kunceda ekukhetheni izifundo ezifanelekileyo zonyango. Iindleko zokuhlalutya kunye nokonyango kumaziko anxulumene nokuqwalasela kunye nokulungelelaniswa okubonelelwe kwaye kulungelelaniswe ngokupheleleyo ekufezekiseni injongo ekujoliswe kuyo - ukuzalwa kwembewu enempilo.