UAlbert Schweitzer: i-biography, iincwadi, iingcaphuno

Umntu obalaseleyo, ifilosofi, udokotela u-Albert Schweitzer nobomi bakhe bonke wabonisa umzekelo wokukhonza abantu. Wayeyindoda ephikisayo, eyenziwa ngomculo, kwisayensi, kwi-theology. Ubomi bakhe buzaliswe ngamaqiniso anomdla, kwaye iingcaphuno ezivela kwiincwadi zeSwitwezer zifundisa kunye ne-aphoristic.

Ubomi bokuqala kunye nosapho

U-Albert Schweitzer wazalwa kwintsapho yonqulo ngoJanuwari 14, 1875. Uyise wayengumfundisi, unina wayeyintombi yomfundisi. Ukususela ebuntwaneni, uAlbert waya emsebenzini kwiCawa yamaLuthere kwaye ebomini bakhe bonke wayebathanda ukulula kwamasiko ale candelo lobuKristu. Intsapho yayinezingane ezine, uAlbert wayengumntwana wesibini kunye nendodana endala. Wachitha ubuntwaneni bakhe edorobheni elincinane laseGünsbach. Ekukhunjuleni kwakhe, kwakukho ixesha elonwabileyo. Xa wayeneminyaka emithandathu ubudala wathunyelwa esikolweni, kwaye akunakutsholwa ukuba kwakumnandi kuye. Esikolweni wafunda i-mediocre, impumelelo enkulu eyayiyenzeka kumculo. Intsapho yayibambe iingxoxo ezininzi kwiinkonzo zonqulo, uyise watshela abantwana imbali yobuKristu, ngeCawa uAlli nganye waya kwiinkonzo zikayise. Sekuncinci wayeseneminyaka emininzi imibuzo malunga nenkolelo yenkolo.

Intsapho kaAlbert yayingekho nje inkolo enzulu, kodwa nezobugcisa. Umkhulu wakhe wayengenguye kuphela umfundisi, kodwa naye wadlala kwiqumrhu, yena ngokwakhe wenza izixhobo zomculo. USchweizer wayengumhlobo osondeleyo wefilosofi owaziwayo J.-P. Sartre.

Imfundo:

UAlbert watshintsha izikolo ezininzi kwada kwafika eMühlhausen kwindawo yokuzivocavoca, apho wadibana no "titshala" wakhe, wakwazi ukuvuselela inkwenkwezi ukuba ziqhube izifundo. Kwaye kwinyanga ezimbalwa uSwitwezer ukusuka kubafundi bokugqibela waba ngowokuqala. Yonke iminyaka awayeyifundayo kwi-gymnasium waqhubeka ngokucwangcisa umculo phantsi kweliso lomama wakhe, owayehlala. Kwakhona waqala ukufunda kakhulu, lo mdla walondolozwa ubomi bakhe bonke.

Ngowe-1893, emva kokugqitywa esikolweni esiphakeme, uSchweizer wangena kwiYunivesithi yaseStrasbourg, eyayihlala kuyo. Inzululwazi ezininzi ezincinci zasebenza apha, uphando lwexesha elide lwenziwa. UAlbert ngokukhawuleza uya kumaqhinga amabini: ifundiso yefilosofi kunye nefilosofi, kwaye uya kwikhosi yomculo. USchweitzer akakwazanga ukuhlawula imfundo, wayefuna i-scholarship. Ukuze kuncitshiswe ixesha loqeqesho, uya emkhosini njengesivolontiya, oku kwenza ukuba kube lula ukufumana idideki ngexesha elifutshane.

Ngowe-1898, uAlbert waphumelela kwiyunivesiti, udlula iimviwo ngokugqithiseleyo ukuba ufumana i-scholarship ekhethekileyo iminyaka engama-6. Ngenxa yalokhu unyanzelekile ukukhusela i -sissis okanye kufuneka abuyisele imali. Uqala ngokuphandle ukufunda ifilosofi yaseKant kwiYunivesithi yaseSonbonne eParis kwaye unyaka emva koko ufumana udokotela ngokubhala umsebenzi oqaqambileyo. Ngomnyaka ozayo uvikela yakhe ingcaphephe kwifilosofi, kwaye kamva kamva ufumana isihloko selayisense kwi-theology.

Indlela ngeendlela ezintathu

Emva kokufumana i-degree ngaphambi kweSchweitzer, kukho amathuba antle kwizesayensi nokufundisa. Kodwa uAlbert wenza isigqibo esingalindelekanga. Uba ngumfundisi. Ngowe-1901 iincwadi ze-Schweitzer zokuqala ze-theology zapapashwa: incwadi malunga nobomi bukaYesu, umsebenzi malunga neSidlo Sokugqibela.

Ngomnyaka we-1903, uAlbert wathatha indawo yesazi-profesa wezobufundisi eSt. UTomas, unyaka kamva waba ngumlawuli waleziko lemfundo. Ngesinye isikhathi uSchweitzer uyaqhubeka nokubandakanya uphando lwezenzululwazi aze abe ngumphandi omkhulu wemisebenzi ka-I. Bach. Kodwa u-Albert, onomsebenzi omangalisayo, waqhubeka ecinga ukuba akazange azalisekise isigqibo sakhe. Xa wayeneminyaka engama-21, wafungela ukuba uya kusebenza kwi-theology, umculo, isayensi ngaphambi kweminyaka engama-30, kwaye ke uya kukhonza uluntu. Wayekholelwa ukuba yonke into ayifumana ebomini idinga ukubuya kwihlabathi.

Mayeza

Ngomnyaka we-1905, uAlbert wafunda inqaku eli phephancwadi malunga nokunqongophala koogqirha e-Afrika, kwaye kwangoko wenza isigqibo esibalulekileyo ebomini bakhe. Uyeka umsebenzi kwiikholeji aze angene kwikholeji yezobugcisa yaseYunivesithi yaseStrasbourg. Ukuhlawula ukuqeqeshwa, unikela ngokukhawuleza amakhonsathi omzimba. Ngoko uAlbert Schweitzer, ongu-biography wakhe utshintsha ngokuphawulekayo, uqala "inkonzo ebantwini". Ngo-1911 waphumelela kwiikholejini waza wagijima waya kwindlela yakhe entsha.

Ubomi ukuze kuzuze abanye

Ngo-1913, u-Albert Schweitzer waya e-Afrika ukulungiselela isibhedlele. Wayenayo imali eyimfuneko yokudala i-mission, eyanikezelwa yintlangano yemishini. ISchweitzer kwafuneka ifike ematyaleni ukuze ifumane ubuncinane ubuncinane bezinto zokusebenza eziyimfuneko. Isidingo sokhathalelo lwezonyango eLambarene sasininzi, kuphela kwiminyaka yokuqala uAlbert wamukelwa izigulane ezingama-2000.

Ngomnyaka we-1917, ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala, uSwitwezzer wathunyelwa, njengommi waseJamani, kwiinkampu zaseFransi. Kwaye emva kwemfazwe, waphoqeleka ukuba ahlale eYurophu iminyaka engama-7. Wasebenza esibhedlele saseStrasbourg, ahlawulwa amatyala e-mission kwaye wakhupha imali ukuze aphinde asebenze eAfrika, anike amakhonsathi enkonzo.

Ngomnyaka we-1924, wakwazi ukubuyela eLambarene, apho wafumana khona amatshabalalo endaweni yesibhedlele. Kwafuneka ndiqale kwakhona. Kancinci, ngemizamo kaSchweitzer, isakhiwo esibhedlele sajika saba yizakhiwo ezingama-70. UAlbert wazama ukunqoba abantu abathembekileyo, ngoko ke isakhiwo esibhedlele sakhiwe kwimimiselo yeendawo zokuhlala. Amathuba omsebenzi esibhedlele eSchweitzer kwakudingeka ahambe kunye namaxesha aseYurophu, ngexesha apho anika khona izifundo, wanika amakhonsathi kwaye waqokelela imali.

Ngowe-1959, wahlala ngokusisigxina eLambarena, apho ahamba khona abahambahambayo kunye namavolontiya. USchweitzer waphila ubomi obude kwaye wafa eneminyaka eyi-90 e-Afrika. Ibhizinisi lobomi bakhe, esibhedlele, ladlula intombi yakhe.

Umbono wefilosofi

Ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala kunye neSwewezerzer uqala ukucinga ngeziseko zokuziphatha zobomi. Kancinci, iminyaka emininzi wenza ifilosofi yakhe. I-Ethics yakhiwe ngokubhekiselele kwimpumelelo enkulu kunye nobulungisa, yintloko yendalo yonke, utsho uAlbert Schweitzer. "Inkcubeko nokuziphatha" ngumsebenzi apho ifilosofi iveza iingcamango zakhe ezisisiseko malunga nomyalelo wehlabathi. Ukholelwa ukuba inkqubela phambili yokuziphatha ikhuthaza umhlaba, ukuba uluntu lufanele lugxeke iingcamango ezingapheliyo kwaye "luvuselele" umntu oyinyaniso "I", kuphela ngale ndlela kunokwenzeka ukunqoba ingxaki apho impucuko yanamhlanje ikhona. USchweitzer, engumntu othembekileyo ngokwenene, akazange amgwebe nabani na, kodwa wanezela kuphela kwaye wazama ukukunceda.

Iincwadi zika A. Schweitzer

Ngethuba lobomi bakhe, u-Albert Schweitzer wabhala ezininzi iincwadi. Phakathi kwabo kukho imisebenzi kwimfundiso yomsindo, kwifilosofi, kwiimfundiso zendalo, kwi-anthropology. Wanikela umsebenzi omningi ukuchaza indlela ebomini yobomi. Wambona ekwenzeni imfazwe kunye nokwakha uluntu kwimigaqo yokuziphatha yabantu.

Umgaqo oyintloko, owawuchazwa nguAlbert Schweitzer: "Ukuhlonela ubomi." I-postulate yachazwa kuqala kwincwadi ethi "iNkcubeko kunye neNkcubeko", kwaye kamva yachazwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwezinye iimisebenzi. Kuqulethwe kwinto yokuba umntu kufuneka azame ukuphucula ngokwabo kunye nokuzithemba kwakhe, kwaye abuye abe neengxaki "zokukhathazeka rhoqo". Ifilosofi ngokwakhe waba ngumzekelo obalaseleyo wobomi ngokuhambelana nalo mgaqo. Kulo lonke ubomi bakhe, uSchweitzer wabhala imisebenzi engaphezu kwe-30 kunye namanqaku amaninzi kunye nezifundo. Ngoku ezininzi imisebenzi yakhe eyaziwayo njenge:

• "Ifilosofi yeNkcubeko" kwiindawo ezi-2;
• "UbuKristu kunye neenkolo zehlabathi";
• "Inkolo KwiNkcubeko Yenkcubeko"
• "Ingxaki yoxolo kweli hlabathi lanamhlanje."

Awards

U-Albertist Schweitzer, iincwadi zakhe zisabonwa njengomzekelo "wokuziphatha kwexesha elizayo", wafumana ngokuphindaphindiweyo amabhaso ahlukahlukeneyo kunye nemiklomelo, awayehlala echitha ukuze azuze esibhedlele sakhe nakumhlali waseAfrika. Kodwa isabelo sakhe esibaluleke kakhulu yiNobel Peace Prize, eyayifumana ngo-1953. Wamvumela ukuba ayeke ukukhangela imali kwaye agxininise ekuncedeni izigulane zaseAfrika. Kwibhaso, wakha iqhenqa eGabon waza waphatha izigulane iminyaka emininzi. Kwintetho yakhe ekunikeziseni iNew Prize, uSchweitzer wabiza abantu ukuba bayeke ukulwa, ukushiya izixhobo zenuzi kunye nokugxila ekufumaneni umntu ngaphakathi kuye.

Iingxelo kunye neengcaphuno

UAlbert Schweitzer, iincwadana zakhe kunye neengxelo ziyimigaqo yenkqubo yokuziphatha, becinga kakhulu malunga nesiphelo somntu kunye nendlela yokwenza umhlaba ube yindawo engcono. Wathi: "Ulwazi lwam lubuhlungu, kwaye ukholo lunethemba." Kwamnceda ukuba abe ngqiqo. Wayekholelwa ukuba "Umzekelo wodwa ngumgaqo wodwa wokukholisa" kunye nobomi bakhe wabongoza abantu ukuba babe novelwano noxanduva.

Ubomi bomntu

UAlbert Schweitzer wayeyatshata ngokutshata. Wadibana nomfazi wakhe ngo-1903. Waba ngumhlobo othembekileyo womyeni wakhe ekwenzeni abantu. U-Elena waphumelela kwizifundo zobuhlengikazi waza wasebenza noSchweitzer esibhedlele. Lo mbhangqwana unentombi, uRee, oqhubeka noshishino lwabazali bakhe.